Bakgrund: En rationell princip för investeringar i humankapital är att investeringen leder till förbättrad lönsamhet för organisationen. Allt sedan 1950-talet har organisationer i allt högre grad värderat sitt mänskliga kapital på samma sätt som andra kapitalslag. Ur den här ambitionen att förbättra och förändra humankapitalet har även svårigheterna med att påvisa de långsiktiga rationella effekterna blivit tydligare. Det är den här problematiken att avgöra värdeskapandet i kompetensutvecklingsinsatser som den här studien har undersökt. Utifrån institutionell teori som analysverktyg och tidigare forskning om Humankapital, HR och värdeskapande samt HRD analyseras och jämförs vilka kriterier och drivkrafter som ligger bakom investeringarna samt på vilket sätt värdeskapandet avgörs i praktiken. Syfte: Att utifrån ett institutionellt perspektiv skapa fördjupad kunskap om värdeskapandet i kompetensutveckling genom att undersöka vilka drivkrafter som ligger bakom beslut att investera i kompetensutveckling, samt vilka kriterier för framgång som finns. Metod: För att nå målsättningen att svara på studiens syfte har kvalitativ metod använts. Detta har gjorts genom elva semistrukturerade intervjuer med flerårigt erfarna HR-professionella personer inom kompetensutveckling. Slutsats: Studien visar att krav, eller frånvaron av krav, resulterar i att det sker en typ av isomorfism av kompetensutvecklingsinsatser där det förväntade värdet tas för givet. Studien visar att de HR-professionella anpassar sig till omgivningens krav på mätbarhet genom att uppfatta och uppge det förväntade värdet som en sanning, men i verkligheten är det få som följer upp insatserna för att säkerställa värdeskapandet. / Background: A rational basic principle when investing in human capital is that this investment will enable improved profitability to the organization. Ever since the 1950s organizations successively have put result value in their human capital investments in the same manner as other types of capital investments. This ambition to change and improve human capital also brings forth difficulties in practise to ensure long-term effects. This study is focusing upon this area of determining long-term values and demonstrate efficiency in human capital investments. Using institutional theory as a tool for analysis and drawing upon previous research in Human Capital, HR and value creation and HRD, criterias and driving forces behind these investments are analyzed to find knowledge about the operation in which value creation is determined. Purpose: That by institutional theory create increased knowledge about value creation in Human Resource Development through examining and clarifying driving forces and criterias for success behind decisions regarding investments in Human Resource Development. Method: In order to attain the objective of this study qualitative method have been used. This have been enabled through eleven semistructured interviews with experienced Human Resource Development professionals. Conclusion: The study shows that requirements, or the absence of requirements, results in a type of isomorphism regarding efforts in human resource development where the expected value is taken for granted. HR-professionals adjust to the demands of measurability their surroundings place upon them through perceiving and stating the expected value as a truth, although only a few follow-up their efforts to ensure that actual value has been created

Ce travail doctoral a pour objectif d’analyser la notion de soutien à l’innovation par les compétences des pôles de compétitivité en faveur des PME de hautes technologies. Plus précisément cette recherche consiste à réaliser une approche critique de l’intervention par les compétences telle qu’elle est préconisée par les institutions publiques, au profit d’une intervention en gestion des connaissances (Knowledge Management). Pour ce faire nous exploitons le champ conceptuel du KM en PME et démontrons l’encastrement des process de KM dans l’activité de la PME et l’organisation. Si le lien conceptuel entre activité et organisation a déjà été travaillé par la littérature, nous nous concentrons ici sur son opérationnalisation dans le cadre de la PME de hautes technologies pour soutenir l’innovation. Nous mobilisons dans le cadre de notre bourse CIFRE, une méthodologie PAR (Participatory Action Research) permettant d’investir le pôle de compétitivité OPTITEC. L’intérêt de cette méthodologie vient de sa possibilité d’intégrer les acteurs et partenaires opérationnels dans l’activité de recherche. Nous articulons ainsi le cadre théorique du KM en PME de hautes technologies puis suggérons un repositionnement du pôle de compétitivité sur la base de cette création de connaissance. Deux niveaux de résultats sont alors proposés. Le premier niveau consiste à identifier l’opérationnalisation du KM soutenant l’innovation au sein de la PME de hautes