This doctoral thesis aims to provide an answer to the question of why the criminal law should be concerned with the emotional response of the offender. Emotions have important instrumental aptness, such as the capacity to reveal a person's values to himself. Emotional obligations can exist within friendship, and even between strangers when the basic duty of respect has been breached. Emotions therefore have important roles to play in connection to wrongful acts between fellow citizens. The emotions that are the most relevant to the committing of a wrong are guilt and shame. The thought content of guilt is responsibility for a wrong, while the thought content of shame focuses on a weakness of the self. In response to a wrong, guilt feelings distance the wrongdoer from the moral falsehood that was implicit in the offence, restoring relations with society. Shame might have similar beneficial effects, but it might also tie the wrongdoer closer to a personal weakness (which is only indirectly related to the wrong) and might therefore weaken the relationship with himself and society. Preventing undesirable behavior is an aim of criminal law. Good criminal law should aim to persuade offenders to endorse the legal rule that was flouted by the offence. The law is not a suitable basis for citizen's emotional obligations, but emotions are particularly capable of allowing an offender to properly recognise certain reasons for obeying the law, such as moral reasons and reasons of respect for law. Guilt feelings in a setting of victim-offender mediation are very promising in this respect, while shame and humiliation run the risk of distancing the offender from his regard of himself as a moral person and society at large.

This work takes as its central issue the existential movement as it appears in the philosophy of Soren Kierkegaard. There appears to be relatively little secondary literature on this topic, so it is a very fruitful area to explore. The texts explored include Kierkegaard's 'psychological' books, in particular Concept of Anxiety and Sickness unto Death. These provide our work with the crucial concepts of innocence, guilt, despair, anxiety, existence and spirit. From the more traditional philosophical works, Philosophical Fragments, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments and Johannes Climacus have been utilised. These texts inform the work mostly on the meaning of movement, doubt, contradiction and absolute paradox. From the more lyrical works, this work is informed by Fear and Trembling and Repetition. Inquiry into these texts combined will provide a picture of existential movement as it is presented by Kierkegaard. This work attempts to capture the 'becoming subjective' which is so central to Kierkegaard's thought, through the reconstruction of the existential stages. It is also the purpose of this work (in the process) to treat areas of Kierkegaard's thought that are usually left untreated. The latter are for example, the problematic of the leap of sin, the unclear status of the...

Student Number : 7820500 - MA research report - School of Psychology - Faculty of Humanities / Internationally, suicide is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults, and South African data suggest that suicide is a serious problem that is increasingly affecting the Black population and young men in particular. This study aimed firstly to investigate the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among young adults, and, in a sample of 85 young people (aged 19-30), one in seven had previously attempted suicide, and almost one in three had recently thought about killing themselves. Sociological research has shown that religion has a predominantly protective effect with regard to suicide, however psychological research, while providing evidence for a similar relationship, has also shown that religious strain may contribute to suicidality. This study sought to establish whether a relationship exists between suicidal ideation (and positive ideation), and various indicators of religiosity. Unexpectedly, given the research trends, suicidal ideation was significantly positively associated with self-reported religious salience (r = .297, p = .006), and with the collaborative/deferring religious coping style (r = .301, p = .005), characterized by higher levels of religiosity. Suicidal ideation was significantly negatively associated with the self-directing style (r = -.331, p = .002), favoured by less religious participants. Positive ideation was unrelated to religious salience, participation, and both religious coping approaches. Various explanations were proposed for these results. Cognition is a central pathway for suicidality, and insecure religious attachment, when triggered by stressors, may set in motion a cognitive process involving negative religious attributions and harmful religious coping strategies – typical symptoms of religious strain which has been associated with suicidal behaviour. Maladaptive religious beliefs and behaviours may also have a negative impact on depression, hopelessness and helplessness, all vulnerability factors for suicidal behaviour in young people. It is also possible that, when faced by life challenges that exceed coping capacity, individuals may be more likely to turn to God, while simultaneously experiencing hopelessness, depression and suicidal ideation. Finally, the gender skew in the sample may have resulted in the high levels of suicidal behaviour and religiosity, and the positive relationship between them. Vulnerability to suicidal behaviour in young adults is a multifaceted problem, and religion, itself a multidimensional concept, is one of many factors that may provide protection against or contribute to suicidal behaviour. In order to understand the complex problem of vulnerability to suicidal behaviour in young adults, there is a need for further multivariate research.

