This thesis explores the opportunities, challenges, and initiatives for coffee tourism in the context of Ethiopia. My research addresses five themes to achieve its research aims, which are as follows: arriving at prospective coffee tourism frameworks; addressing the reasons behind the underdevelopment of coffee tourism in Ethiopia; highlighting coffee tourism’s opportunities and challenges in Ethiopia; identifying potential coffee tourists, and; initiating coffee tourism through local collaborations. The core research methodologies are: fieldwork in Ethiopia involving a series of interviews with key stakeholders and a detailed case study of one potential coffee tourism region; digital ethnography, and; knowledge transfer activities enabled by several conceptual approaches such as development in Africa, power relations, reformed orientalism, situated knowledge, self-other, emotional geographies, and participatory geographies. Through this research, I found that coffee tourism cannot simply be a combination of coffee and tourism; coffee tourism needs to be understood through various contexts in addition to that of tourism; coffee tourism can be a more practical tourism form and a new coffee marketing vehicle in Ethiopia, and; coffee tourism potentially brings more advantages to the coffee industry in coffee bean exporting countries with current sustainable coffee initiatives such as fair trade or other coffee certification projects. Coffee tourism is not widely discussed in academia, and I argue that this research addresses several gaps in the literature: suggestions for coffee tourism frameworks, coffee tourism research in the context of Ethiopia, coffee tourism research beyond simple analysis in terms of the tourism or coffee industries, and a new illumination on Ethiopian culture, tourism, and coffee culture. Raising the topic of South Korea’s impact in Ethiopia as well as the East Asian role in coffee tourism is also an important contribution to academia. During my PhD tenure, I found a potential global partnership between coffee bean exporting countries and coffee bean importing countries through coffee. Ethiopia is an ideal place for coffee tourism, and it is my hope that coffee tourism could present an approach that brings to light Ethiopia's cultural wealth.

The apparel and footwear industry’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the fifth largest per industry, equal to that of livestock, after electricity and heat, oil and gas, agriculture, and transportation (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). For industry-wide emissions reduction, investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency programs across highest impacting life cycle phases offer the most effective solution. However, identifying the highest impacting life cycles phases shows varied results depending on the particular type of business model under examination. This paper responds to the lack of existing data and empirical research on how to accurately measure, report and reduce carbon emissions across the highly complex and globally interconnected apparel value chain. This is done through a single case study investigation of an Icelandic fashion brand. A hybrid approach of a standard Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Sustainable Global Value Chain (SGVC) functions to produce a Hotspot Identification Tool (HIT) to establish a holistic portrayal of business operations in relation to emission impacts and level of controllability across Scopes. The conceptual analysis and qualitative results identify the most relevant emission hotspots to lie within the company’s privately owned manufacturing facilities, as well as the procurement phase, due to its direct connection with and influence on material production, user phase, and end-of-life. The main obstacle in this pursuit is identified as restriction of resources in terms of time, capital and expertise. It is suggested that this be overcome by joining a Multi-Stakeholder Initiative where resources and expertise is pooled in a pre-competitive manner to reach common objectives. The investigation further suggests a need for global fashion brands to leverage their influential position on down- and upstream activities across the value chain, i.e. with their supply chain partners and consumers. I argue that fashion brands play an integral role in supporting local efforts to build a decarbonisation pathway towards climate neutral economies on a global scale.

L’internationalisation des chaînes de valeur fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches macroéconomiques ou ciblées sur des secteurs majoritairement civils. En se concentrant sur l’industrie de défense, cette thèse évalue comment ce processus de fragmentation fonctionnelle et géographique peut s’appliquer à un secteur hautement régulé par les Etats et dont les échanges internationaux sont très strictement encadrés.Cette recherche apporte plusieurs estimations du niveau d’internationalisation de l’industrie navale de défense française, à partir de données originales de Naval Group. Si les programmes relatifs à la dissuasion nucléaire sont très peu internationalisés, de nombreux facteurs concourent à l’internationalisation de la filière : exigences de contenu local et transferts de technologie des clients étrangers, intégration de technologies civiles ou duales, stratégies d’internationalisation. Enfin, le recours au concept de modularité permet de montrer que l’évolution du processus productif s’accompagne souvent d’une évolution de l’architecture des produits. / Many research works have already been dedicated to the internationalization of value chains. Whereas this research is often performed through macroeconomics or focused on civilian sectors, this thesis examines how the process of functional and geographic unbundling can apply to such a regulated sector as the defense industry, where exports are strictly controlled by states.Based on original data provided by Naval Group, this dissertation set out several estimates of the internationalization level of French navy programs. Although programs related to nuclear deterrence remain almost exclusively « made in France », many factors contribute to the internationalization of value chains in the naval industry: transfer of technology, local content requirements, integration of commercial or dual-use technologies, internationalization corporate strategies. Referring to the concept of modularity, this thesis reveals that changes in production process can foster innovation in product architecture.

