The presented thesis studies the language management of six historical objects currently maintained by the National Heritage Institute (NHI). With each, several different aspects were studied. Firstly, the aspect of organized language management, particularly the use of language when communicating with visitors, presenting the object publicly and organizing tours. The linguistic landscape analysis focused primarily on the visitor information system of each of the heritage objects. This provided crucial data for the study of the spatial use and distribution of languages. Furthermore, the matter of language ideologies and their influence on the language hierarchies was addressed. The last, aspect to be scrutinized, was the organizational structure of the NHI, particularly the levels responsible for language-related decisions. The thesis aims to describe the workings of such heritage sites from the aforementioned viewpoints, thus illustrating the language management process in the tourist industry.

De nombreuses applications issues de la vision par ordinateur et de la reconnaissance des formes requièrent une analyse de l'image multi-échelle basée sur ses régions. De nos jours, personne ne considérerait une approche orientée « pixel » comme une solution viable pour traiter ce genre de problèmes. Pour répondre à cette demande, la Morphologie Mathématique a fourni des représentations hiérarchiques des régions de l'image telles que l'Arbre des Formes (AdF). L'AdF représente l'image par un arbre d'inclusion de ses lignes de niveaux. L'AdF est ainsi auto-dual et invariant au changement de contraste, ce qui fait de lui une structure bien adaptée aux traitements d'images de haut niveau. Néanmoins, il est seulement défini aux images en niveaux de gris et la plupart des tentatives d'extension aux images multivariées (e.g. en imposant un ordre total «arbitraire ») ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour étendre l'AdF scalaire aux images multivariées : l'Arbre des Formes Multivarié (AdFM). Cette représentation est une « fusion » des AdFs calculés marginalement sur chaque composante de l'image. On vise à fusionner les formes marginales de manière « sensée » en préservant un nombre maximal d'inclusion. La méthode proposée a des fondements théoriques qui consistent en l'expression de l'AdF par une carte topographique de la variation totale curvilinéaire depuis la bordure de l'image. C'est cette reformulation qui a permis l'extension de l'AdF aux données multivariées. De plus, l'AdFM partage des propriétés similaires avec l'AdF scalaire ; la plus importante étant son invariance à tout changement ou inversion de contraste marginal (une sorte d'auto-dualité dans le cas multidimensionnel). Puisqu'il est évident que, vis-à-vis du nombre sans cesse croissant de données à traiter, nous ayons besoin de techniques rapides de traitement d'images, nous proposons un algorithme efficace qui permet de construire l'AdF en temps quasi-linéaire vis-à-vis du nombre de pixels et quadratique vis-à-vis du nombre de composantes. Nous proposons également des algorithmes permettant de manipuler l'arbre, montrant ainsi que, en pratique, l'AdFM est une structure facile à manipuler, polyvalente, et efficace. Finalement, pour valider la pertinence de notre approche, nous proposons quelques expériences testant la robustesse de notre structure aux composantes non-pertinentes (e.g. avec du bruit ou à faible dynamique) et nous montrons que ces défauts n'affectent pas la structure globale de l'AdFM. De plus, nous proposons des applications concrètes utilisant l'AdFM. Certaines sont juste des modifications mineures aux méthodes employant d'ores et déjà l'AdF scalaire mais adaptées à notre nouvelle structure. Par exemple, nous utilisons l'AdFM à des fins de filtrage, segmentation, classification et de détection d'objet. De ces applications, nous montrons ainsi que les méthodes basées sur l'AdFM surpassent généralement leur analogue basé sur l'AdF, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de notre approche / Nowadays, the demand for multi-scale and region-based analysis in many computer vision and pattern recognition applications is obvious. No one would consider a pixel-based approach as a good candidate to solve such problems. To meet this need, the Mathematical Morphology (MM) framework has supplied region-based hierarchical representations of images such as the Tree of Shapes (ToS). The ToS represents the image in terms of a tree of the inclusion of its level-lines. The ToS is thus self-dual and contrast-change invariant which make it well-adapted for high-level image processing. Yet, it is only defined on grayscale images and most attempts to extend it on multivariate images - e.g. by imposing an “arbitrary” total ordering - are not satisfactory. In this dissertation, we present the Multivariate Tree of Shapes (MToS) as a novel approach to extend the grayscale ToS on multivariate images. This representation is a mix of the ToS's computed marginally on each channel of the image; it aims at merging the marginal shapes in a “sensible” way by preserving the maximum number of inclusion. The method proposed has theoretical foundations expressing the ToS in terms of a topographic map of the curvilinear total variation computed from the image border; which has allowed its extension on multivariate data. In addition, the MToS features similar properties as the grayscale ToS, the most important one being its invariance to any marginal change of contrast and any marginal inversion of contrast (a somewhat “self-duality” in the multidimensional case). As the need for efficient image processing techniques is obvious regarding the larger and larger amount of data to process, we propose an efficient algorithm that can be build the MToS in quasi-linear time w.r.t. the number of pixels and quadraticw.r.t. the number of channels. We also propose tree-based processing algorithms to demonstrate in practice, that the MToS is a versatile, easy-to-use, and efficient structure. Eventually, to validate the soundness of our approach, we propose some experiments testing the robustness of the structure to non-relevant components (e.g. with noise or with low dynamics) and we show that such defaults do not affect the overall structure of the MToS. In addition, we propose many real-case applications using the MToS. Many of them are just a slight modification of methods employing the “regular” ToS and adapted to our new structure. For example, we successfully use the MToS for image filtering, image simplification, image segmentation, image classification and object detection. From these applications, we show that the MToS generally outperforms its ToS-based counterpart, demonstrating the potential of our approach