technologies. Le second réinterroge le rôle du pôle en tant que « Tiers » dans le soutien à l’innovation des PME de hautes technologies. / The purpose of this doctoral research is to analyse the notion of innovation support through skills from clusters in regard to high-technology SMEs. More specifically, it intends to undertake a critical review of Competency Management implementation - as recommended by public institutions, in favour of Knowledge Management implementation. Therefore, we exploit the conceptual field of KM in SMEs and demonstrate the embedding of KM processes within SMEs’ business activity and organisation. Although the conceptual link between business activity and organisation has been already covered in the literature, we are here focusing on its operationalisation in high-tech SMEs to support innovation. Within the context of our CIFRE grant, we have applied a PAR Methodology (Participatory Action Research) allowing to study the OPTITEC cluster. The interest of this methodology lies in the ability to integrate key actors and implementing partners into the research activity. Thus, we frame the theoretical concept of KM in high-tech SMEs and imply a repositioning of the competitiveness cluster on the basis of this knowledge creation. Two levels of results are provided. The first consists of identifying the operationalization of KM supporting innovation within high-technology SMEs. The second one challenges the cluster’s role as a ‘third party’ in supporting innovation within high-tech SMEs.

Le thème principal de cette thèse est l'étude d'algorithmes de reconnaissance de cibles non coopératives (NCTR). Il s'agit de faire de la reconnaissance au sein de la classe "chasseur" en utilisant le profil distance. Nous proposons l'étude de quatre algorithmes : un basé sur l'algorithme des KPPV, un sur les méthodes probabilistes et deux sur la logique floue. Une contrainte majeure des algorithmes NCTR est le contrôle du taux d'erreur tout en maximisant le taux de succès. Nous avons pu montrer que les deux premiers algorithmes ne permettait pas de respecter cette contrainte. Nous avons en revanche proposé deux algorithmes basés sur la logique floue qui permettent de respecter cette contrainte. Ceci se fait au détriment du taux de succès (notamment sur les données réelles) pour le premier des deux algorithmes. Cependant la deuxième version de l'algorithme a permis d'augmenter considérablement le taux de succès tout en gardant le contrôle du taux d'erreur. Le principe de cet algorithme est de caractériser, case distance par case distance, l'appartenance à une classe en introduisant notamment des données acquises en chambre sourde. Nous avons également proposé une procédure permettant d'adapter les données acquises en chambre sourde pour une classe donnée à d'autres classes de cibles. La deuxième contrainte forte des algorithmes NCTR est la contrainte du temps réel. Une étude poussée d'une parallélisation de l'algorithme basé sur les KPPV a été réalisée en début de thèse. Cette étude a permis de faire ressortir les points à prendre en compte lors d'une parallélisation sur GPU d'algorithmes NCTR. Les conclusions tirées de cette étude permettront par la suite de paralléliser de manière efficace sur GPU les futurs algorithmes NCTR et notamment ceux proposés dans le cadre de cette thèse. / The main subject of this thesis is the study of algorithms for non-cooperative targets recognition (NCTR). The purpose is to make recognition within "fighter" class using range profile. The study of four algorithms is proposed : one based on the KNN algorithm, one on probabilistic methods and two on fuzzy logic. A major constraint of NCTR algorithms is to control the error rate while maximizing the success rate. We have shown that the two first algorithms are not sufficient to fulfill this requirement. On the other hand, two algorithms based on fuzzy logic have been proposed and meet this requirement. Compliance with this condition is made at the expense of success rate (in particular on real data) for the first of the two algorithms based on fuzzy-logic. However, a second version of the algorithm has greatly increased the success rate while keeping control of the error rate. The principle of this algorithm is to make classification range bin by range bin, with the introduction of data acquired in an anechoic chamber. We also proposed a procedure for adapting the data acquired in an anechoic chamber for a class to another class of targets. The second major constraint algorithms NCTR is the real time constraint. An advanced study of a parallelization on GPU of the algorithm based on KNN was conducted at the beginning of the thesis. This study has helped to identify key points of a parallelization on GPU of NCTR algorithms. Findings from this study will be used to parallelize efficiently on GPU future NCTR algorithms, including those proposed in the thesis.