The thesis deals with a comparative analysis of the demon-lover motif in selected texts of English and American literature. The theoretical basis is the characteristics of the medieval ballad James Harris and some variations of the examined representation in the collection of traditional ballads by F. J. Child. Particular attention is paid to the role of supernatural in relation to the issue of guilt and punishment, in this regard, also the romantic versions of M. G. Lewis, G. A. Bürger and K. J. Erben are considered. The following chapters deals with stories that develop the demon-lover motif (the post-war stories by E. Bowen and S. Jackson). The literary analysis focuses primarily on the trauma of personal and historical past, and the related persecution of the victim, committed to the promise, to show the deepening of the psychological and emotional significance of the traditional story.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mercedes Cristina Rodrigues Vera.pdf: 941704 bytes, checksum: 38d0c1f45de37741e3a4b648a6474b6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-13 / According to current legislation, partnerships and conjugal relations may be amicable or litigious dissolved. Since 04 Jan 2007 and after some requirements filled out, a couple that intends a divorce or an amicable separation has the extrajudicial formality as another option for reaching their aim. During the search for the roots of divorce and separation guilt, an introspection in canon and roman laws was realized. Modern law was reached as Middle Age ended. The family law received a severe influence from the protestant reform and as consequence, the secularization of law and a definitive separation of State and Church took place. In the research of guilt evolution in matrimony dissolution and under the paternal system, the first regulations were initiated, when the matrimony was still considered an indissolvable institution, and after, the divorce maked the relation rupture possible Before the promulgation of the Federal Constitution in 1988 an analysis of guilt was realized, facing the fundamental principle of human dignity and its reflex in matrimony dissolutions as well as the strengthening of the idea of conjugal life rupture and the weakness of guilt idea for judicial separations motivation. In this context, a doctrinal debate takes place considering the convenience of the guilt maintenance in the national juridical system. This questioning grows in importance as the consequences of guilt elimination in family law are analyzed, and the possibility to litigate the reparation of damages eventually suffered from the violation of matrimony duties, and understood as a necessary illicit act in the configuration of civil responsibility for moral and material damages. We may conclude by saying that the guilt strong presence in the separation acts motivation is unfeasible, at least in this present moment, for its total elimination from the national juridical scenario / Pela atual legislação, a sociedade e o vínculo conjugal podem ser dissolvidos de modo consensual ou litigioso. Desde 04.01.2007, o casal que pretende se separar ou se divorciar consensualmente dispõe de mais uma forma para atingir seu intento, a modalidade extrajudicial, desde que preenchidos certos requisitos. Na busca das raízes da culpa na separação e no divórcio, realiza uma introspecção no direito romano e no direito canônico, chegando ao direito moderno, que marcou o fim da Idade Média e sofreu, no âmbito do direito de família, severa influência da reforma protestante, que culminou com a secularização do direito, separando em definitivo o Estado da Igreja. A pesquisa sobre a evolução da culpa na dissolução do matrimônio no ordenamento pátrio inicia-se na vigência das primeiras regulamentações, quando o casamento era considerado uma instituição de caráter indissolúvel, passando à possibilidade de ruptura do vínculo do casamento através do divórcio. Ante a promulgação da Constituição Federal em 1988, analisa a culpa frente ao princípio fundamental da dignidade da pessoa humana e seus reflexos nas dissoluções matrimoniais, bem como o fortalecimento do conceito de ruptura da vida em comum, frente ao enfraquecimento da idéia de culpa, a motivar as separações judiciais. Nesse contexto, apresenta o debate doutrinário sobre a conveniência de se manter a culpa no ordenamento jurídico nacional, questionamento que cresce em importância, na medida que se analisam as conseqüências decorrentes da eliminação da culpa do direito de família e a possibilidade de se pleitear a reparação de danos eventualmente sofridos pela violação dos deveres do casamento, entendida essa como ato ilícito necessário à configuração da responsabilidade civil, tanto por danos morais, como materiais. Conclui ao final que a forte presença da culpa a motivar as ações de separação torna inviável, ao menos no momento atual, a sua total eliminação do panorama jurídico nacional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlindo Felipe da Cunha.pdf: 1605255 bytes, checksum: fe2313c08ab21c68bbe23b60bb371b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / The theme infringement tax is