Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-18T17:35:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Rebeca, O título foi alterado, porém não consta a informação no verso da ATA. Qualquer alteração no título é necessário o orientador comparecer na secretaria para relatar. Agradeceu bastante gente. Rsrs... Título anterior: HIBRIDIZAÇÃO ORGANIZACIONAL E CULTURAL: O CASO DA INTEGRAÇÃO DE DUAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO NO BRASIL Bjs. Suzi on 2013-07-18T19:39:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-22T19:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-22T19:37:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-22T19:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The phenomenon of hybridization has been studied across multiple fields of knowledge as the Economy, the Social Sciences, the Political Sciences and the Cultural Studies. Regarding the field of Cultural Studies, hybridism and hybridizations have been broadly utilized to address cultures and cultural encounters. The field of Organizational Studies, however, still investigates hybridism and hybridizations in a superficial way. The objective of this research was to analyze hybridization as an organizational and cultural phenomenon. A case study was conducted to investigate the integration process of a business school, after it’s acquisition, to an university, both in Brazil. The focus of this research was on the origins of hybridization, on which organizational and cultural dimension it occurred, the dynamics it revealed and the impacts it had on organizational and cultural analysis. The case study conducted had a qualitative orientation, an exploratory approach and was based on 41 interviews with representatives from both institutions. Preliminary results indicated that: first, both institutions varied along their particular history and during the post-acquisition process from more or less homogeneous forms; second, the hybrid condition seemed to be a steady state, that varied, however, among more conflictive or more agreeable modes of interaction; third, two types of hybridization occurred, the dialectical and the dialogical ones and fourth, the hybrid condition seems to be the possibility to overcome the cultural and organizational dichotomies that emerged in the case. / O fenômeno da hibridização tem sido estudado em diversos campos do conhecimento, tais como a Economia, as Ciências Sociais, as Ciências Políticas e os Estudos Culturais. No campo dos Estudos Culturais, o hibridismo e a hibridização têm sido utilizados para analisar as culturas e as interações culturais. No campo dos Estudos Organizacionais, as pesquisas sobre hibridismo e hibridização tratam o tema de maneira ainda superficial. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a hibridização como fenômeno organizacional e cultural. Foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre o processo de integração pós-aquisição de uma escola de negócios a uma universidade, ambas no Brasil. Este estudo procurou compreender a origem da hibridização, as dimensões organizacionais e culturais nas quais a ela se manifestou, as dinâmicas que gerou, e os impactos para as análises organizacionais e culturais e para a prática gerencial. O estudo de caso conduzido teve caráter qualitativo e exploratório, e se fundamentou em 41 entrevistas com integrantes de ambas as instituições. Os resultados mostraram que: primeiro, as instituições estudadas assumiram formas organizacionais e culturais que variaram entre mais ou menos homogêneas ao longo de suas histórias e durante o processo de integração; segundo, que a condição híbrida pareceu ser um estado (organizacional e cultural) constante que, no entanto, variou de formas mais conflituosas a mais amigáveis no decorrer da interação; terceiro, que ocorreram dois tipos de hibridização, a dialética e a dialógica; e quarto, que a condição híbrida parece ser a possibilidade de superação das dicotomias que surgem.

L’errance cet être phénomène qui s’émeut et parcours la diégèse d’une production littéraire transgressive. Cette révolution du langage textuel dont le but premier est de mettre à mort la tradition de la littérature. Ici encore le genre représentatif des lettres, le roman, est bousculé jusqu’à son dernier retranchement, tant la transformation est évidente et perceptible dans la pensée moderne, postmoderne et postcoloniale. L’hybridation se convoque si bien que, le lecteur est une fois de plus aliéné, médusé d’un maillage scriptural qui le pousse à la transcendance de l’analyse basique. L’auteur s’érige ainsi en tant que héraut qui tue l’ancien et subvertit le caché avec une totale liberté. Alors, genres littéraires, personnages, temporalité et espace se reconfigurent inlassablement par le motif de l’errance à l’intérieur du texte. Par conséquent, l’errance devient un actant singulier et central qui anime l’actualité de manière générale du monde de l’art et en particulier de la littérature. Cette thèse unie les voix de trois écrivains : Glissant, Coetzee et Murakami, ces derniers respectivement mettent en relief une identité recherchée, une anomie qui affecte le logos, le pathos et l’éthos et un personnage tant singulier qu’hybride. / The wandering this being phenomenon which is moved and travel (browse) the diégèse of a transgressive literary production. This revolution of the textual language, the first purpose of which is to put to death the tradition of literature. Here still the representative kind (genre) of letters, novel, is pushed aside (knocked down) up to its last cutting off, so much the transformation (processing) is obvious and perceptible in the modern, postmodern thought and postcolonial. The hybridization summons (convenes) so that, the reader is alienated, dumbfounded one more time by a scriptural meshing which pushes him (it) to the transcendence of the basic (basal) analysis. The author so sets up himself as herald who kills the former (old) and subverts the mask with a total freedom. Then, literary genres, characters, temporality and space re-configure indefatigably by the motive for the wandering becomes a singular and central agent which livens up (leads) the current events in a general way of the world of the art and in particular the literature. This united thesis the voice of three writers: Glissant, Coetzee and Murakami, the later respectively accentuate a sought identity, an anomie which affects (allocates) logos, the pathos and ethos and character so singular as hybrid.

