O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o risco de óbito por leucemia, neoplasias do sistema nervoso central e esclerose lateral amiotrófica em adultos em relação à exposição a CM, no Município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo do tipo caso-controle populacional envolvendo 6224 sujeitos. Casos e controles foram extraídos da base de dados do PROAIM, e foram pareados por sexo, faixa etária e distrito administrativo de residência. Foram considerados casos todos os óbitos pelos desfechos específicos, em adultos com 40 anos ou mais, residentes no Município de São Paulo, ocorridos entre 2001 e 2005. Controles foram constituídos por óbitos por todas as outras causas ocorridos no mesmo período. A exposição foi avaliada de acordo com a distância das residências dos sujeitos para a linha de transmissão (LT) mais próxima. Foi encontrado um aumento do risco de óbito por leucemia entre os indivíduos que moravam mais próximo às LT, com OR ajustado de 1,8 (IC 95%: 0,8 - 4,3) e 2,5 (IC 95%: 1,0 - 7,2) entre os sujeitos que moravam a 50 m e entre 50 e 100 m das LT, respectivamente, em relação aos que moravam a mais de 400 m. / This work aimed at evaluating the risk of death by leukemia, brain tumor and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in adults in relation to magnetic field exposure, in the city of São Paulo. A population-based case-control study was held, and 6224 subjects were enrolled. Cases and controls were selected from the PROAIM database, and were matched by sex, age and district of residence. Cases were all deaths ocurred between 2001 and 2005 by the specific causes, ocurring in adults 40 years and older, living in the city of São Paulo. Controls were selected from all other deaths ocurred at the same period. Exposure to magnetic fields was accessed according to the distance of the dwelling to the closest transmission line (TL). The risk of death by leukemia was elevated within the subjects living closest to the TL, with an adjusted OR of 1,8 (CI 95%: 0,8 - 4,3) and 2,5 (CI 95%: 1,0 - 7,2) for people living within 50 m and within 50 to 100 m away from the TL, respectively, in relation to people living at 400 m or further.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Background: Climate change is a universal public health problem that affects developed and developing countries including South Africa. This environmental hazard causes damage of properties, injuries and death. In most cases, survivors experience psychosocial problems such as depression, anger and isolation after flood because of climate change. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine health effects of climate change at Ga- Mashamothane village, Fetakgomo Tubatse Municipality, South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach using cross-sectional descriptive design was used in this study. A sample of 352 households has been selected from the target population by means of simple random sampling. Self-administered questionnaires with closed-ended questions were administered to respondents between the age of 18 years and above who met the inclusion criteria. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25) and presented in the form of tables, charts and graphs. Chi-square was used to test significant relationship between heavy rainfall and injuries, and between drought and malnutrition. Results: Three hundred and fifty-two (352) questionnaires were distributed to respondents and 258 questionnaires were satisfactorily completed and returned. The findings of the study showed that 177 (68.6%) of the respondents were male and 81 (31.4%) of the respondents were females. The results indicated that heavy rainfall and injuries statistically are significantly correlated (P-value =0.000). There was positive relationship between heavy rainfall and injuries, as majority of the respondents 242 (93.8%) sustained injuries after experiencing heavy rainfall. The results of the study indicated that drought and malnutrition statistically are significantly correlated (P-value =0.000). There was positive relationship between drought and malnutrition, as majority of respondents 225 (87.2%) suffered from malnutrition during drought. Conclusions: The study found that there is association between heavy rainfall and injuries and there is association between drought and malnutrition. Recommendations: There is a need of collaboration of several stakeholders such as local municipality, Department of Health, Department of Agriculture, Department of Labour and department of Basic Education to come up with strategies to protect people’s lives. / HWSETA

