L’usage du terme « logistique » dans son sens militaire est relativement récent dans l’historiographie de la guerre (il date essentiellement de quelques dizaines d’années) et le mot est complexe à définir. S’intéresser à la logistique militaire, c’est non seulement s’intéresser au ravitaillement de l’armée, mais aussi à ses déplacements, son équipement, son logement et son service sanitaire. Des sujets qui sont donc à la fois variés et très différents les uns des autres et pour lesquels les sources ne sont pas toujours satisfaisantes. Le monde hellénistique que nous étudions s’étend de Marseille à Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan) et comprend à la fois les royaumes et les cités. Les espaces concernés influencèrent les choix stratégiques des généraux. L’impact qu’eut la logistique militaire dans l’issue des conflits militaires hellénistiques est difficile à évaluer et peut aller de négligeable à déterminant. Mais la logistique militaire ne se résume pas à l’influence de celles-ci dans les guerres et aborde aussi des questions économiques et sociales. / The use of the term "logistics" in its military sense is relatively recent in the historiography of war (it dates essentially from a few decades) and the word is complex to define. To be interested in military logistics isn’t only to be interested in supplying the army, but also in its transport, equipment, housing and sanitary services. These subjects are therefore at the same time varied and very different from each other and the sources aren’t always sufficient. The Hellenistic world we are studying extends from Marseille to Ai Khanoum (Afghanistan) and includes both kingdoms and cities. The spaces concerned influenced the strategic choices of the generals. The impact of military logistics on the outcome of Hellenistic military conflicts is difficult to evaluate and can range from negligible to decisive. Military logistics, however, aren’t limited to their influence in wars, but also concern economic and social issues.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les aménagements hydrauliques de Termessos en Pisidie dont le site montagneux et isolé est dépourvu de sources, en rassemblant le corpus de toutes les structures explorables, et d’en définir l’intérêt technologique et socio-Historique durant l’époque hellénistique et impériale. Après le dépouillement des sources écrites et de la bibliographie moderne, nous avons effectué une exploration détaillée du terrain. Plusieurs méthodes ont été appliquées au cours des six prospections archéologiques qui ont eu lieu entre 2010 et 2013, telles qu’une étude géophysique par radar à pénétration du sol et une analyse par magnétomètre à vapeur (gradiomètre). Nous avons eu également recours à la collaboration interdisciplinaire avec des spécialistes architectes, géographes, géologues, hydrologues et archéologues. Dans le cadre d’une recherche comparative, de nombreux sites antiques ont été visités en Anatolie, en Grèce, en France et en Espagne afin de mieux appréhender l’évolution du système hydraulique dans différentes conditions géographiques. Suite à ces travaux, 162 structures hydrauliques ont été observées et inventoriées. Nous avons identifié deux nouveaux types de citernes antiques, un barrage bien conservé, un édifice de spectacle et l’unique sanctuaire dédié à Pan découvert en Anatolie jusqu’ici. Nous avons interprété les vestiges de deux constructions comme des établissements thermaux. Force est de constater que face à un milieu naturel hostile, les Termessiens ont romanisé leur ville en effectuant des travaux considérables, leur permettant de couvrir leurs besoins en eau et d’accéder au niveau de vie urbain de l’époque impériale romaine. / The aim of this PhD is not only to focus on Termessos' hydraulic settlement, which has been erected on a sourceless location, but also to examine all explorable structures in order to define their socio-Historical interest and highlight their value to the understanding of hellenistic and roman times. We have started by studying the written sources and by conducting extensive research on site. Different technics have been employed such as georadar technology (Ground Penetration Radar, GPR) and vapour magnetometer (gradiometer) in order to collect data during the six archaeological prospections which took place between 2010 and 2013. Researchers from various disciplines have brought their expertise to this work : architects, geographers, geologists, hydrologists and archaeologists. During this investigation, many ancient sites have been explored in Anatolia, Greece, France and Spain in order to understand the evolution of the hydraulic system with regard to geographical requirements. Followings this, 162 hydraulic structures have been studied and registered. The irrigation and water supply network as well as the sewerage system have been restored. We have discovered two new types of ancient tank, a well preserved water dam, an entertainment building and the only sanctuary dedicated to Pan found in Anatolia so far. The remains of two establishments have been interpreted as thermal baths. Most of all, and despite a challenging natural environment, the Termessians have romanized their city by carrying out great major construction projects allowing them to fulfill their water needs and to celebrate their power.