Axolotl uniquely generates blastema cells as a pool of progenitor/stem cells to restore an entire limb, a particular property that other organisms, such as humans, do not have. What underlies these differences? Is the main difference that cells residing at the amputation plane (in the stump) undergo reprogramming processes to re-enter the embryonic program, which allows developmental patterning to start, or are there fundamental differences? There is also a significant debate about whether regeneration occurs via stem cell differentiation or by dedifferentiation of mature limb tissue. The aim of my thesis was to address following questions: Are the cells in the blastema reprogrammed or differentiated to regenerate? Are the blastema cells genetically reactivated de novo during regeneration? How does the amputated limb exactly know which part of the limb needs to be regenerate? Using a novel technique of long-term genetic fate mapping, my team demonstrated that dedifferentiation in regenerated axolotl muscle tissue does not occur. Instead, PAX7+ satellite cells indeed play an important role during muscle regeneration in the axolotl limb. Surprisingly, this is in contrast to the newt, which regenerates muscle cells through a dedifferentiation process. Therefore, there is a fundamental difference that underlies the regenerative mechanism ((Sandoval-Guzman et al., 2014) [KR1]). This demonstrates that there is an unexpected diversity and flexibility of cellular mechanims used during limb regeneration, even among two closely related species. Finally, if one salamander species uses a mammalian regenerative strategy (Cornelison and Wold, 1997; Collins et al., 2005) involving stem cells and another uses a dedifferentiative strategy, this raises the question of whether there are other fundamental aspects of regeneration that could also be anomalous. This hypothesis is promising since there could be more than one possible mechanism to induce mammalian regeneration. The process of limb regeneration in principle seems to be more similar to those of limb development as historically assumed. We showed molecularly that embryonic players are reused during regeneration by reactivating the position- and tissue-specific developmental gene programs by using the newly isolated Twist sequences as early blastema cell markers ((Kragl et al., 2013) [KR2]). To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of the P/D limb patterning in general, it was crucial to study the early patterning events of the resident progenitor/stem cells by using the specific blastema cell marker HoxA as a positional marker along the proximo-distal axis. Our HOXA protein analysis using high molecular and cellular resolution as well as transplantation assays demonstrated for the first time that axolotl limb blastema cells acquire their positional identity in a proximal to distal sequence. We found a hierarchy of cellular restrictions in positional identities. Amputation at the level of the upper arm showed that the blastema harbors cells, which convert to lower arm and hand. We observed ((Roensch et al., 2013) [KR3]) for the first time that intercalation- the intermediate element (lower arm) arises later from an interaction between the proximal and distal cells identities- does not occur. Intercalation, which has been an accepted model for a long time, is not the patterning mechanism underlying normal (without any manipulation) limb regeneration that is unique to axolotl. We further demonstrated, using the Hox genes as markers that positional identity is cell-type specific since their effects were confirmed to be present in the lateral plate mesoderm- derived cells of the limb. As our knowledge about limb blastemas expands concerning cell composition and molecular events controlling patterning, the similarity to development is becoming more and more clear. My work has resolved many ambiguities surrounding the molecularly identification of different types of blastema cells and how P/D limb patterning occurs during regeneration in comparison to development. It has highlighted the importance of combining high-resolution methods, such as in situ hybridizations, single-cell PCR (sc-PCR) of individual dissociated blastema cells and genetic labeling methods with grafting experiments to map cell fates in vivo. In addition to understanding the processes of regeneration, another long-term goal in the regenerative medicine field is to identify key molecules that trigger the regeneration of tissues. Recently, my colleague Takuji Sugiura (Sugiura et al., 2016) observed that an early event of blastema formation is the secretion of molecules like MLP (MARCKS-like protein), which induces wound-associated cell cycle re-entry. Such findings further increase the enthusiasm of biologists to understand the underlying principles of regeneration. By building our knowledge of the molecules and pathways that are involved in tissue regeneration, we increase the possibility of identifying a way to ‘activate’ regenerative processes in humans and thus reach the final goal of regenerative medicine, which is to use the concepts of cellular reprogramming, stem cell biology and tissue engineering to repair complex body structures.