面對廿一世紀的來臨，各公私組織已將人力視為其重要的資產，不論國家競爭力或企業競爭力的提昇，人力的良窳佔有極重要的角色。「國家競爭優勢」作者波特(Porter)教授的著名菱形理論中，甚至將人力資源列為影響產業競爭優勢的基本因素之一。雖然人力資源十分重要，但組織因身處持續變遷的環境中，若對人力資源不加以培育，其價值可能流失，甚至成為組織的包袱或債務。故Johnston & Packer兩人認為「教育與訓練是保存與增加國家人力資源的主要功能」(1987：116)；Thomas Peters建議「工作訓練與持續再訓練，必須提高為企業與國家的最高議題」(1988：322)； Porter在其所著「國家競爭優勢」一書中認為，競爭力強的企業大多擁有完整且比對手更強的員工訓練活動，它們在內部訓練的投資平均甚至高於產業研發(1996：853)。 在學術界，專家學者不斷地呼籲訓練對組織與國家的存續與發展是非常的重要；而在實務界，不論各公私部門組織，對訓練皆已投注相當多的資源，舉例來說在美國整個產業每年花費在訓練發展的成本將近1100億，我國目前雖無詳細的統計金額，但從政府的訓練機構已由民國五十九年的三十所躍升至目前的六十餘所(吳定，民88：33)的蓬勃發展現象，亦可見訓練所受到的重視程度。 訓練的重要雖不容置疑，但訓練的成效如何亦不容忽視，依據Hoffman的報告預估只有訓練費用的10%能在可觀察的工作行為上得到成果(1983：34-39)；Baldwin & Ford(1988)研究發現，訓練後不到10%能產生真正的學習成效；Curry(1994)等人評估訓練結果僅有10-13%的學習成效能夠移轉到工作情境上； John Newstrom調查分析後認為在訓練後，有40%可以馬上運用在工作上，25%可以持續應用至六個月，而只有15%在一年之後仍然能運用訓練時所學。由上述論點顯見訓練的投入與訓練產出實不成比例，近幾年來許多專家學者不斷探究造成兩者相差懸殊的原因，紛紛進行訓練成效的評鑑，郤發現「訓練移轉」在整個訓練過程中實佔有關鍵性的地位。 所謂「訓練移轉」簡單的說是指員工將訓練時所學的新知識與新技能有效地應用在工作行為上。本文擬從組織與個人兩大因素來探究對於訓練移轉的影響如何。而組織因素依據Huczynski & Lewis(1980), Baldwin & Ford(1988), Tracey & Tews(1995), Xiao(1996), Gregoire, Propp & Poertner(1998)等人的說法，可歸類組織文化與氣候､主管的支持､同儕的態度､考績與報酬系統以及工作特徵等五項因素。個人屬性依據Huczynski & Lewis(1980), Noe(1986), Baldwin & Ford(1988), Tracey&Tews(1995), Xiao(1996), Gregoire, Propp & Poertner(1998)的說法，可分為動機與期望､工作能力､工作態度､目標設定等四項因素。最後，以台北捷運公司為本文的個案研究對象。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機 第二節 研究目的 第三節 研究方法與限制 第四節 研究流程 第五節 訓練移轉的基本概念 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 訓練移轉之相關研究 第二節 組織特性對訓練移轉之影響 第三節 個人屬性對訓練移轉之影響 第三章 個案研究 第一節 研究架構與假設 第二節 研究對象 第三節 研究工具 第四節 樣本特性 第五節 資料分析的方法 第四章 調查分析 第一節 因素分析 第二節 信度分析 第三節 人口統計變項與訓練移轉之關係 第四節 組織特性、個人屬性與訓練移轉之相關分析 第五章 結論 第一節 發現 第二節 建議

The objective of the current study is to explore and identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs), which impact upon the effective implementation of Human Resource Development (HRD) initiatives in support of nationalisation, and to recommend a model for practical application and future research. Accordingly the study focused on identifying and analysing the various factors in the localisation of a workforce with regard to five broad categories, namely: national level factors, organisational (policies and practices related) factors, organisational (HR related) factors, individual level (expatriate and experienced staff related) factors and individual level (UAE national related) factors. The data for the study was collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods were used to develop an in-depth case study of the Emiratisation process in an oil and gas organisation, as well as for identifying the critical success factors to be included in the survey questionnaire for collecting the quantitative data. The results of the study indicated that the critical success factors identified in the study are part of a complicated reality and need to be managed to ensure success of the localisation of a workforce. The mean scores obtained on the various factors differed significantly across