The thesis has two aims. The first is to show that a more charitable approach to Manilius, such as Lucretian scholarship has exhibited in recent decades, yields a wealth of exciting discoveries that earlier scholarship has not thought to look for. The thesis' contributions to this project centre on three aspects of the poem: (I) the sophistication of its didactic techniques, which draw and build on various predecessors in the tradition of didactic poetry; (II) its cosmological, physical and theological basis, which has no exact parallel elsewhere in either astrology or natural philosophy, and despite clear debts to various traditions, is demonstrably the invention of our poet; (III) the extent to which rationales and physical bases are offered for points of astrological theory – something unparalleled in other astrological texts until Ptolemy. The second, related aim of the thesis is to offer a more satisfying interpretation of the poem as a whole than those that have hitherto been put forward. Again the cue comes from Lucretius: though the DRN is at first sight primarily an exposition of Epicurean physics, it becomes clear that its principal concern is ethical, steering its reader away from superstition, the fear of death and other damaging thought-patterns. Likewise, the Astronomica makes the best sense when its principal message is taken to be not the set of astrological statements that make up its bulk, but the poem’s peculiar world- view, for which those statements serve as an evidential basis. It is, on this reading, just as much a poem ‘on the nature of the universe', which provides the title of my thesis. At the same time, however, it finds new truth in the conventional assumption that Manilius is first and foremost an advocate of astrology: it reveals his efforts to defend astrology at all costs, uncovers strategies for making the reader more amenable to further astrological study and practice, and contends that someone with Manilius' set of beliefs must first have been a devotee of astrology before embracing a natural- philosophical perspective such as his. The thesis is divided into prolegomena and commentaries, which pursue the aims presented above in two different but complementary ways. The prolegomena comprise five chapters, outlined below: Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive survey of the evidence for the cosmology, physics and theology of the Astronomica, and discovers that a coherent and carefully thought-out world-view underlies the poem. It suggests that this Stoicising world- view is drawn exclusively from a few philosophical works of Cicero, but is nonetheless the product of careful synthesis. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between this world-view and earlier Academic criticism of astrology and concludes that the former has been developed as a direct response to these criticisms, specifically as set out in Cicero’s De divinatione. Chapter 3 examines the later impact of Manilius’ astrological world-view, as far as it can be detected, assessing the evidence for the early reception of his poem and its role in the history of philosophical astrology. The overwhelming impression is that the work was received as a serious contribution to debate over the physical and theological underpinnings of astrology; its world-view was absorbed into the mainstream of astrological theory and directly targeted in the next wave of Academic criticism of astrology. Chapter 4 looks at the more subtle strategies of persuasion that are at work in the Astronomica. It observes, first, a number of structural devices and word- patternings that set up the poem as a model of the universe it describes. This first part of the chapter concludes by asking what didactic and/or philosophical purpose such modelling could serve. The second part examines how, by a gradual process of habituation-through-metaphor, the reader is made familiar with the conventional astrological way of thinking about the world, which might otherwise have struck him as a baffling mass of contradictions. The third part looks at the use of certain rhetorical figures, particularly paradox, to re-emphasise important physical claims and assist the process of habituation. Chapter 5 takes on the task of making sense of the Astronomica as a whole, seeking out an underlying rationale behind the choice and ordering of material, accounting as well as is possible for its apparently premature end, and asking why, if it is a serious piece of natural-philosophical teaching, it so often appears to be self- undermining. A short epilogue asks what path can have led Manilius to embark on such a work as the Astronomica. It offers a sketch of the author as an adherent (but not a practitioner) of astrology, who had developed a philosophical system first as scaffolding for an art under threat, but had then come to see more importance in that philosophical underpinning than in the activities of prediction. The lemmatised commentaries that follow cover several passages from the first book of the Astronomica. As crucial as the remaining four books are to his natural-philosophical teaching, it is in this part of the poem that Manilius concentrates the direct expositions of his world-view. Like the chapters, the commentaries' two concerns are the nature and the exposition of the work's world-view. Each of the commentaries has its own focus, but all make full use of the format to tease out the poet's teaching strategies and watch his techniques operate 'in real time' over protracted stretches of text. Finally, an appendix presents the case for the Astronomica as the earliest evidence for the use of plane-image star maps. At two points in his tour of the night sky Manilius describes the positions of constellations in a way that suggests that he is consulting a stereographic projection of each hemisphere, and that he is assuming his reader has one to hand, too. This observation casts valuable new light on the development of celestial cartography.