Par le terme « théâtre polémique » on désigne la production dramatique telle qu’elle s’est structurée au cours de la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle dans le cadre du contexte politico-économique de concurrence, dans lequel se trouvent à opérer les trois théâtres parisiens, la Comédie Française, la Comédie Italienne et les Théâtres de la Foire. La pièce polémique se caractérise par la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif allégorique, fondé sur la tension dynamique entre procédé de fictionnalisation et renvoi à la référentialité. Elle appartient à la catégorie de la littérature de circonstance ou d’actualité, et elle peut s’inscrire dans l’univers des « pratiques transtextuelles ». L’auteur polémiste prend la parole, ou la plume, en réaction à un événement défavorable (une interdiction, une défense, une censure, etc.), et contre son adversaire; cet événement, qui se situe dans ce que l’on peut appeler le « hors-texte », est élaboré au moyen d’une fiction ; par cette fiction, l’auteur essaye de modifier le cours de l’histoire, d’inverser le rapport de forces, d’agir finalement sur le spectateur en gagnant son soutien. La place que le spectateur occupe dans la polémique détermine le passage d’une histoire en forme anecdotique, et donc marginale, vers une histoire qui touche un espace publique. On dira que bien loin d’« historiser le théâtre », le théâtre polémique « théâtralise l’histoire ». L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer, dans la dialectique polémique, une des causes de l'affaiblissement du système des privilèges et de son corollaire esthétique, c’est-à-dire le principe de hiérarchisation et différenciation des genres dramaturgiques. / The term «polemical theatre» indicates the dramaturgical production which developed during the first part of the 18th Century, within the specific political-economic competitive framework that involved the three most active theatres in Paris at that time: the «Comédie Française», the «Comédie Italienne» and the «Théâtres de la Foire». The «polemical text» relies on an «allegorical device», which is based on the dynamical interaction between the fictionalisation and the relation to the referent. It belongs to the domain of the «littérature de circonstance» or «littérature d’actualité», and it can be considered a «trans-textual practice». The polemical author speaks or writes in reaction to an unfortunate event (interdiction, censorship, etc.), and to oppose a rival writer. This event, occurring outside of the text, becomes the subject of a theatrical fiction through which the author tries to modify the history path, to reverse the force relationships and to act on the audience in order to gain its consent. The role that the audience plays in the polemical comparison, makes the plot evolving from an anecdotal (and thus marginal) story to a public interesting one. So we could say that, far from «historicizing theatre», the polemical theatre does «dramatize History». In conclusion, my work aims at looking on polemical dialectics as one cause of the weakening of a system based on privileges, whose esthetical corollary is the precept of hierarchization and separation of the theatre genres. / Con il termine «teatro polemico» si designa la produzione drammaturgica che si sviluppa nella prima metà del XVIII secolo all’interno di uno specifico contesto politico-economico di concorrenza tra i tre teatri operanti a Parigi, la Comédie Française, la Comédie Italienne e i Teatri de la Foire. Il testo polemico si caratterizza per la messa in atto di un dispositivo allegorico, basato sulla tensione dinamica tra elementi finzionali e elementi referenziali. Esso appartiene, inoltre, alla categoria della letteratura di circostanza, o di attualità, e s’inscrive all’ambito delle “pratiche transtestuali”. L’autore polemico reagisce in reazione a un avvenimento sfavorevole (un’interdizione, una censura etc.), e contro un avversario; tale avvenimento, che si situa in una dimensione extra-testuale, costituisce la materia della finzione teatrale attraverso la quale l’autore cerca di modificare il corso della storia, di invertire il rapporto di forza, di agire infine sullo spettatore per guadagnare il suo consenso. Il ruolo che lo spettatore occupa nel confronto polemico determina il passaggio da una storia in forma aneddotica, et dunque marginale, a una storia di “interesse pubblico”, in cui si mobilitano strategie persuasive, attraverso l’individuazione dei portavoce legittimati a reclamare et gestire la controversia. Si può dire, infine, che invece che “storicizzare il teatro”, il teatro polemico, “teatralizza la storia”. L’obiettivo del nostro studio è di individuare nella dialettica polemica una delle cause dell’indebolimento del sistema dei privilegi e del suo corollario estetico, quello del principio di gerarchizzazione e differenziazione dei generi teatrali.