the organisations or sub groups of respondents used in the study. This indicates that the impact of various factors that facilitate or constrain the localisation efforts are highly contextual and organisation specific. The findings of the study revealed valuable insights that could enrich not only future research in the area, but also the practical application of HR tools and methods to support the localisation process. The current study also developed a model for practical application and future research in the area. The model identified the role of HR strategies and tools as critical for managing the CSFs and ensuring the success of the process of localisation. The model developed in the current study also emphasises the need to define the 'success' of localisation in much broader terms, by addressing complex issues such as, employee morale and motivation, expectations of all employees, including expatriates and so forth, rather than just focusing on the number of UAE nationals employed and their competencies. The current study also identified some of the limitations of the study and highlighted suggestions for future research.

Le thème principal de cette thèse est l'étude d'algorithmes de reconnaissance de cibles non coopératives (NCTR). Il s'agit de faire de la reconnaissance au sein de la classe "chasseur" en utilisant le profil distance. Nous proposons l'étude de quatre algorithmes : un basé sur l'algorithme des KPPV, un sur les méthodes probabilistes et deux sur la logique floue. Une contrainte majeure des algorithmes NCTR est le contrôle du taux d'erreur tout en maximisant le taux de succès. Nous avons pu montrer que les deux premiers algorithmes ne permettait pas de respecter cette contrainte. Nous avons en revanche proposé deux algorithmes basés sur la logique floue qui permettent de respecter cette contrainte. Ceci se fait au détriment du taux de succès (notamment sur les données réelles) pour le premier des deux algorithmes. Cependant la deuxième version de l'algorithme a permis d'augmenter considérablement le taux de succès tout en gardant le contrôle du taux d'erreur. Le principe de cet algorithme est de caractériser, case distance par case distance, l'appartenance à une classe en introduisant notamment des données acquises en chambre sourde. Nous avons également proposé une procédure permettant d'adapter les données acquises en chambre sourde pour une classe donnée à d'autres classes de cibles. La deuxième contrainte forte des algorithmes NCTR est la contrainte du temps réel. Une étude poussée d'une parallélisation de l'algorithme basé sur les KPPV a été réalisée en début de thèse. Cette étude a permis de faire ressortir les points à prendre en compte lors d'une parallélisation sur GPU d'algorithmes NCTR. Les conclusions tirées de cette étude permettront par la suite de paralléliser de manière efficace sur GPU les futurs algorithmes NCTR et notamment ceux proposés dans le cadre de cette thèse.