understudied by national doctrine. Most existing work part of the study of sanction, thereby relegating to a background the infringement, as if this were the order and logic of the system. The explanation for this order of study showing the idea placated in spatial planning national responsibility for infringement is straightforward. Until proved otherwise the taxpayer is always guilty and undeserving of the penalty. However, this idea is not backed by legal in the current constitutional development. The goal of this work is to study the infringement taxation based on school finalist adopted by the current Penal Code, which shows more fair when the imposition of capital punishment. For the theory finalist culpability is not psychological, but regulatory compliance, is therefore not illicit element and Yes assumption. Guilt as a normative pure enables you to identify and note the various causes of exclusion of anti judicially and guilt, as well as where extinction. In that order of idea the constitutional principles that protect the taxpayer should not be studied in sanction and yes on guilt, as a mechanism for identifying the true nature of the infringement and as a parameter to the imposition of the penalty. That is why we started the analysis of the theme based on study of tribute from financial law and the principle of solidarity, many with administrative power. Subsequently, discussed their legal status, the subsidiary application of the principles and institutes criminal law, the typical, anti judicially and guilt. Is understanding pacific in criminal law that punishment itself will never solve the problem of crime, which must be resolved by a fairer social policy. The same can be said with respect to taxation, the sanction concealment itself will never solve the problem of tax collection, only a fairer tax policy is that be aware the contributor of the need to contribute to the maintenance of the State. To paraphrase Cezar Roberto BITENCOURT, typical, anti judicially and culpability are such interrelated ways that each element of the infringement (offence) presupposes the previous. The Division of infringement (offence) on three aspects, for the purposes of assessment and 4 valuation typical, anti judicially and guilt, eases and streamlines the application of law, securing against arbitrariness and contradictions which often could occur. This tripartite division of valuation enables a final result appropriate and fair / O tema infração tributária é pouco estudado pela doutrina nacional. A maioria dos trabalhos existentes parte do estudo da sanção, relegando a um segundo plano a infração, como se esta fosse a ordem e a lógica do sistema. A explicação para esta ordem de estudo provém da ideia pacificada no ordenamento nacional de que a responsabilidade pela infração é objetiva. Até prova em contrário, o contribuinte é sempre culpado e merecedor da sanção. No entanto, tal ideia não encontra respaldo jurídico no atual ordenamento constitucional. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a infração tributária com base na escola finalista adotada pelo atual Código Penal, que se mostra mais justa quando da imposição da pena. Para a teoria finalista a culpabilidade não é psicológica, mas normativa, assim, não é elemento do ilícito e sim pressuposto da pena. A culpabilidade como normativa pura permite identificar e ressaltar as várias causas de exclusão de antijuridicidade e culpabilidade, bem como de extinção da punibilidade. Nessa ordem de ideia, os princípios constitucionais que protegem o contribuinte não devem ser estudados na sanção e sim na culpabilidade, como mecanismo de identificação da verdadeira natureza da infração e como parâmetro para a imposição da sanção. Por isso é que começamos a análise do tema com base no estudo do tributo sob a ótica do direito financeiro e do princípio da solidariedade, contrapondo com a potestade administrativa. Posteriormente, analisamos o seu regime jurídico, a aplicação subsidiária dos princípios e institutos de Direito Penal, a tipicidade, a antijuridicidade e a culpabilidade. É entendimento pacífico no Direito Penal que a pena em si nunca irá resolver o problema da criminalidade, que deve ser solucionado por uma política social mais justa. O mesmo se pode dizer com relação à sonegação fiscal, a sanção em si nunca irá resolver o problema da arrecadação tributária, somente uma política tributária mais justa é que conscientizará o contribuinte da necessidade de contribuir para a manutenção do Estado. 2 Parafraseando Cezar Roberto BITENCOURT, tipicidade, antijuridicidade e culpabilidade estão de tais formas relacionadas entre si que cada elemento posterior da infração (delito) pressupõe o anterior. A divisão da infração (delito) em três aspectos, para fins de avaliação e valoração tipicidade, antijuridicidade e culpabilidade -, facilita e racionaliza a aplicação do direito, garantindo a segurança contra as arbitrariedades e as contradições que frequentemente poderiam ocorrer. Essa divisão tripartida da valoração permite um resultado final adequado e justo