Les travaux de thèse présentés s’intéressent à l’optimisation des activités d’un bloc opératoire. Ces activités concernent les interventions chirurgicales à planifier et les interventions de maintenance préventive sur les équipements dans les salles d’opération. Une solution est la synchronisation de ces activités lors de la construction du planning opératoire au niveau opératoire. Nous dissocions deux stratégies de programmation opératoire : programmation ouverte et programmation avec allocation préalable des plages horaires aux chirurgiens. Pour chacune des stratégies, nous considérons deux cas : le cas où l’heure de début d’une intervention de maintenance dans la salle est fixée, ladite intervention précédant l’affection des interventions chirurgicales dans les salles. Le second cas étant celui où l’heure de début de maintenance varie dans un intervalle entre une heure de début minimum et une heure de début maximum, avec l’intervention de maintenance placée a posteriori.Nous faisons plusieurs propositions de méthodes (exactes et approchées), y compris une méthode hybride, qui repose sur le couplage entre une métaheuristique et une heuristique. Les résultats obtenus sur des instances générées en concertation avec le monde hospitalier sont intéressants. / The presented dissertation is about the optimization of hospital systems, more precisely the optimization of the activities of an operation theatre. These activities showcase the surgical procedures to be planned and the preventive maintenance interventions on the equipment in the operating rooms. One solution is the synchronization of these activities during the construction of the operational planning at the operational level.We dissociate two operating programming strategies: Open Scheduling or Open programming and Block Scheduling or Programming with prior allocation of times to surgeons. For each strategy two cases are considered: the first case is where the time of beginning of a maintenance intervention in the room is fixed - this intervention preceding the affection of the surgical interventions in the rooms. The second case is where the maintenance start time varies in the interval between a minimum start time and a maximum start time, with the maintenance intervention placed beforehand. We make several proposition’s methods (exact and approximate), including a hybrid method, which is based on the coupling between a metaheuristic and a heuristic. The results obtained on bodies generated in consultation with the hospital’s world are interesting.

Abstract The study gathered information about polyamine metabolism throughout the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) zygotic embryogenesis and about physiological events occurring simultaneously in the megagametophyte tissue. Additionally, novel sequence data of the Scots pine polyamine genes were used for studying the evolution of polyamine genes in plants. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) might have evolved from a multifunctional bacterial progenitor. In conifers, the alternative arginine decarboxylase (ADC) pathway is preferred in putrescine biosynthesis, which may have caused the relaxed purifying selection in the ODC genes. The phylogenetic analysis of spermidine synthase (SPDS), spermine synthase (SPMS) and thermospermine synthase (ACL5) sequences supported the view that eukaryotic SPDS genes are derived from a common ancestor, whereas SPMS genes have evolved several times from SPDS genes. The identified Scots pine sequence was defined as a putative thermospermine synthase (TSPMS) encoding gene and named PsACL5. The phylogenetic analysis of polyamine oxidase (PAO) sequences supported the view that plants possess several different PAOs, which may have different catalytic properties. The consistency of the polyamine concentration profiles during Scots pine zygotic embryogenesis suggested