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[ES] A lo largo de más de un siglo de historia de la industria del automóvil, los cambios tecnológicos y la externalización de algunos procesos productivos, han precisado que los proveedores de los grandes constructores desarrollaran nuevas y mayores capacidades. Con ello también se han establecido unas relaciones colaborativas más activas entre los diferentes agentes que forman parte de la industria del automóvil. Recientemente se anunciaba una revolución en la movilidad, la cual generaría cambios disruptivos en la industria del automóvil. Cambios que vendrían provocados por las nuevas normativas de emisiones contaminantes, la necesidad de hacer unas ciudades más habitables y sostenibles, así como la conectividad, los vehículos de conducción autónoma y la movilidad compartida (Neckermann, 2015). Los nuevos requisitos y necesidades suponen un entorno de grandes incertidumbres. Esta situación está provocando el debate en la industria del automóvil la cual ha de hacer frente a importantes retos tecnológicos, manteniendo su competitividad, a la vez que debe continuar satisfaciendo a sus clientes. Una de las claves para mantener el éxito y la competitividad de las empresas que conforman la industria del automóvil pasa por su capacidad en adaptar sus cadenas de valor a dichos cambios. Esto significa establecer cadenas de valor responsivas capaces de afrontar los cambios y oscilaciones a las demandas de los mercados. Ante ese panorama, cabe preguntarse si la industria del automóvil, ubicada en España, está preparada para afrontar las necesidades actuales y futuras de un mercado cada vez más cambiante. En caso contrario, conviene conocer qué acciones deberían emprender para mantener el atractivo que ha llevado a los grandes constructores, y también a importantes proveedores de primer nivel, a continuar realizando inversiones como las que se han llevado a cabo en las últimas décadas. Con este fin, en este trabajo de investigación se ha estudiado la situación de los constructores de automóviles y el modo en que éstos establecen sus relaciones con los proveedores que conforman la industria auxiliar. A lo largo de esta tesis se han ido identificando aquellos factores que influyen en dichas relaciones. Los cuales abarcan desde la comunicación interempresarial y la confianza mutua, hasta las actividades para la introducción de la industria 4.0, o el desarrollo y adquisición de nuevas capacidades y competencias. Se ha tenido en cuenta también la influencia de esas relaciones en la mejora de las cadenas de valor responsivas. Asimismo, se ha realizado una revisión de las Agrupaciones Empresariales Innovadoras - en adelante AEIs -, o clústers del automóvil organizados en España y la labor que estos ejercen en el fortalecimiento de las relaciones cliente-proveedor. La contribución más relevante del presente trabajo es la aportación a la industria del automóvil establecida en España del estado del arte del modo en que se desarrollan las relaciones entre la industria auxiliar y sus clientes, es decir, con los OEMs o los proveedores de nivel superior. Asimismo, se incluye el papel que desempeñan los clústers del automóvil o AEIs en esas relaciones. Mediante el estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo realizado de las empresas proveedoras, así como de los clústers existentes en España, se ha identificado la existencia de cadenas de valor responsivas que contribuyen a la competitividad de la industria automotriz. Al mismo tiempo se ha establecido la fortaleza y debilidad de los diferentes clústers y el rol desempeñado. Finalmente, esta tesis sugiere la continuación de este trabajo de investigación ampliándolo a los OEMs para identificar el rol de liderazgo que desempeñan en la gobernanza de los clústers y la dependencia de las estrategias establecidas por sus sedes centrales. / [CA] Al llarg de més d'un segle d'història de la indústria de l'automòbil, els canvis tecnològics i l'externalització d'alguns processos productius han precisat que els proveïdors dels grans constructors desenvoluparen noves i majors capacitats. Amb això també s'han establit unes relacions col·laboratives més actives entre els diferents agents que formen part de la indústria de l'automòbil. Recientment s'anunciava una revolució en la mobilitat, la qual generaria canvis disruptius en la indústria de l'automòbil. Canvis que vindrien provocats per les noves normatives d'emissions contaminants, la necessitat de fer unes ciutats més habitables i sostenibles, així com la connectivitat, els vehicles de conducció autònoma i la mobilitat compartida (Neckermann, 2015). Els nous requisits i necessitats suposen un entorn de grans incerteses. Aquesta situació està provocant el debat en la indústria de l'automòbil, la qual ha de fer front a importants reptes tecnològics, mantenint la seua competitivitat, alhora que ha de continuar satisfent als seus clients. Una de les claus per a mantindre l'èxit i la competitivitat de les empreses que conformen la indústria de l'automòbil passa per la seua capacitat a adaptar les seues cadenes de valor a aquests canvis. Això significa establir cadenes de valor responsives capaços d'afrontar els canvis i oscil·lacions a les demandes dels mercats. Davant aqueix nou panorama, cal preguntar-se si la indústria de l'automòbil, situada a Espanya, està preparada per a afrontar les necessitats actuals i futures d'un mercat cada vegada més canviant. En cas contrari, convé conéixer quines accions haurien d'emprendre per a mantindre l'atractiu que ha portat als grans constructors, i també a importants proveïdors de primer nivell, a continuar realitzant inversions com les que s'han dut a terme en els últims anys. A aquest efecte, en aquest treball de recerca hem estudiat la situació dels constructors i com aquests estableixen les seues relacions amb els proveïdors que conformen la indústria auxiliar. Al llarg d'aquesta tesi s'han anat identificant aquells factors que influeixen en aquestes relacions. Els quals abasten des de la comunicació interempresarial i la confiança mútua, fins a les activitats per a la introducció de la indústria 4.0, o el desenvolupament i adquisició de noves capacitats i competències. Així com la influència d'aqueixes relacions en la millora de les cadenes de valor responsives. També