La cité de Séleucie-sur-le-Tigre fut fondée au 4e siècle avant J.-C. par Séleucos Ier, prétendant à la succession de l’empire d’Alexandre le Grand. La taille des ilôts créés lors de cette fondation est inégalée dans le monde hellénistique et témoigne de l’ambition manifestée par le nouveau dynaste. La cité prospéra pendant plusieurs siècles et acquit le statut de résidence royale et de centre administratif. Elle fut cependant conquise par les Arsacides, dynastie rivale, en 129 avant J.-C. Bien que le développement de Séleucie n’en ait pas été immédiatement affecté, la ville se mit à décliner à partir du 2e siècle et disparut vers 200. Pour expliquer ce retournement de situation, la critique moderne a insisté sur la culture des souverains la dominant. Dirigée par les Séleucides, ses fondateurs macédoniens, Séleucie aurait prospéré. Conquise par les Arsacides iraniens, elle aurait été traitée avec défiance et persécutée par ces derniers jusqu’à son effondrement. Cette idée repose notamment sur la mention du caractère grec de la cité par certains auteurs antiques et sur l’influence de ceux-ci sur les analyses des premiers archéologues à avoir fouillé le site. Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les rapports entre la cité et ses souverains tout au long de son histoire afin d’évaluer la part que cette rivalité culturelle supposée y joua. Elle repose sur la comparaison entre la tradition littéraire, essentielle pour établir un canevas chronologique mais orientée par des intérêts politiques, et les découvertes archéologiques des expéditions menées entre 1927 et 1989 à Séleucie. Celles-ci ont mis au jour de nombreux monuments et objets (monnaies, statuettes, sceaux) permettant de nuancer l’idée que la population de la cité ait été au départ ou ait conservé à travers les siècles un caractère grec qui lui aurait valu l’inimitié des Arsacides. D’autres facteurs expliquant le déclin et l’abandon de la ville, comme le déplacement du fleuve ou l’évolution du contexte géopolitique, sont donc proposés. / The city of Seleucia on the Tigris was founded in the 4th century BCE by Seleucos I, one of Alexander’s empire’s Successors. According to the size of it’s original dwelling-blocks, it was designed from the start to be a large and important city. It flourished for some time and became an administrative center and royal residence. In 129 BCE, it was conquered by the Arsacids, a rival dynasty. Seleucia’s development continued unbroken, but the city eventually declined and disappeared around 200 CE. To explain this change, historians underlined the importance of the perceived culture of its old and new sovereigns. Ruled by the Macedonian Seleucids, the city prospered. Under the Iranian Arsacids’ hostile administration, it was ill-treated until it got abandoned. Such analyses have been based on some passages of ancient texts insisting on the Greek character of Seleucia and its inhabitants. Those also influenced the interpretation of the results of the first archaeological digs conducted on the site. This thesis comes back on the relations between the city and both its Seleucid and Arsacid kings in order to evaluate the importance of this supposed cultural rivalry in the development of Seleucia. It compares the written tradition, essential but biased by political imperatives, and the buildings, coins, seals and figurines discovered by American, German and Italian archaeologists between 1927 and 1989. Our results suggest that the city and its population were of a mixed cultural backround and that its supposed Greek character did not play much of a role in its decline. We therefore suggest that other factors explain the disappearance of Seleucia, such as the Tigris changing bed and an evolution in the geopolitical situation of the Near East around 200.