that polyamines have an important role in the embryo development and that individual polyamines may have different roles at different developmental stages. Generally, the polyamine concentrations increased at the early stages but decreased at the late stages of embryo development. Only the free putrescine fraction remained stable throughout the embryo development. Putrescine was almost solely produced via the ADC pathway and the ADC enzyme was at least partially transcriptionally regulated. Both ADC mRNA transcripts and ADC protein localized in dividing cells of embryos, which implicated the essential role of ADC in the mitosis of plant cells. The megagametophyte was viable from the early phases of embryo development until the early germination of mature seeds. However, the megagametophyte cells in the narrow embryo surrounding region (ESR) died via morphologically necrotic cell death. In the dying cells, extensive nucleic acid fragmentation caused the unspecific hybridization of probes in an in situ mRNA hybridization assay. The occurrence of necrotic cell death in Scots pine embryogenesis indicated that developmentally and physiologically regulated necrotic cell death is evolutionarily conserved and exists also in plants. / Tiivistelmä Työssä tutkittiin polyamiiniaineenvaihduntaa ja megagametofyyttisolukossa tapahtuvia fysiologisia muutoksia metsämännyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) alkionkehityksen aikana. Polyamiineja (putreskiini, spermidiini ja spermiini) syntetisoivia ja hajottavia entsyymejä koodaavien geenien emäsjärjestys selvitettiin metsämännystä. Sekvenssejä käytettiin kasvien polyamiinigeenien evoluution tutkimiseen. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että eukaryooteissa putreskiinin biosynteesistä vastaava entsyymi, ornitiinidekarboksylaasi (ODC), on voinut kehittyä bakteerien lysiinikarboksylaasista (LDC), joka dekarboksyloi sekä ornitiinia että lysiiniä. Kasveissa putreskiinia voidaan tuottaa myös arginiinidekarboksylaasin (ADC) kautta, mikä on johtanut ODC-geeneihin kohdistuvan puhdistavan valinnan heikentymiseen. Aminopropyyli-ryhmiä liittävien entsyymien osalta tutkimus tukee käsitystä, jonka mukaan eukaryoottiset spermidiinisyntaasit (SPDS) ovat kehittyneet yhteisestä kantamuodosta, kun taas spermiinisyntaasi (SPMS) on syntynyt useita kertoja SPDS-geenin kahdentumisen kautta. Metsämännystä tunnistettiin termospermiinisyntaasia (TSPMS) koodaava geeni, jolle annettiin nimeksi PsACL5. Fylogeneettisen analyysin perusteella kasveissa on useita erilaisia polyamiinien hajotuksesta vastaavia polyamiinioksidaaseja (PAO), joiden katalyyttiset ominaisuudet voivat poiketa toisistaan. Metsämännyllä polyamiinipitoisuudet vaihtelivat alkionkehitysvaiheen mukaan yhdenmukaisesti eri vuosina, mikä viittaa polyamiinien tärkeään rooliin alkionkehityksessä. Polyamiinipitoisuudet kasvoivat varhaisen ja pienenivät myöhäisen alkionkehityksen aikana lukuun ottamatta vapaan putreskiinin pitoisuutta, joka pysyi samana koko alkionkehityksen ajan. Putreskiinia tuotettiin alkioissa lähes pelkästään ADC-reitin kautta, ja ADC-entsyymin säätelyn todettiin tapahtuvan ainakin osittain transkription tasolla. Koska sekä ADC-geenin lähetti-RNA että ADC-entsyymi löytyivät alkion jakautuvista soluista, on ilmeistä, että ADC-entsyymillä on tärkeä tehtävä kasvisolujen mitoosissa. Megagametofyytti säilyi elossa koko alkionkehityksen ajan lukuun ottamatta alkio-onteloa reunustavia soluja, jotka olivat morfologialtaan nekroottisia. Nukleiinihappojen voimakas pilkkoutuminen aiheutti soluissa koettimien epäspesifisen sitoutumisen, kun geenien ilmenemistä paikannettiin lähetti-RNA:han in situ hybridisaatio-menetelmällä. Tutkimuksessa löydetty männyn alkiokehitykseen liittyvä nekroottinen solukuolema osoitti ensimmäistä kertaa, että fysiologista ja kehityksellistä nekroottista solukuolemaa esiintyy myös kasveissa.