Les particules en suspension dans l’air (notées « PM » pour « Particulate matter ») sont aujourd’hui au cœur des préoccupations sociétales en raison de leur impact majeur sur la santé publique et leur forte participation au changement climatique. La matière organique (MO) représente généralement la première composante en masse des PM mais reste encore très mal appréhendée, en particulier la fraction organique d’origine biogénique primaire (PBOA). Des sucres primaires sont proposés comme des traceurs moléculaires pour étudier les processus de transport atmosphérique ainsi que pour estimer la contribution des PBOAs à la masse totale des PM. Cependant, les connaissances sont encore très limitées sur leurs distributions spatiales et temporelles (i.e., cycles journaliers, saisonniers et annuels), leurs principales sources d’émissions, ou encore les facteurs environnementaux qui déterminent leurs concentrations atmosphériques. Par ailleurs, si la comprehension du potentiel oxydant (PO) —proxy de l’effet sanitaire des PM— inhérent à la composante chimique des aérosols a relativement bien avancé ces dernières années, la contribution de cette fraction PBOA est encore est très mal connue. Ces différents aspects constituent les objectifs de ce travail de thèse. D’un point de vue méthodologique, nos questions ont été abordées par une approche interdisciplinaire, qui a impliquée l’exploitation statistique d’une large base de données et le couplage de campagnes de terrain spécifiques avec la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie expérimentale novatrice développée pour l’étude simultanée des caractéristiques chimiques et microbiologiques des échantillons prélevés.Dans un premier travail basé sur l’exploitation d’une large base de données, nous avons montré que les PBOAs constituent une fraction très importante des PM en France, independamment de la typologie de l’environnement, contribuant en moyenne annuelle à 13 ± 4 % de la MO dans les PM10. On met en évidence une similitude entre les évolutions temporelles de concentrations et de ratios entre sucres primaires pour des sites localisés dans une même région géographique (jusqu’à une distance inter-sites d’environ 200 km). Ces observations indiquent que la source PBOA est très homogène spatialement sur des distances cohérentes avec celle de grands types d'écosystèmes. Cette observation a ensuite été validée par une expérimentation basée sur deux échantillonnages annuels de terrain qui nous a permis de démontrer (i) que les évolutions journalières des concentrations atmosphériques en sucres primaires sont déterminées par seulement quelques taxons microbiens atmosphériques, variables d’un point de vue regionale ; et (ii) que ces taxons proviennent respectivement de la flore locale et régionale pour les sites d’étude qui sont directement influencés et non par les activités agricoles. Enfin, dans le cadre d’étude de PO, nos résultats ont permis de démontrer (i) que tous les bioaérosols modèles testés possèdent un PO intrinsèque significatif, comparable pour certaines espèces à celui de composants chimiques atmosphériques modèles connus pour leur forte reactivité redox ; et (ii) qu’ils sont capables d’influencer significativement le PO des PM chimiques modèles ou collectées en condition réelle.Ces travaux apportent un nouveau regard sur l’importance massique des PBOAs et des nouvelles connaissances sur les sources et processus dominants conduisant à leur introduction dans l’atmosphère, ainsi que l’influence des facteurs environnementaux sur ces processus. L’ensemble des résultats de ce travail plaide pour une prise en compte systematique des PBOAs dans les modèles de chimie atmosphérique pour une meilleure prédiction de la qualité de l’air. / Airborne particles (called « PM » for Particulate matter") are nowadays at the core of societal concerns because of their major impact on public health and their strong participation in climate change. Organic matter (OM) generally represents the first mass component of PM but it is still poorly understood, in particular the organic fraction from primary biogenic origin (PBOA). Some specific primary sugars are proposed as molecular tracers to study the atmospheric transport processes as well as to estimate the contribution of PBOAs to the total mass of PM. However, knowledge is still very limited about their spatial and temporal distributions (i.e., daily, seasonal and annual cycles), their main emission sources, or the environmental factors that drive their atmospheric concentrations. Moreover, although the understanding of the oxidative potential (OP) —a proxy of the health effect of PM— inherent in the chemical component of aerosols has progressed quite well in recent years, the contribution of this PBOA fraction is still very poorly understood. These aspects constitute the main objectives of this thesis work. From a methodological point of view, our questions were addressed by an interdisciplinary approach, which involved the statistical exploitation of a large database and the coupling of specific field campaigns with the implementation of an innovative experimental strategy developed for the simultaneous study of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the samples collected.In a first work based on the exploitation of a large database, we showed that PBOAs constitute a very important fraction of PM in France, regardless of the typology of the environment, contributing on average to 13 ± 4% of the annual MO in PM10. We observed a synchronous temporal trends in both concentrations and ratios between primary sugars species for sites located in the same geographical region (up to an inter-site distance of about 200 km). These observations indicate that the