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-05-09T13:40:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Gardiman Arruda.pdf: 1164116 bytes, checksum: a760ef7aa3745dff00ea2265b660b2bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T13:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Gardiman Arruda.pdf: 1164116 bytes, checksum: a760ef7aa3745dff00ea2265b660b2bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Dangerousness is a controversial issue in criminal law by presenting two bases that distinctly affect the system. In matters of constraint of safety measures relating to non-imputable violators, the dangerousness takes the role of the psychiatry concept; when it is shown in the personality analysis of the imputable violator or in reprisals during the penalty execution, it takes shape of interdisciplinary, covering social issues inferences. The real use of dangerousness is questioned as a criterion for the criminal penalty, taking into account its incompability with legal category of culpability; and the relation between dangerousness, cruelty and enemy election. The starting point of analysis is the historical context of the emergence of the segregation idea of dangerous individuals, with the scope of demonstrating its interference in a construction that became theory, based on the distortion of the philosophy of Hegel. The study of criminal positivism, the clinical criminology and neuroscience will demonstrate that, for different approaches, the same is intended: penal law of an author based on the individual’s dangerousness. The study will then, analyze the dangerous individual according to Foucault’s studies. According to this, important themes will be proposed such as the relation between medicine and law, leading in the study of personality; the criminological exam and its controversial application nowadays; the safety measures and the proposals for psychiatric reform. Considering the role of social control, the study will analyze the dangerousness as a stigma and as an argument of exclusion, fact that will show that it is an unacceptable attributed quality. Still in this sense, the study will undergo the criminal law of the enemy and its influence on the current criminal law sciences searching for a philosophical answer to the social need of classifying people as dangerous. The study will be done using Nietzsche’s theory. Finally, it will treat the incompatibility between dangerousness and culpability considering important issues such as the differences between the criminal law of the author and criminal law of the fact; as well as the culpability as a limit to law enforcement. With all this, the aim is to show the existence of dangerousness in every individuals and, at the same time, its incompatibility with the penal system of culpability / A periculosidade é tema controverso do direito penal, por apresentar dois vieses que afetam distintamente o sistema. Quando se trata de imposição de medidas de segurança aos inimputáveis, a periculosidade assume o papel de conceito da psiquiatria; quando se manifesta na análise da personalidade do sujeito imputável ou em represálias durante a execução da pena, ganha contornos de interdisciplinaridade, abrangendo a interferência de questões sociais. Questiona-se a real utilidade da periculosidade enquanto critério para a sanção penal, considerando sua incompatibilidade com a categoria jurídica da culpabilidade; e a relação entre periculosidade, crueldade e eleição de inimigos. O ponto de partida da análise é o contexto histórico do surgimento da ideia de segregação de sujeitos perigosos, com o escopo de demonstrar a sua interferência em uma construção que passou a ser teórica, com base na distorção do pensamento hegeliano. O estudo do positivismo criminológico, da criminologia clínica e da neurociência demonstrarão que, por enfoques diversos, pretende-se a mesma coisa: um direito penal de autor, com base na periculosidade do sujeito. O trabalho passará, então, à análise do sujeito perigoso, de acordo com os estudos de Foucault. Nesse ponto serão tratados temas importantes como a relação entre medicina e direito, confluindo no estudo da personalidade; o exame criminológico e sua controversa aplicação nos dias de hoje; as medidas de segurança; e as propostas da reforma psiquiátrica. Considerando o papel do controle social, o trabalho analisará a periculosidade como estigma e como argumento de exclusão, o que nos mostrará que ela é uma insustentável qualidade atribuída. Ainda nesse ponto, passará pelo direito penal do inimigo e sua influência nas ciências criminais atuais e buscará uma resposta filosófica à necessidade social de classificar pessoas como perigosas, o que será feito por meio da teoria de Nietzsche. Por fim, tratará da incompatibilidade entre periculosidade e culpabilidade, considerando temas importantes, como as diferenças entre direito penal de autor e direito penal de fato; bem como a culpabilidade como limite para a imposição de pena. Pretende-se, com tudo isso, demonstrar a existência da periculosidade em todos os sujeitos e, ao mesmo tempo, a sua incompatibilidade com o sistema penal de culpabilidade