Si dans la fonction publique l’importance accordée à la gestion du personnel s’est pendant longtemps limitée à l’application des règlements, du statut et à la gestion des effectifs, ces deux dernières décennies la Gestion des Ressources Humaines (GRH) est graduellement devenue l’une des préoccupations centrales de l’administration française. En effet, face aux évolutions démographiques (départs en retraite…), organisationnelles (décentralisation, externalisation de services, développement des intercommunalités…), stratégiques et techniques et dans un contexte international de modernisation globale de l’Etat inspirée des principes de la Nouvelle Gestion Publique (NGP), la fonction stratégique de la GRH s’est progressivement imposée. La recherche de la maîtrise de ses dépenses publiques a conduit la France à déployer une nouvelle logique de fonctionnement visant à rendre plus efficace l’action de ses agents publics et à accroître la performance globale de ses administrations. A ces fins, la mise en œuvre de démarches de Gestion Prévisionnelle des Emplois et des Compétences (GPEC) a peu à peu été perçue au sein des organisations publiques comme un "passage obligé". Dans le cadre de nos travaux de recherche, nous avons tenté de mieux appréhender les enjeux actuels de la fonction publique territoriale française, ses évolutions en termes de production du service public et d’analyser, notamment sous l’angle de la démarche GPEC menée à la Ville de Lyon, comment le contexte démographique, politique et économique au sein duquel elles évoluent a modifié la gestion des ressources humaines. Dans la mesure où elle se situe à la croisée d’un statut toujours présent et d’une GRH "moderne", issue du secteur privé, plus axée sur la dimension compétence et sur les métiers, la GPEC telle que nous avons pu l’observer au sein de la Ville de Lyon, constitue une forme « hybride » de GRH, entre tradition et renouveau, reflet de l’émergence d’une néo-bureaucratie. / In the last two decades Human Resource Management (HRM) has become one of the main concern of the French public sector. Indeed, for many years Human Resource Management was only focused on complying with the rules and headcount administration. Nowadays, due to public service evolutions, demographic challenges and organizational changes, strategic and technical evolutions, the burrowing of budgetary constraint, make Human Resources Management a strategic function. More than that in an international context of public sector modernization, based on New Public Management ideas, France wants to use a new logic in order to make the French administration more efficient. As a result the spreading of Strategic Workforce Planning is seen as an obligation in public organizations. In a context of demographic changes, resource sharing increase, decentralizations and control of public expenditures, Strategic Workforce Planning appears as an obligation to public sector executives. In the City of Lyon, we try to analyze how an administration is increasing its Human Resource Management by using Strategic Workforce Planning. Thanks to our work we want to better understand the current issues in French territorial civil service but also its evolution in terms of human resources management and production of public service. Strategic Workforce Planning in Lyon is an "hybrid" form of public HRM and private HRM : it mixes status (law and public rules) and private competencies and skills vision. This mix of practices of both private and public human resources management causes the emergence of a new model between tradition and renewal. We are facing a neo-bureaucracy oscillating between status logic and a new logic of "modern" HRM more focused on skills dimension.

Les systèmes reproducteurs déterminent comment le matériel génétique est transmis d’une génération à la suivante […]. Les espèces qui combinent de la reproduction sexuée et asexuée/clonale sont très répandues [… mais] l’effet de leur système reproducteur sur leur évolution reste énigmatique et discuté.L’objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser la dynamique des fréquences génotypiques d’une population avec une combinaison de reproduction sexuée et/ou clonale dans des cycles de vie principalement diploïdes [. … Un] modèle du type chaine de Markov avec temps et états discrets sert de base mathématique pour décrire [leurs] changements […] au cours du temps.Les résultats montrent que la reproduction partiellement asexuée peut en effet modifier la dynamique de la diversité génomique par rapport à une reproduction strictement sexuée ou strictement asexuée. […] L’histoire démographique a un rôle important pour les organismes partiellement clonaux et doit être prise en compte dans toute analyse […].Cette thèse fait des recommandations pour la collecte des données et une hypothèse de base pour l’interprétation des données de génétique/génomique […]. Ces résultats ont des retombées dans plusieurs domaines, allant de la recherche fondamentale […] à des applications en agriculture […], pêche […] et protection de la nature […]. / Reproductive systems determine how genetic material is passed from one generation to the next, making them an important factor for evolution. Organisms that combine sexual and asexual/clonal reproduction are very widespread [… yet] the effects of their reproductive system on their evolution are still controversial and poorly understood.The aim of this thesis was to model the dynamics of genotype frequencies under combined sexual/clonal reproduction in dominantly diploid life cycles [. … A] state and time discrete Markov chain model served as the mathematical basis to describe [their] changes […] through time.The results demonstrate that partial clonality may indeed change the dynamics of genomic diversity compared to either exclusively sexual or exclusively clonal populations. […] Time has a crucial role in partially clonal populations and needs to be taken into account in any analysis of their genomic diversity.This thesis provides recommendations for data collection and a null hypothesis for the interpretation of population genetic/genomic data […]. Moreover, it includes new methods for the analysis of genotype-based population genetic Markov chain models. These results have a high potential relevance in several areas, ranging from basic research […] to applications in agriculture […], fisheries […] and nature conservation […].