PBOA source is very spatially homogeneous over distances consistent with those of large ecosystem types. This observation was then validated by an experimental approach based on two annual field sampling studies that allowed us to demonstrate (i) that daily changes in atmospheric concentrations of primary sugars are drived by only a few regionally variable atmospheric microbial taxa; and (ii) that these taxa come from local and regional flora for study sites that are directly influenced and not by agricultural activities, respectively. Finally, in the framework of the OP study, our results demonstrated (i) that all the tested model bioaerosols have a significant intrinsic OP, which is comparable for some species to the model atmospheric chemical components known for their high redox reactivity; and (ii) that they can significantly influence the OP of chemical PM models or sampled under real ambient conditions.This work provides a different look into the mass importance of PBOAs and new insights into the dominant sources and processes leading to their introduction into the atmosphere, as well as the influence of environmental factors on these processes. Alltogether these results argue for a systematic consideration of PBOAs in atmospheric chemistry models for better prediction of air quality.

Introduktion: En av de största farhågorna i förhållande till konventionella livsmedel är användningen av bekämpningsmedel. Forskning visar att höga doser av bekämpningsmedel har ett samband med förekomst av hälsoeffekter som fosterskador, allergier, infektioner, havandeskapsförgiftning, metabola syndrom, högt BMI med mera. Ekologiska livsmedel har visat sig ha lägre halter av bekämpningsmedel. Vidare belyser forskarna betydelsen av bekämpningsmedel i det tidiga livet. Foster, barn- och unga är mer mottagliga för toxiner då det saknas enzymer för att avaktivera bekämpningsmedel i kroppen, vilket vidare kan bidra till sjukdomar som barncancer. Syfte: Att undersöka potentiella hälsoeffekter från ekologiskt och konventionellt odlade livsmedel bland foster, barn- och unga (0–18 år). Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys som ansats. Litteraturstudien grundar sig på 20 vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Resultat: Analysen utmynnade i fyra huvudkategorier; Förändring av urinbiomarkörer, Exponering för bekämpningsmedel genom livsmedel, Negativa hälsoeffekter av bekämpningsmedel och Förekomst av bekämpningsmedel i bröstmjölk och risker för spädbarn. I studiens artiklarframkom bekämpningsmedelsrester främst i livsmedel, i bröstmjölk eller i urinen. Några studier associerar skadliga effekter på hälsan med kronisk exponering för bekämpningsmedel för att vidare relatera deras toxikologiska egenskaper till fall av exempelvis autism och gastrointestinala sjukdomar medan andra studier påvisar att förekomster av bekämpningsmedelsrester utgör de tillåtna nivåer av befolkningens exponering via livsmedel och därmed inga negativa hälsoeffekter. Slutsats: Denna litteraturstudie visar att det saknas forskning på konkreta kopplingar till specifika sjukdomar utifrån bekämpningsmedelsexponering hos foster, barn- och unga. Sammantaget är denna studie inte tillräcklig för att säkerställa ämnesområdets resultat som helhet. / Introduction: One of the biggest concerns in relation to conventional foods is the use of pesticides. Research shows that high doses of pesticides are associated with the occurrence of health effects such as birth defects, allergies, infections, preeclampsia, metabolic syndrome, high BMI and more. Organic foods have been shown to have lower levels of pesticides. Furthermore, the researchers highlight the importance of pesticides in early life. Fetal, children and young people are more susceptible to toxins as there is a lack of enzymes to deactivate pesticides in the body, which can further contribute to diseases such as childhood cancer. Aim: To investigate the potential health effects of organically and conventionally grown foods among fetal, children and young people (0–18 years). Methods:A systematic literature study with qualitative content analysis as an approach. The literature study is based on 20 original scientific articles. Results: The analysis resulted in 4 main categories; Change in urinary biomarkers, Exposure to pesticides through food, Adverse health effects of pesticides and Presence of pesticides in breast milk and risks to infants. In the study's articles, pesticide residues appeared mostly in food, in breast milk or in the urine. Some studies associate harmful effects on health with chronic exposure to pesticides in order to further relate their toxicological properties to cases of, for example, autism and gastrointestinal diseases, while other studies demonstrate that occurrences of pesticide residues constitute the permitted levels of the population's exposure via food and thus no negative health effects. Conclusion: This literature study shows that there is a lack of research on concrete connections to specific diseases based on pesticide exposure in fetal,children and young people. Overall, this study is not sufficient to ensure the results of the subject area as a whole.