A ordem jurídica estabelece normas de proteção à saúde e ao meio ambiente do trabalho que impõe deveres aos empregadores e, por outro lado, conferem direitos subjetivos aos trabalhadores a um ambiente laboral salubre. A falha nessa rede protetiva enseja o acidente do trabalho, que é um evento, súbito ou paulatino, que causa danos morais e patrimoniais à saúde do trabalhador, sendo decorrente do próprio exercício da atividade profissional. A responsabilidade por esses acidentes trilhou uma evolução desde a perseguição da culpa até sua desconsideração e direcionamento pelo risco. O desequilíbrio provocado pelos acidentes do trabalho fez com que o próprio Estado garantisse o pagamento de um benefício de caráter alimentar aos trabalhadores mutilados, por meio do seguro social. Entretanto, devido à insuficiência desse pagamento pelo ente estatal, o empregado socorrese aos postulados do direito civil para complementar por inteiro sua indenização pelos prejuízos sofridos. A responsabilidade civil é, atualmente, sedimentada pelo descumprimento de deveres contratuais de segurança pelo empregador e o risco da atividade econômica, haja vista que o empregador que aufere as vantagens deve suportar os ônus. Em paralelismo à responsabilidade do Estado, a responsabilidade civil do empregador deverá ser garantida por seguro de natureza privada, pois a socialização dos riscos é imprescindível para a manutenção da paz social. Esse sistema misto de indenização dos prejuízos e pagamento de benefícios pelo Estado coaduna-se com o preceito constitucional que determina que a cobertura de acidente de trabalho seja feita, concorrentemente, tanto pela previdência social quanto pelo setor privado. Além disso, o artigo 7º, inciso XXVIII, da Constituição confere um direito aos trabalhadores de ter realizado o seguro, público e privado, por seu empregador. Esse seguro, todavia, não pode ser válvula de escape para o empregador desrespeitar as normas ambientais. A fim de garantir a prevenção ambiental, a ordem jurídica tem um mecanismo de defesa que é o direito regressivo conferido ao INSS e à seguradora, sozinha ou em conjunto com a União, de reaver os valores pagos em caso de dolo ou culpa do empregador. Portanto, a culpa e o risco integram-se na responsabilidade civil dos acidentes do trabalho. / The juridical order establishes health and work environment protection norms which impose obligations on employers and, at the same time, confer workers subjective rights to a healthy work environment. Any failure in this protective net leads to work-related accident, which may be a sudden or gradual event that causes moral and patrimonial damages to the workers health, once it is a result of his/her own professional activity. Responsibility for these accidents evolved from criminal liability to nonconsideration and direction by risk. The unbalance created by these work-related accidents led the State to guarantee food benefits to mutilated workers through social security. However, due to insufficient payment by the state agency, the worker relies on his civil rights postulates to complement his/her indemnization for the suffered damages. Currently, civil liability is based on the non-compliance with safety contract terms by the employer and the economic activity risk, considering that the employer that offers advantages must bear the onus. Alongside with the State liability, employers civil liability must be safeguarded by private insurance, since risk socialization is indispensable to maintain social peace. This mixed system of damages indemnization and State benefits agrees with the constitutional precept which determines that work-related accidents coverage is made, concurrently, by the social security as well as by the private sector. In addition, article 7, subsection XXVIII, from the Constitution confers workers the right of insurance, public and private, by his/her employer. This insurance, however, is not an excuse for employers to break environmental rules. To guarantee environmental protection, the juridical order has a defense mechanism which is the regressive right conferred to the INSS and the insurance company, alone or together with the Union , of getting back the values paid in case of employers misconduct or guilt. Thus, guilt and risk are integrated in work-related civil liability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Bello Costa de Souza.pdf: 1163790 bytes, checksum: de1777fe7780efee89ef9a4b712fd308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Violence against women affects thousands of victims, regardless of age, culture and socioeconomic status. It is a public health problem with far-reaching consequences, both physical and psychological, which may be long-lasting. One type of sexual violence is rape. This qualiquantitative research aims at understanding the emotional consequences of a rape episode in a woman s life, as well as investigating the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and self-esteem levels, and their correlation with sociodemographic data, specific characteristics of a rape and feelings of shame and guilt. Interviews were conducted with 37 women victims of rape under medical treatment at the Public Health Service in Perola Byington Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. The instruments