This thesis concerns the leader as a facilitator of learning at work. More specifically, the aim of the study is to increase knowledge about leadership in relation to co-workers’ learning and development at the workplace. The focus is on the leaders’ notions of learning-oriented leadership, their actions in daily work and on the factors that may enable and constrain learning-oriented leadership. The theoretical framework is structured around a review and analysis of three leadership research traditions: studies of effective leadership, studies of managerial work, and critical studies of leadership. The research reported in the thesis is based on an interactive research approach comprising case studies of two industrial firms. The main empirical data have been collected in interviews with leaders. In addition, the empirical material includes observations of leaders and studies of documents. The results indicate that the leaders view learning and the development of their co-workers as important issues and that they use a number of different activities to facilitate learning. Based on the degree of formalization these activities can be characterized as planned, partially planned and spontaneous. When working with the co-workers’ learning the leaders alternate between acting as supporters, educators and confronters. Furthermore, learning-oriented leadership is influenced by factors such as the co-workers’ attitudes and motivation, the leaders’ views of learning and development, the presence of learning issues on the organizational agenda and the design of the organizations’ production systems. To conclude, the leaders in both companies can be seen as facilitators of learning. However, their leadership is mainly performance-oriented and focused on adaptive learning. There are traces of development-oriented leadership as well, but these patterns are not as apparent. For instance, the facilitation of critical reflection associated with developmental learning is not very common for the leaders in either of the cases. / Denna avhandling handlar om hur ledare främjar lärande i dagligt arbete. Mer specifikt är syftet med studien att bidra med ökade kunskaper om ledarskap i relation till medarbetares lärande och utveckling på arbetsplatsen. I avhandlingen studeras vad som karaktäriserar ledarnas arbete och deras syn på sitt ledarskap, vad ledarna gör för att främja medarbetarnas lärande, samt vilka faktorer som hindrar och möjliggör ett ledarskap för lärande. Den teoretiska referensramen är baserad på tidigare forskning om ledarskap och lärande. Mer specifikt granskas och analyseras tre forskningstraditioner: studier av effektivt ledarskap, studier av ledares arbete och kritiska ledarskapsstudier. Studien utgår från en interaktiv forskningsansats och det empiriska materialet består av fallstudier av två svenska industriföretag. Data har huvudsakligen insamlats genom intervjuer med ledare. Därtill omfattar det empiriska underlaget även observationer av ledare och studier av dokument. Resultaten visar att ledarna uppfattar det som mycket viktigt att främja sina medarbetares lärande och utveckling. När de arbetar med dessa frågor använder de sig av en rad olika aktiviteter, vilka skiljer sig åt med avseende på grad av formalisering. Aktiviteterna kan kategoriseras som planerade, delvis planerade och spontana. Vidare visar resultaten att ledarna i interaktionen med medarbetarna agerar stödjande, utbildande och konfronterande. I studien framkommer även faktorer som hindrar och möjliggör ett ledarskap för lärande. Dessa omfattar exempelvis medarbetarnas inställning till lärande, ledarnas syn på lärande, ekonomiska resurser för lärande, samt arbetsorganisationens och produktionssystemets utformning. Avslutningsvis pekar denna studie på att ledarna i företagen uppvisar ett ledarskap för lärande, men att detta i huvudsak orienteras mot lärande för daglig drift och anpassning, snarare än mot lärande för utveckling. Det finns också spår av ett mer utvecklingsstödjande ledarskap, men dessa är inte tydligt framträdande i resultaten. Exempelvis arbetar ledarna i begränsad utsträckning med att främja kritisk reflektion, vilket kan ses som en förutsättning för ett utvecklingsinriktat lärande.

The objective of the current study is to explore and identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs), which impact upon the effective implementation of Human Resource Development (HRD) initiatives in support of nationalisation, and to recommend a model for practical application and future research. Accordingly the study focused on identifying and analysing the various factors in the localisation of a workforce with regard to five broad categories, namely: national level factors, organisational (policies and practices related) factors, organisational (HR related) factors, individual level (expatriate and experienced staff related) factors and individual level (UAE national related) factors. The data for the study was collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods were used to develop an in-depth case study of the Emiratisation process in an oil and gas organisation, as well as for identifying the critical success factors to be included in the survey questionnaire for collecting the quantitative data. The results of the study indicated that the critical success factors identified in the study are part of a complicated reality and need to be managed to ensure success of the localisation of a workforce. The mean scores obtained on the various factors differed significantly across the organisations or sub groups of respondents used in the study. This indicates that the impact of various factors that facilitate or constrain the localisation efforts are highly contextual and organisation specific. The findings of the study revealed valuable insights that could enrich not only future research in the area, but also the practical application of HR tools and methods to support the localisation process. The current study also developed a model for practical application and future research in the area. The model identified the role of HR strategies and tools as critical for managing the CSFs and ensuring the success of the process of localisation. The model developed in the current study also emphasises the need to define the 'success' of localisation in much broader terms, by addressing complex issues such as, employee morale and motivation, expectations of all employees, including expatriates and so forth, rather than just focusing on the number of UAE nationals employed and their competencies. The current study also identified some of the limitations of the study and highlighted suggestions for future research.

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