Vård och omsorg är en komplex verksamhet att schemalägga då det ofta medför krävande arbetsschema för medarbetarna samtidigt som hänsyn måste tas till medarbetarnas hälsa, hållbara organisationer samt att det ska vara en god och säker vård som ges till patienterna. Schema är en viktig del för den enskildes vardag och det förekommer olika schemaläggningsmetoder. Syftet med studien är att undersöka effekter av olika schemaläggningsprinciper inom vård och omsorg. Studien genomfördes som en strukturerad integrativ litteraturstudie med inslag av systematisk metod och induktiv ansats. Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna Healthcare Administration Database och Medline som resulterade i 252 artiklar. Efter urval och kvalitetsgranskning kvarstod 16 artiklar av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod som ingår i resultatet. Nattarbete ger negativa konsekvenser på hälsan hos medarbetare inom vård och omsorg. Såväl negativa som positiva effekter ses vid schemaläggningsprinciperna skiftarbete, arbete med långa pass eller önskeschema när det gäller effekter på organisatoriska klimatet, hälsoeffekter hos medarbetarna och patientsäkerhet och patientomhändertagande. Skiftarbete påverkar medarbetaren hälsa på ett negativt sätt från flera aspekter. De kan även leda till en obalans mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv samt mindre tid till fritidsaktiviteter. Långa arbetspass kan också ha ett samband med av medarbetaren upplevt värde mellan arbete och privatliv, work life balance. Att som medarbetare lägga önskeschema kan ibland medföra att verksamhetens behov inte tillgodoses. När det gäller negativa effekter av nattarbete kan detta oftast härledas till att dygnsrytmen störs. Ledarens närvaro och stöd kan bidra till bättre förutsättningar för medarbetaren att klara av skiftarbete. Den största utmaningen för arbetsgivaren inom vård och omsorg är att finna den rätta strukturen för att utarbeta ett hälsoschema som tar vara på medarbetarnas hälsa. / Health and care sector is a complex business to schedule as it often entails a demanding work schedule for the employees at the same time as the employees' health, sustainable organizations must be taken into account and it must be good and safe care that is given to the patients. Scheduling is an important part of the individual's everyday life and there are different scheduling methods. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of different scheduling principles in health and care. The study was conducted as a structured integrative literature study with elements of systematic method and inductive approach. Searches were performed in the Healthcare Administration Database and Medline databases which resulted in 252 articles. After selection and quality review remained16 articles of both quantitative and qualitative methods that are included in the result remained. Night work has negative consequences for the health of employees in health and care. Both negative and positive effects are seen in the scheduling principles of shift work, work with long shifts or wish lists in terms of effects on the organizational climate, health effects for employees and patient safety and patient care. Shift work affects the employee's health in a negative way from several aspects. They can also lead to an imbalance between work and family life as well as less time for leisure activities. Long work shifts can also have a connection with the value experienced by the employee between work and private life, work life balance. As an employee, laying out a wish list can sometimes mean that the needs of the business are not met. When it comes to the negative effects of night work, this can usually be attributed to the circadian rhythm being disturbed. The manager's presence and support can contribute to a better condition for the employee to cope with shift work. The biggest challenge is to find the right structure to prepare a health scheme that safeguards the employee's health.