used were a semi-structured interview script, the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version PCL-C (BERGER et al., 2004), the Beck Depression Inventory BDI (CUNHA, 2011) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (DINI et al., 2004). Based on the compiled data, among other factors the study detected a significant statistical correlation between levels of depression and the presence of PTSD. Results indicated that the rape episode had effects such as sleep quality alterations, increased sense of fear of having contracted some disease, concern on being judged by others, difficulties in interpersonal relationships and negative impact on sexual life quality, apart from shame, guilt and negative self-perception of themselves and their bodies. In contrast, familiar, social and religious support and acceptance as well as individual behaviors of resilience proved to be positive and protective factors as regards to the victims / A violência contra a mulher atinge milhares de vítimas, independente de faixa etária, cultura e nível socioeconômico. É um problema de saúde pública com amplas consequências, tanto físicas quanto psicológicas, e que podem ser duradouras. Uma forma de violência sexual é o estupro. Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualiquantitativa, busca compreender as consequências emocionais de um episódio de estupro na vida de uma mulher adulta, bem como investigar a presença do transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), depressão e níveis de autoestima, e suas correlações com dados sociodemográficos, características específicas do estupro e sentimentos de vergonha e culpa. Foram entrevistadas 37 mulheres vítimas de estupro sob tratamento médico no Serviço de Saúde Pública do Hospital Pérola Byington, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um roteiro de entrevista semiaberta, a escala Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version PCL-C (BERGER et al., 2004), o Inventário de Depressão Beck BDI (CUNHA, 2011) e a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (DINI et al., 2004). Com base nos dados compilados foi observada, entre outros fatores, correlação estatística significativa entre os níveis de depressão e a presença do TEPT. Os resultados indicaram que o episódio de estupro refletiu-se em alterações na qualidade do sono, aumento da sensação de medo de ter contraído alguma doença, medo da reação e julgamento alheios, dificuldade nas relações interpessoais, impacto negativo na qualidade da vida sexual, além de vergonha, culpa e autopercepção negativa sobre si e sobre o próprio corpo. Em contrapartida, o apoio e o acolhimento familiar, social e religioso, assim como comportamentos individuais de resiliência, revelaram-se como fatores positivos e protetores em relação às vítimas

<p>Кривица постоји ако је учинилац у време када је учинио кривично дело био урачунљив и поступао са умишљајем (нехат кад је законом одређено), а био је свестан или је био дужан и могао бити свестан да је његово дело забрањено. Другим речима, учинилац који није знао да је оно што ради забрањено и који није могао (нити био дужан) да то зна, није крив. Уколико учинилац није знао да је његово дело забрањено, а (био је дужан и) могао је да зна, казна му се може ублажити. Правна заблуда је институт кривичног права уско повезан са начелом кривице, а ипак, као да није успео да се профилише на начин који му припада. Уколико лице нема свест о забрањености дела, налази се у правној заблуди. Она је супротан пол свести о забрањености дела, а свест о забрањености дела је, према чл. 22 КЗ Србије, једна од три компоненте кривице, уз урачунљивост и умишљај (и нехат када је то законом одређено). Три битна обележја савременог кривичног права су хиперкриминализација, учесталост измена и допуна и бланкетизација.У КЗ из 1951. године било је прописано 216 кривичних дела, у КЗ из 1977. године 227, а у КЗ из 2006. године 326 кривичних дела. Од 2009. године до 2015. године донето је 15 закона у којима је прописано 33 кривична дела. КЗ из 1977. године се у 26 година мењао 25 пута (1977. до 2003.), а КЗ из 2006. године се за 8 година (2006. до 2014.) мењао 8 пута. У кривичном законодавству Републике Србије прописано је укупно 385 кривичних дела (основно 326 кривичних дела, а споредно законодавство 59). Од укупног броја кривичних дела, 261 има у потпуности или делимично бланкетни карактер, односно 67,8 %. Бланкетна кривична дела садрже један или више појмова чије значење је одређено у неком другом пропису. Увидом у 326 кривичних дела прописаних у КЗ, утврдили смо да бланкетна кривична дела упућују на 155 прописа. Ова бројка свакако није коначна, напротив. Нису урачунати сви они &bdquo;невидљиви&ldquo; бланкети попут: &bdquo;општепризнатих техничких правила&ldquo;; &bdquo;прописа и мера&ldquo;; &bdquo;техничких правила о мерама заштите&ldquo; и др. У раду се прво указује на одређене појаве које &bdquo;подстичу озбиљнији приступ&ldquo; разматрању института правне заблуде. Ради се о хиперкриминализацији, те неједнакој опасности понашања која су прописана као кривична дела. Након тога следе излагања о појму и развоју кривице (у кривичном праву), кроз кратку дискусију о