s'ha realitzat una revisió de les Agrupacions Empresarials Innovadores - d'ara en avant AEIs -, o clústers de l'automòbil organitzats a Espanya i la labor que aquests exerceixen en l'enfortiment de les relacions client-proveïdor. La principal contribució d'aquest estudi és l'aportació a la indústria de l'automòbil establida a Espanya de l'estat de l'art en les relacions que manté la indústria auxiliar amb els seus clients, es dir OEMs i Tiers de nivel superior, així com el paper que exerceixen en aquestes relacions els clústers de l'automòbil o AEIs. Mitjançant l'estudi qualitatiu i quantitatiu realitzat de les empreses proveïdores, així com dels clústers existents a Espanya, s'ha identificat l'existència de cadenes de valor responsives que contribueixen a la competitivitat de la indústria automotriu. Al mateix temps s'ha establit la fortalesa i feblesa dels diferents clústers i el rol que exerceixen. Finalment, aquesta tesi suggereix la continuació d'aquest treball de recerca ampliant-lo als OEMs per a identificar el rol de lideratge eixercit en la governança dels clústers i la dependència de les estratègies establides per les seues seus centrals. / [EN] Throughout more than a century of history of the automobile industry, the technological changes and the outsourcing of some production processes, have required that the suppliers of the most important automobile manufacturers develop new and greater capacities. Within this new environment, more active collaborative relationships have also been established between the different agents that are part of the automotive industry. Recently, it was announced a revolution in mobility, which would generate disruptive changes in the automotive industry. Changes that would be caused by the new regulations on polluting emissions, the need to make cities more liveable and sustainable, as well as the connectivity, the autonomous driving vehicles and the shared mobility (Neckermann, 2015). The new requirements and needs represent an environment of great uncertainties. This situation is causing the debate in the automotive industry, which must face important technological challenges, while maintaining its competitiveness, and continuing to satisfy its customers. One of the keys to maintain the success and competitiveness of the companies that make up the automotive industry is their ability to adapt their value chains to these changes. This means establishing responsive value chains capable of dealing with changes and oscillations to the demands of the markets. In front of this new panorama, it is worth wondering if the automobile industry, located in Spain, is prepared to face the current and future needs of an increasingly changing market. If not, it is important to know what actions they should take to maintain the attractiveness that has led important car manufacturers, as well as major first level suppliers, to continue making investments such as those that have been carried out in recent past years. For this purpose, in this research work it has been studied the situation of the automobile manufacturers and how they establish their relationships with the suppliers that make up the supply industry. Throughout this thesis, those factors that influence these relationships have been identified, from inter-company communication and mutual trust, to the introduction of industry 4.0 activities, or the development and acquisition of new skills and competencies. Identified as well, are the influence of these relationships in the improvement of responsive value chains. A review has also been carried out of the Innovative Business Groups - hereinafter AEIs -, or those automobile clusters organized in Spain and the task they carry out in strengthening customer-supplier relationships. The contribution of this study is the report to the automotive industry established in Spain of the state of the art in the relationships that the auxiliary industry maintains with its customers, i.e.: OEMs and Tiers 1, as well as the role that automotive clústers or AEIs play in these relationships. Through the qualitative and quantitative study carried out of the supplier companies, as well as of the existing clusters in Spain, the existence of responsive value chains that contribute to the competitiveness of the automotive industry has been identified. At the same time, the strength and weakness of the different clusters and the role played have been established. Finally, this thesis suggests the continuation of this research work, extending it to OEMs to identify their leadership role in the governance of the clusters, and the dependence on the strategies established by their headquarters. / Collado Fuentes, A. (2022). Relación cliente-proveedor como ventaja competitiva en la industria del automóvil. Aplicación al clúster del automóvil de la Comunidad Valenciana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182418

This study aims to investigate the effects of the integration in global value chains on the specialization in the production of services and the relative demand for high-skilled labor in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The empirical model and the predictions are based on theories and findings such as the phenomenon of servicification, the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, and the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem. The study is conducted using a regression analysis of panel data and employs a fixed effects model to control for unobserved heterogeneities between the entities. An interaction variable based on the initial ICT capital stock of each sector is used in an attempt to establish causality. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate imports and the growth value added through total services and business services between 2000 and 2018. The results also display a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate trade and the value added through total services between 1995 and 2018. The direction of causality of the relationships are not established. Furthermore, the results for growth of relative employment and relative wage are insignificant. Based on these findings it is concluded that there is a correlation between increased participation in global value chains and the growth of value added through services.