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att sammanställa forskning om vilken påverkan basinkomst har på mottagarnas psykiska hälsa. Vi ville även undersöka hur införandet av basinkomst påverkat sambandet mellan ekonomiska problem och psykisk hälsa samt diskutera resultaten utifrån kopplingen mellan basinkomst, psykisk hälsa och den teoretiska referensramen. Uppsatsens forskningsfråga löd: Hur har genomförda prövningar av basinkomst påverkat deltagarnas psykiska hälsa? Forskningsfrågan besvarades genom en litteraturöversikt där i nio artiklar (varav en monografi) ingick, vilka rapporterade resultat från prövningar av införande av basinkomst där både kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier inkluderades. Artiklarna och monografin samlades in genom sökningar i databaserna Scopus, Onesearch och Social Services Abstracts samt sekundärsökningar. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys tillämpades där tre huvudteman: Delaktighet och gemenskap, Autonomi samt Hälsoeffekter med underteman identifierades. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av teorierna empowerment samt stigma och skam. Slutsatsen utifrån uppsatsens syfte visade att experiment med basinkomst, villkorad eller ovillkorad, ökade mottagarnas psykiska hälsa. Känslan av empowerment ökade hos mottagarna och resultatet visar att mottagarna upplevde mer livstillfredsställelse, ökad delaktighet, minskad stigmatisering, skam och ökat självbestämmande. Detta gemensamt bidrog till känslan av makt över det egna livet och förmåga att hantera motgångar. / The purpose of this essay was to compile research on the impact basic income has on the recipients' mental health. We also wanted to examine how the introduction of basic income affected the connection between financial problems and mental health and discuss the results based on the connection between basic income, mental health and the theoretical frame of reference. The essay's research question was: How have completed trials of basic income affected the mental health of the participants? The research question was answered by a literature review in which nine articles (of which one monograph) were included, which reported results from trials of the introduction of basic income where both quantitative and qualitative studies were included. The articles and monograph were collected through searches of the Scopus, Onesearch and Social Services Abstracts databases as well as secondary searches. A qualitative content analysis was applied where three main themes: Participation and community, Autonomy and Health effects with sub-themes were identified. The experience was analyzed using the theories of empowerment and stigma and shame. The conclusion based on the purpose of the essay showed that experiments with basic income, conditional or unconditional, increased the mental health of the recipients. The sense of empowerment increased in the recipients and the results show that the recipients experienced more life satisfaction, increased participation, reduced stigma, shame and increased self-determination. This jointly contributed to the feeling of power over one's life and ability to deal with adversity.

本文以流行病學法探討空氣污染物對人體健康影響之研究，主要有3個研究重點： 　　1.採用probit模型分析空氣污染物造成的慢性與急性健康效果：實證結果發現懸浮微粒及二氧化硫對慢性支氣管炎、肺氣腫與氣喘三種慢性病組合之罹患，有顯著的正向效果；懸浮微粒、臭氧及PSI對15種急性病症組合有顯著的促發作用。 　　2.運用兩階段估計法，將急性計量反應函數中之慢性疾病變數內生化：估計結果顯示懸浮微粒、臭氧及PSI對急性病症仍有顯著的促發作用，而慢性疾病變數之顯著性則大幅提高。急性健康效益的估計顯示，如果沒有將慢性疾病變數內生化，可能會造成效益的低估。 　　3.利用隨機效果模型分析急性panel資料：此部分以Limdep軟體進行估計，結果發現懸浮微粒、臭氧及PSI對急性病症亦有顯著的促發作用，抽煙、運動、所得與工作或學校環境有無污染等解釋變數則不顯著，與前述研究之結果不同。

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Introduktion: Buller definieras som oönskat ljud. Uppfattningen av ett oönskat ljud är mycket individuellt. Det som anses vara oljud för en person, kan upplevas som icke-oljud för en annan person. Buller anses dock generellt som störande ljud och är vanligtvis något som varje individ stöter på under sin vardag som exempelvis på arbetsplatsen, skolan, eller i hemmet. Buller anses vara den miljöstörning som berör flest människor i Sverige. Det är ett växande problem och flygtrafik anses vara en av de mest genomgripande utomhusljudkällorna. Bullerproblem som är förknippade med flygtrafik är koncentrerade i områden nära flygplatser, vilket kan påverka flera tusentals boendes hälsa. Flygtrafikbuller har länge varit ett folkhälsoproblem och många människor som är bosatta i närheten av en flygplats har utvecklat ett antal negativa hälsoeffekter av flygtrafikbuller Syfte: Att undersöka hur boende som är bosatta nära flygplatsen Linköping City Airport upplever och påverkas av flygtrafikbuller.  