Au Proche-Orient, l'os, l'ivoire, la corne et l'écaille de tortue ont été exploités pour fabriquer des objets très divers durant les époques hellénistique à byzantine. Or, alors que des objets dans ces matières sont mis au jour sur de nombreux sites, les façons dont les artisans transformaient la matière première en objet fini, de même que leur insertion dans la société à laquelle ils appartenaient, sont encore méconnus. Pour combler ces lacunes, l'étude d'assemblages provenant de contextes dits artisanaux a été réalisée suivant une approche technologique. Adaptée des travaux en Préhistoire et fondée sur le concept de technique en tant qu'action élémentaire sur la matière, cette approche, multidisciplinaire, a pour but de remettre l'artisan et son savoir-faire dans son contexte économique et social. À travers le croisement des données historiques, archéozoologiques et technologiques, nous avons ici tenté de reconstituer les rapports que l'artisan entretient non seulement avec la matière qu'il transforme, mais également avec les autres acteurs de l'exploitation des matières animales (boucher, tanneur), ainsi que sa place dans la société dans laquelle il évolue. / For a period covering Hellenistic to Protobyzantine times - and beyond -, bone, horn, ivory and turtle shell were used to produce a wide variety of items in the Near East. While these items are regularly uncovered on excavation sites, the production processes, as well as the craftsman's place in Hellenistic to Protobyzantine societies, are still poorly understood. To better assess them, collections from so-called artisanal contexts were studied using a technological approach. Set up from a Prehistorian-developed method and based on the concept of the technique as an elementary action on the material, this multidisciplinary approach aims to put the craftsman and his ways of working back into the economic and social context of the society he lives in. Through the study of written, archaeozoological, and technological sources, we searched to understand the relationships not only between the craftsman and the materials he works with, but also between him and the other actors involved with animal materials, as well as to determine his place in the society he is part of.

No description available.

This research is both an exegetical study of relevant pericopes, as well as the exegesis of a theological theme, viz, the leadership of the Pauline churches. Chapter one elucidates on the motivation for this research (like the fundamental importance of leadership, the continued lack of clarity with regard to the form and function of Pauline leadership), as well as giving a history of research done on the subject. Prominent issues come into focus from this history of the research done, which function as the basis for the questions asked in the remainder of the study. The main questions involve the following: -- The identification of the Pauline church’s leadership structure. -- The identification of cultural antecedents that functioned as a ‘gene-pool’ for the leadership and ministry structures of the Pauline churches. -- The dynamic between charism and office. -- The unique essence of the Pauline ministry, as well as Pauline authority. -- The relevance of the Pauline leadership structures and ministries for today’s church. The method of research includes three important perspectives that will be utilized to elucidate and interpret the relevant pericopes. These perspectives include the following: -- The influence of the world of the early Christians (viz, their social values, political structures and the ‘oikos’); -- the theological (religious) traditions in which Christians (especially Paul) grew up (viz, Judaism[s], ‘collegiae’ and hellenistic religions), and that exerted a conscious, as well as an unconscious influence upon early Christians and church leaders; -- the dynamic influence of the Holy Spirit (pneumatological factor), by virtue of the fact that the church is more than a social phenomenon - it is also a supernatural entity. For this reason, I am convinced that when we read the history of the church, we probably are witnesses of the unfolding of a pneumatological plan with regard to the form as well as the leadership of the Pauline churches, carefully executed by the Holy Spirit. This research considers the social dimensions of the community that hosted the Pauline churches (chapters two and three) - a critical key towards gaining an understanding of the leadership structures of the Pauline churches. This aspect suffered neglect in the past, which resulted in anacronistic readings and conclusions which had little or no moorings in the texts themselves (eg the so-called chronological view, as well as interpreting New Testament ministries in terms of modern church offices). Because of this, there is a constant focus upon the world of the texts in this research, and the powerful influences exerted by cultural factors (both secular and religious) upon the Pauline churches. The pericopes that come under scrutiny (chapters four to six) are 1 Corinthians 12-13; Ephesians 4:11-13; 1 Timothy 3:1-13 and Titus 1:5-9. This research confirms the powerful influences of the above-mentioned cultural forces and religious antecedents. Closer examination reveals the absence of so-called, ‘direct debts’ between the early church and it’s social and religious environment. It would probably be more correct to speak of a general analogical resemblance between the two. Chapter seven presents a summary of the conclusions reached by way of the exegesis, as well as a presentation of principles (dimensions) that can serve as guidelines (directives) for modern church leadership. These guidelines are based upon the exegesis of Paul’s letters and the experience of the Pauline churches. The study concludes with a proposed definition of a Pauline leader that includes all these principles (dimensions), gleaned from the pericopes. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Du VIIIe au VIe siècles av. n.è., les Grecs ont colonisé la côte nord de la mer Égée, de la rive orientale du golfe Thermaïque jusqu’à l’embouchure du fleuve Évros. Situées souvent en territoire hostile, dans une région aux richesses multiples qui suscitaient les convoitises, ces cités naissantes se sont rapidement dotées de systèmes défensifs pour assurer leur sécurité. À travers les périodes, plusieurs puissances se sont intéressées aux territoires du nord de l’Égée marquant elles aussi le paysage défensif de la région en fortifiant leurs établissements. Ce projet de recherche concerne l’étude systématique de ces systèmes de défense. Si quelques chercheurs, essentiellement Yves Grandjean, Dimitrios Lazaridis et Alexander Cambitoglou, se sont intéressés aux fortifications de certains établissements précis (Thasos, Amphipolis et Torone), aucune synthèse portant sur l’ensemble du territoire, pourtant très riche en architecture militaire, n’a été entreprise, d’où l’intérêt d’un tel projet. Plus précisément, nous poursuivons les objectifs suivants : 1) étudier la géographie et la démographie de la région afin de mieux comprendre la distribution du territoire ainsi que la manière dont il était défendu ; 2) situer les ouvrages défensifs dans le contexte de l’histoire politico-militaire de la région. Mise à part l’œuvre monumentale de N.G.L. Hammond (mais qui concerne principalement la Macédoine), celle de Benjamin Isaac (dont la portée chronologique est relativement restreinte) ou celle de Angelos Zannis (qui se concentre uniquement sur le pays entre le Strymon et le Nestos) il n’existe pas réellement d’analyse de l’histoire militaire du nord de la Grèce. Il s’agira ici d’analyser les effets des mouvements politiques et militaires (présence perse, avancée macédonienne, ingérence athénienne, expansion thasienne, conflits thraces, etc.) sur le développement des systèmes de défense. 3) Il s’agira également de localiser, répertorier, décrire, dater et illustrer (photographiquement et topographiquement) la totalité des ouvrages défensifs du nord de la Grèce. 4) Finalement, nous tenterons d’analyser les méthodes de défense, les techniques de construction, les particularités stylistiques et les formes des différentes structures défensives. L’objectif visé ici est de mieux apprécier l’héritage culturel et les influences régionales dans la mise en place et la construction des systèmes de défense. L’analyse des techniques et des styles permettra de mieux comprendre les liens entre colonies et cités-mères, d’aborder la question de la mobilité artisanale et des effets de la migration sur l’architecture militaire. / From the 8th century BC onwards, Greek colonists established many colonies between the Thermaic Gulf and the Evros river. Often located on hostile territory where the land is a very important source of wealth, these new cities have ensured their safety and stability by quickly establishing defense systems around their settlements. Throughout the periods, several powers have also taken interest in the northern Aegean territories and marked the military landscape of the region by fortifying their own urban centers. This research project concerns the systematic study of these fortifications. If some researchers, mainly Yves Grandjean, Dimitrios Lazaridis and Alexander Cambitoglou, have shown interest in the fortifications of specific cities (Thasos, Amphipolis and Torone), no synthesis covering our region, yet very rich in military architecture, has been undertaken, hence the interest of this project. More specifically, we pursue the following objectives: 1) to study the geography and demography of the region in order to better understand the distribution of the territory and the way it was defended by the settlers; 2) to contextualize the defensive structures within the politico-military history of the region. Apart from the monumental work of N.G.L. Hammond (but focusing mainly on Macedonia), the one of Benjamin Isaac (whose chronological scope is relatively limited) or that of Angelos Zannis (which focuses only in the country between Strymon and Nestos) there is no real analysis of the military history of northern Greece. Therefore, our objective is to analyze the effects of political and military movements (Persian presence, Macedonian advance, Athenian interference, Thasian expansion, Thracian conflicts, etc.) on the development of the military architecture. 3) The aim is also to catalog, locate, describe, date and illustrate (photographically and topographically) all the defensive works of northern Greece. 4) Finally, we will analyze and argue on the different defense methods, the construction techniques and the stylistic features and forms of the fortifications. The objective here is to have a better appreciation of the cultural heritage and the regional influences in the establishment and construction of defense systems. The analysis of techniques and styles will provide a better understanding of the links between new settlements and mother-cities, it will also allow to address the question of artisanal mobility and the effects of migration on military architecture.