Les revêtements de carbone amorphe hydrogéné (a-C:H) avec incorporation de silicium et d’oxygène (a-C:H:Si:O) sont une catégorie de lubrifiants solides, de la famille des Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), présentant aussi bien de bonnes propriétés mécaniques que tribologiques et une bonne stabilité thermique. Bien qu’il soit établi que le comportement tribologique de ces couches est moins dépendant de l’environnement que celui des couches a-C:H, sans éléments d’addition, l’origine physicochimique de ce comportement reste à élucider. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre une collaboration internationale entre le Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes de l’Ecole Centrale Lyon et le département de Génie Mécanique et Mécanique Appliquée de l’Université de Pennsylvanie, et a pour objectifs d’apporter des réponses à ces questions ouvertes. Un large éventail de techniques expérimentales complémentaires, notamment la nanoindentation, la microscopie à force atomique (AFM), la microscopie à mesure de force (FFM), la microscopie optique et électronique, le Raman, la spectroscopie de photoélectron X (XPS) et la spectroscopie de structure près du front d’absorption de rayons X (NEXAFS) a été mis en oeuvre pour non seulement établir une carte d’identité mécanique, structurale et chimique du revêtement initial, mais aussi comprendre les modifications structurelles induites par le frottement. Afin de contrôler l’environnement au cours des essais tribologiques, nous avons utilisé d’une part un tribomètre linéaire alternatif, que nous avons équipé d’un système de soufflage de gaz permettant de changer rapidement l’environnent au cours des essais, et d’autre part un tribomètre analytique à environnement contrôlé autorisant des expérimentations tant sous vide poussé qu’à pression élevée de gaz. Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer que le coefficient de frottement augmente avec le taux de vapeur d’eau dans l’environnement et cela est réversible lorsqu’on diminue brusquement l’humidité. En outre, la vapeur d’eau protège la couche de l’usure alors que la présence d’oxygène la favorise. Grace aux observations en microscopie électronique, nous avons pu prouver que le comportement tribologique des couches a- C:H:Si:O, lors d’un frottement contre de l’acier 100Cr6, est essentiellement contrôlé par la formation de jonctions adhésives dans l’interface. Sous vide poussé ou à faible pression de gaz (<1 mbar de vapeur d’eau, <10 mbar d’oxygène ou <50 mbar d’hydrogène), la rupture de ces jonctions adhésives a lieu dans l’acier, résultant en un transfert de matériau de l’acier vers l’a-C:H:Si:O s’accompagnant d’un coefficient de frottement élevé (μ≈1.2). Au delà de ces pressions seuils de gaz, les jonctions adhésives se rompent du côté du a-C:H:Si:O, le transfert de matière s’opérant alors dans la direction opposée, du revêtement vers l’acier. Des analyses NEXAFS ont révélé que ce phénomène s’expliquait par une réaction dissociative entre les éléments du gaz environnant et les liaisons carbone C–C contraintes, favorisée par la sollicitation mécanique en extrême surface de l’a-C:H:Si:O. Ceci résulte en une diminution drastique du coefficient de frottement à des valeurs d’un ordre de grandeur inférieures à celles obtenues dans la configuration précédente. L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a ainsi permis de développer un modèle expérimental expliquant les mécanismes fondamentaux d’interaction entre l’environnement et les lubrifiants solides du type a-C:H:Si:O. / Like Carbon (DLC) coatings that exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability and tribological performance. It is well established that the frictional and wear performances of a-C:H:Si:O are less dependent on environment than that of pure hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H). However the fundamental mechanisms accounting for such excellent tribological behavior of a-C:H:Si:O are still not fully understood. The present work, which is part of a collaboration between the Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes of Ecole Centrale de Lyon and the department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics of University of Pennsylvania, consists in using a multi-scale, multidisciplinary and multi-technique experimental approach for understanding the influence of environment on the tribological response of a-C:H:Si:O. A wide rang of complementary techniques, including