Metod: Studien har utförts som en enkätundersökning med en kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign. Webbenkäten som har använts som mätinstrument har konstruerats för att besvara syftet. 292 vuxna individer (>18år), varav 158 män och 133 kvinnor, deltog i studien. Insamlad statistiska data har bearbetats och analyserats i SPSS. För att kunna besvara syftet har följande statistiska tester använts: chi2-test, spearmans-korrelationsanalys och logistisk regressionsanalys.   Resultat och konklusion: Boende som är bosatta i Tannefors visade överlag positiva upplevelser till flygtrafiken och var positivt inställda till flygplatsen. De boende som upplevde störningar minst varje vecka vissa delar av året upplevde att flygtrafikbuller medför svårigheter att utföra olika aktiviteter. Kvinnor i den yngsta åldersgruppen upplevde flygtrafikbuller som mer störande jämfört med män. Män hade en mer negativ inställning till flygplatsen jämfört med kvinnor. Boende som rapporterade sämre hälsotillstånd, sömnproblem och användande av öronproppar eller något annat hörselskydd för att kunna sova bättre, sämre sömnkvalitet, trötthet, obehagskänslor, ledsenhet och nedstämdhet, osällskaplighet och att man föredrar att vara ifred, irritation och vresighet, stress, lock eller tinnitus i öronen meddelade också ett större besvär för flygtrafikbuller. / Introduction: Aircraft noise is an example of unwanted sound. The perception of unwanted sound is very individual. What is considered noise by one person may be perceived as non-noise by someone else. However, noise is generally regarded as disturbing noise and is usually something that each individual encounters in their daily life, such as in the workplace, at school, or at home. Noise is considered to be the form of environmental disruption that affects the most people in Sweden. It is a growing problem, and air traffic is considered to be one of the most pervasive outdoor sound sources. Noise problems associated with air traffic are concentrated in areas close to airports, which can affect the health of thousands of residents. Air traffic noise has long been a public health problem, and many people living near an airport have developed a number of negative health effects due to air traffic noise. Purpose: To study how residents living near Linköping City Airport experience and are affected by air traffic noise.   Method: The study has been conducted as a questionnaire survey with a quantitative crosssectional design. The online survey that has been used as a measuring instrument has been designed to answer the purpose. 292 adult subjects (> 18 years), including 158 men and 133 women, participated in the study. Collected statistical data has been processed and analysed in SPSS. In order to answer the purpose, the following statistical tests have been used: chi2 test, Spearman’s correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results and conclusion: Residents living in Tannefors generally had positive experiences from air traffic and were positive towards the airport. The residents who experienced disturbances at least every week during certain parts of the year felt that air traffic noise caused difficulties performing various activities. Women in the youngest age group experienced air traffic noise as more disturbing compared to men. Men had fewer negative attitudes towards the airport compared to women. Residents who reported poorer health conditions, sleep problems and the use of earplugs or other hearing protectors to be able to sleep better, poorer sleep quality, fatigue, discomfort, sadness and depressed mood, low morale, a desire to be left alone, irritation and grief, stress, clogged ear or tinnitus also started that air traffic noise was a major inconvenience.