No description available.

De la céramique italiote du IVe siècle av. J.-C., qui reprend et adapte certains épisodes du cycle d’Achille particulièrement liés à l’univers funéraire (Néréides apportant les armes d’Achille, mort de Troïlos, mort de Penthésilée etc…), en insérant dans les scènes figurées des éléments de la culture locale, au mobilier funéraire étrusque (Tombe François, urnes, sarcophages peints et sculptés), en passant par les miroirs et les cistes prénestines des périodes classiques et hellénistiques, l’existence d’une codification et d’une transmission des schémas iconographiques est clairement visible entre les différentes cultures. Au Ier siècle av. J.-C. et au Ier siècle ap. J.-C., certains épisodes du cycle d’Achille continuent à peupler le répertoire figuré, d’autres disparaissent ne correspondant plus aux nouvelles aspirations des commanditaires et d’autres apparaissent, incarnant des valeurs propres à la culture romaine. A Rome, les sources écrites nous informent sur la présence d’Achille dans la sphère publique (temple de Neptune et Saepta Julia). L’usage de la copie et de la diffusion d’un chef-d’œuvre tel le groupe d’Achille et Chiron, s’insèrent dans une volonté d’imiter l’Urbs, centre du monde méditerranéen. Les peintres renouvellent le répertoire iconographique du cycle d’Achille en créant deux épisodes : la Découverte d’Achille à Skyros et Thétis dans les forges d’Héphaïstos. Ces deux épisodes trouvent un grand succès à Rome (Domus Aurea) et sur les parois des demeures pompéiennes et permettent à la figure d’Achille de se détacher du cycle troyen. Ainsi, le héros grec devient grâce aux adaptations stylistiques et techniques des peintres romains le symbole de la paideia tout en conservant son caractère héroïque / The italiote ceramic the fourth century B. C., which incorporates and adapts some episodes cycle Achilles particularly related to posthumous glorification (Nereids bringing the arms of Achilles, Troïlus death, death of Penthesilea, etc…) by inserting the figurative scenes elements of the local culture, in Etruscan funerary (François Tomb, urns, sarcophagi carved and painted) through mirrors an prenestines cysts, Classical and Hellenistic periods, the existence of a consolidation and a transmission of iconographic patterns with clearly visible between different cultures. The first century B. C., and the first century A. D., some episodes of Achilles cycle continue to populate the figurative repertory, others dissapear no longer corresponded to the new aspirations sleeping partners while others appear embodying specific Roman culture values. In Rome, written sources inform us about the presence of Achilles in the public sphere (Temple of Neptune and Saepta Julia). The use of copy and distribution of a masterpiece such as Achilles and Chiron group, are part of a desire to imitate the Urbs, the center Mediterranean world. Painters renew the iconography of Achilles cycle by creating two episodes: The Discovery of Achilles in Skyros and Thetis in the forges of Hephaestus. These two episodes are a big success in Rome (The Golden House) and on the walls of Pompeian houses and allow the figure of Achilles to detach from the Trojan cyle. Thus the Greek hero becomes through stylistic and technical adaptations of Roman painters symbol paideia while maintaining his heroic character.