nanoindentation, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Friction Force Microscopy (FFM), optical and electron microscopy, Raman, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), have thus been used to fully characterize the structure, composition and mechanics of the studied material, as deposited as well as after tribological testing. Control of the environment has been achieved first thanks to an open air linear reciprocating tribometer that we equipped with a gas blowing system, thus allowing a quick change of the sliding environment, and a environment-controlled analytical tribometer operating from high vacuum to elevated pressures of desired gases. We were able to evidence the strong influence of the amount of water vapor in the environment on the friction behavior of a- C:H:Si:O, with a reversible behavior when abruptly changing the environment. Contrary to water vapor, oxygen promotes the wear of a-C:H:Si:O. SEM observations revealed that while sliding a-C:H:Si:O against 52100 steel, the frictional response is controlled by the build-up and the release of adhesive junctions within the interface. Under high vacuum and below a threshold pressure of water vapor (1 mbar), oxygen (10 mbar) and hydrogen (50 mbar), adhesive junctions are released in the steel, resulting in a transfer of material from steel to a-C:H:Si:O and in a high coefficient of friction (μ≈1.2). However, as the gas pressure is increased above the threshold, the adhesive junctions break on the a-C:H:Si:O side, leading to a material transfer in the opposite direction, from the a-C:H:Si:O to the steel. NEXAFS spectroscopy revealed that a dissociative reaction occurs between the gaseous species and the strained C–C atoms in the near surface region ofa-C:H:Si:O, thus resulting in a drastic decrease of the steady state coefficient of friction by at least an order of magnitude. In light of these observations, an analytical model has been proposed to describe the fundamental interaction mechanisms between the environment and the a-C:H:Si:O/steel tribopairs.

Background: In addition to conventional chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid-based therapeutics like antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) represent a novel approach for the treatment of bladder cancer (BCa). An efcient delivery of AS-ODN to the urothelium and then into cancer cells might be achieved by the local application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). In the present study, pristine MWCNT and MWCNT functionalized with hydrophilic moieties were synthesized and then investigated regarding their physicochemical characteristics, dispersibility, biocompatibility, cellular uptake and mucoadhesive properties. Finally, their binding capacity for AS-ODN via hybridization to carrier strand oligodeoxynucleotides (CS-ODN), which were either non-covalently adsorbed or covalently bound to the diferent MWCNT types, was evaluated. Results: Pristine MWCNT were successfully functionalized with hydrophilic moieties (MWCNT-OH, -COOH, -NH2, -SH), which led to an improved dispersibility and an enhanced dispersion stability. A viability assay revealed that MWCNTOH, MWCNT-NH2 and MWCNT-SH were most biocompatible. All MWCNT were internalized by BCa cells, whereupon the highest uptake was observed for MWCNT-OH with 40% of the cells showing an engulfment. Furthermore, all types of MWCNT could adhere to the urothelium of explanted mouse bladders, but the amount of the covered urothelial area was with 2–7% rather low. As indicated by fuorescence measurements, it was possible to attach CS-ODN by adsorption and covalent binding to functionalized MWCNT. Adsorption of CS-ODN to pristine MWCNT, MWCNT-COOH and MWCNT-NH2 as well as covalent coupling to MWCNT-NH2 and MWCNT-SH resulted in the best binding capacity and stability. Subsequently, therapeutic AS-ODN could be hybridized to and reversibly released from the CS-ODN coupled via both strategies to the functionalized MWCNT. The release of AS-ODN at experimental conditions (80 °C, bufer) was most efective from CS-ODN adsorbed to MWCNT-OH and MWCNT-NH2 as well as from CS-ODN covalently attached to MWCNT-COOH, MWCNT-NH2 and MWCNT-SH. Furthermore, we could exemplarily demonstrate that AS-ODN could be released following hybridization to CS-ODN adsorbed to MWCNT-OH at physiological settings (37 °C, urine). Conclusions: In conclusion, functionalized MWCNT might be used as nanotransporters in antisense therapy for the local treatment of BCa.