слободи воље; а потом се приказују становишта психолошких и нормативних теорија кривице. На крају тог наслова објашњава се шта су основи искључења кривице, шта основи извињавања и у чему се разликују. Истраживање о правној заблуди почиње темом свести о забрањености дела која обухвата: садржај, дељивост, условљеност и место свести о противправности; могућности вештачења ове свести те појам и историјски развој правне заблуде. Након тога излаже се део о врстама правне заблуде који обухвата и обрнуту правну заблуду и њене појавне облике. Следећи део представља тему која обрађује &bdquo;прерушавање правне у стварну заблуду&ldquo;. Ради се о низу кривичних дела у чијим законским описима се појављује обележје противправности. Расправља се подела противправности из законског описа дела као општег и посебног обележја дела. Затим, анализа отклоњивости правне заблуде обухвата: критеријуме и средства отклоњивости заблуде те низ конкретних случајева када је правна заблуда (не)отклоњива на примерима из судске праксе Немачке и Аустрије који су подељени у четири целине и коментаре 45 утврђених схватања о отклоњивости. Следе излагања о утицају бланкетних кривичних дела на правну заблуду и односу стварне и правне заблуде код ових дела, као и дејству правне заблуде данас и у прошлости. Учињен је осврт и на упоредноправна решења. На крају се обрађују питања стварне заблуде, нарочито у ширем смислу, уз теорије које настоје да објасне дејство ове заблуде, као и заблуда о извињавјућим основима. Рад завршава напоменама о (могућем) поступању судова у примени овог института као и списком бланкетних прописа, те закључним разматрањима.</p> / <p>Krivica postoji ako je učinilac u vreme kada je učinio krivično delo bio uračunljiv i postupao sa umišljajem (nehat kad je zakonom određeno), a bio je svestan ili je bio dužan i mogao biti svestan da je njegovo delo zabranjeno. Drugim rečima, učinilac koji nije znao da je ono što radi zabranjeno i koji nije mogao (niti bio dužan) da to zna, nije kriv. Ukoliko učinilac nije znao da je njegovo delo zabranjeno, a (bio je dužan i) mogao je da zna, kazna mu se može ublažiti. Pravna zabluda je institut krivičnog prava usko povezan sa načelom krivice, a ipak, kao da nije uspeo da se profiliše na način koji mu pripada. Ukoliko lice nema svest o zabranjenosti dela, nalazi se u pravnoj zabludi. Ona je suprotan pol svesti o zabranjenosti dela, a svest o zabranjenosti dela je, prema čl. 22 KZ Srbije, jedna od tri komponente krivice, uz uračunljivost i umišljaj (i nehat kada je to zakonom određeno). Tri bitna obeležja savremenog krivičnog prava su hiperkriminalizacija, učestalost izmena i dopuna i blanketizacija.U KZ iz 1951. godine bilo je propisano 216 krivičnih dela, u KZ iz 1977. godine 227, a u KZ iz 2006. godine 326 krivičnih dela. Od 2009. godine do 2015. godine doneto je 15 zakona u kojima je propisano 33 krivična dela. KZ iz 1977. godine se u 26 godina menjao 25 puta (1977. do 2003.), a KZ iz 2006. godine se za 8 godina (2006. do 2014.) menjao 8 puta. U krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije propisano je ukupno 385 krivičnih dela (osnovno 326 krivičnih dela, a sporedno zakonodavstvo 59). Od ukupnog broja krivičnih dela, 261 ima u potpunosti ili delimično blanketni karakter, odnosno 67,8 %. Blanketna krivična dela sadrže jedan ili više pojmova čije značenje je određeno u nekom drugom propisu. Uvidom u 326 krivičnih dela propisanih u KZ, utvrdili smo da blanketna krivična dela upućuju na 155 propisa. Ova brojka svakako nije konačna, naprotiv. Nisu uračunati svi oni &bdquo;nevidljivi&ldquo; blanketi poput: &bdquo;opštepriznatih tehničkih pravila&ldquo;; &bdquo;propisa i mera&ldquo;; &bdquo;tehničkih pravila o merama zaštite&ldquo; i dr. U radu se prvo ukazuje na određene pojave koje &bdquo;podstiču ozbiljniji pristup&ldquo; razmatranju instituta pravne zablude. Radi se o hiperkriminalizaciji, te nejednakoj opasnosti ponašanja koja su propisana kao krivična dela. Nakon toga slede izlaganja o pojmu i razvoju krivice (u krivičnom pravu), kroz kratku diskusiju o slobodi volje; a potom se prikazuju stanovišta psiholoških i normativnih teorija krivice. Na kraju tog naslova objašnjava se šta su osnovi isključenja krivice, šta osnovi izvinjavanja i u čemu se razlikuju. Istraživanje o pravnoj zabludi počinje temom svesti o zabranjenosti dela koja obuhvata: sadržaj, deljivost, uslovljenost i mesto svesti o protivpravnosti; mogućnosti veštačenja ove svesti te pojam i istorijski razvoj pravne zablude. Nakon toga izlaže se deo o vrstama pravne zablude koji obuhvata i obrnutu pravnu zabludu i njene pojavne oblike. Sledeći deo predstavlja temu koja obrađuje &bdquo;prerušavanje pravne u stvarnu zabludu&ldquo;. Radi se o nizu krivičnih dela u čijim zakonskim opisima se pojavljuje obeležje protivpravnosti. Raspravlja se podela protivpravnosti iz zakonskog opisa dela kao opšteg i posebnog obeležja dela. Zatim, analiza otklonjivosti pravne zablude obuhvata: kriterijume i sredstva otklonjivosti zablude te niz konkretnih slučajeva kada je pravna zabluda (ne)otklonjiva na primerima iz sudske prakse Nemačke i Austrije koji su podeljeni u četiri celine i komentare 45 utvrđenih shvatanja o otklonjivosti. Slede izlaganja o uticaju blanketnih krivičnih dela na pravnu zabludu i odnosu stvarne i pravne zablude kod ovih dela, kao i dejstvu pravne zablude danas i u prošlosti. Učinjen je osvrt i na uporednopravna rešenja. Na kraju se obrađuju pitanja stvarne zablude, naročito u širem smislu, uz teorije koje nastoje da objasne dejstvo ove zablude, kao i zabluda o izvinjavjućim osnovima. Rad završava napomenama o (mogućem) postupanju sudova u primeni ovog instituta kao i spiskom blanketnih propisa, te zaključnim razmatranjima.</p> / <p>The Guilt exists if the perpetrator at the time he committed the offense was countable and acted with intent (negligence when it was determined by law), and was aware of or was obliged and could be aware that his act was prohibited. In other words, an offender who did not know that what he was doing was prohibited and who could not (nor was obliged to) know it, is not guilty. If the perpetrator did not know that his action was prohibited, and (he was obliged) he could have known, his punishment could be mitigated. Mistake of law is a criminal law institute closely linked to the principle of guilt, and yet, as if it did not manage to profil the way it belongs. If a person has no awareness of the prohibition of act, he is in a mistake of law. It is the opposite pole of the conscience of the prohibition of the act, and the conscience of the prohibition of the action is, according to Art. 22 of the CC of Serbia, one of the three components of guilt, with accountability and intent (and negligence when determined by law). Three important features of modern criminal law are overcriminalization, frequency of amendments and blanketization. In the CC from 1951, 216 criminal offences were prescribed, in the CC from 1977, 227, and in the CC from 2006, 326 criminal offences. From 2009 to 2015, 15 laws were passed in which 33 criminal offences were prescribed. The CC from 1977 changed 25 times in 26 years (1977 to 2003), and the 2006 CC changed 8 times in 8 years (2006 to 2014). The criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia consists of&nbsp; 385 criminal offences (326 criminal offences in basic, and 59 in secondary legislation). Out of the total number of crimes, 261 has a completely or partially blanket character, that is, 67.8%. Blanket criminal offences contain one or more terms the meaning of which is defined in another regulation. By inspecting the 326 criminal offences prescribed in the Criminal Code, we established that blanket offences refer to 155 regulations. This figure is certainly not the final, on the contrary. All those &quot;invisible&quot; blankets are not counted as: &quot;generally accepted technical rules&quot;; &quot;Regulations and measures&quot;; &quot;Technical rules on protection measures&quot; and others. The text first points to certain phenomena which &quot;encourage a more serious approach&quot; to the consideration of the institute of mistake of law. This is an overcriminalization, and an unequal risk of behaviors that are prescribed as criminal offences. After that, there follows the statements about the concept and the development of guilt (in criminal law), through a brief discussion of freedom of will; and then the views of psychological and normative theories of guilt are presented. At the end of this title, the explanation is made regarding the differnece between basis of the excuses of guilt and apology. A study of mistake of law begins with the subject of conscience of the prohibition of action that includes: content, divisiveness, conditionality and place of conscience of the prohibition; possibilities for expert examination of this conscience, and the concept and historical development of mistake of law. Thereafter, a section on the types of mistake of law, which includes both reversed mistake of law and its manifestations, is presented. The next section presents a topic that deals with &quot;disguising the mistake of law in a mistake of fact&quot;. It is about series of criminal offences in whose legal descriptions a mark of unlawfulness appears. The division of illegality from the legal description of the work as a general and special feature of the action is discussed. Furthermore, the analysis of the avoidability of the mistake of law includes: the criteria and means of avoidability of the mistake of law and a number of cases where the mistake of law is (not) avoidable on examples from the case law of Germany and Austria divided into four parts and 45 comments of the established perceptions of the avoidability. Following are the statements about the impact of blanket crimes on mistake of law and the relation of mistake of law and fact to these acts, as well as to the legal effect of mistake of law today and in the past. A review was also made of comparative solutions. In the end, questions of mistake of fact, especially in the wider sense, are addressed, along with theories that attempt to explain the effect of this mistake, as well as the mistake of apologizing basis. The text concludes with remarks on the (possible) conduct of courts in the application of this institute, as well as the list of blank regulations, and concluding observations.</p>