Orientador: Pedro Geraldo Tosi / Banca: Lélio Luiz de Oliveira / Banca: Anderson José Pires / Resumo: Este trabalho visa analisar algumas facetas da cadeia do crédito no complexo cafeeiro paulista, entre 1874 e 1914. Busca-se compreender as formas de financiamento que possibilitaram a expansão do núcleo agroexportador cafeeiro mesmo no momento em que a atividade creditícia era pouco institucionalizada e formalizada no país, valendo-se para isso de arranjos alternativos na tentativa de superar o denominado problema do financiamento. Verifica-se, assim, a importância da atividade creditícia para a cristalização do complexo cafeeiro. A pesquisa está ancorada em fontes primárias de origem cartorial, principalmente as dívidas hipotecárias e os penhores agrícolas, passíveis de quantificação, e na análise da bibliografia existente, de caráter mais generalizante, de forma que se procura fundamentar as interpretações a nível local, ou seja, no estudo da parte - para o qual selecionamos a cidade de Casa Branca, no interior de São Paulo - a fim de tecer correlações com o todo da história econômica paulista e do avanço do capitalismo no Brasil. Tenta-se, ainda, apreender como a dinâmica do crédito impediu o transbordamento dos capitais gerados na economia agrária de exportação de fixarem-se na cidade / Abstract: This paper aims to examine some facets of the credit chain in the São Paulo State coffee complex between 1874 and 1914. We want to understand the ways of financing that allowed the expansion of the coffee agro-exporting center even when the credit activity was little institutionalized and formalized in the country, making use of alternative arrangements in an attempt to overcome the so-called problem of financing. This way we verify the importance of credit activity for the crystallization of the coffee complex. The research is grounded in primary sources of registry office origin, especially mortgage debt and agricultural liens, subject to quantification, and analysis of the literature, of a more generalizing character, to attempt to base the interpretations at the local level, i.e. in the study of part - to which we selected the city of Casa Branca, inside São Paulo State - in order to make correlations with the whole economic history of São Paulo and the advance of capitalism in Brazil. We still try to learn how the dynamics of credit prevented the overflow of capital generated in the agrarian economy of exportation from settling down in the city / Mestre

Este artículo propone algunas ideas respecto a la historia de la peregrinación de Quyllurit’i a través del análisis de las particularidades de la danza wayri ch’unchu. Luego de revisar la evidencia histórica disponible sobre esta, el texto propone que la ubicación del santuario de Quyllurit’i en las faldas del nevado Qulqipunku (Ocongate, Cusco) se explica por su carácter liminal entre los valles interandinos y las quebradas que descienden hacia la amazonía. La ubicación del Qulqipunku, y su diferencia del Ausangate, es evidente para las comunidades circundantes a aquel nevado, que propongo como las protagonistas de esta peregrinación, por lo menos, hasta final del siglo XIX. El artículo explica por qué la danza wayri ch’unchu —en la cual las poblaciones serranas representan a indígenas amazónicos— era en el pasado la de más importancia y mayoritaria presencia en la peregrinación. Finalmente, el texto muestra cómo el continuo crecimiento de la peregrinación en el siglo XX ha significado una progresiva marginación de estas comunidades del control de la peregrinación así como una progresiva disminución del número de comparsas de wayri ch’unchu. La disminución de comparsas de esta danza está vinculada a intentos de retar ideologías de diferenciación social presentes en la región enmarcados en un proceso más amplio de des-indianización en la sociedad regional. / This paper proposes some ideas regarding the history of the Quyllurit’i pilgrimage by paying close attention to the particularities of the wayri ch’unchu ritual dance. After reviewing the available historic evidence about it, the text proposes that the location of the shrine at the bottom of the Qulqipunku glacier (Ocongate, Cusco) is explained by its liminal position between the Andean highlands and the Amazon. The location of the Qulqipunku, and its difference with the Ausangate, is very evident for the communities living in the surroundings of Qulqipunku. The text proposes that these communities were the main protagonists of the pilgrimage at least until the end of the 19th century. The paper explains why the wayri ch’unchudancers of these communities —highlanders who represent indigenous peoples of the Amazon— were so important and numerous in the past. Finally, the text shows how the continuous grow of the pilgrimage along the 20th century has meant a progressive marginalization of these communities within the pilgrimage as well as a clear decrease in the preponderance of wayri ch’unchu dancers. The decrease is directly related to attempts to subvert ideologies of social differentiation present in the region that are framed in a broader and ongoing process of de-indianization.

L’anticipation de l’après-pétrole est, depuis le milieu des années 2000, le leitmotiv du gouvernement des Émirats arabes unis. Au-delà de l’objectif de diversification économique, ce projet passe par des politiques de développement urbain et le contrôle des populations étrangères qui représentent 88 % des résidents. Souvent considérés comme la génération ayant bénéficié des revenus pétroliers, les jeunes adultes nés aux Émirats sont les premiers à subir les effets de ces politiques. Fondée sur une ethnographie des jeunes Émiriens et expatriés arabes ayant grandi à Abou Dhabi, cette thèse prend le contrepied d’analyses souvent centrées sur la division entre citoyens et non-citoyens. Une telle approche permet d’explorer la complexité des hiérarchies statutaires et de leur traduction dans l’espace public. Elle permet surtout de les confronter avec les identifications en termes d’âge et de génération qui se dessinent à travers les sociabilités urbaines de ces jeunesses arabes. Du cosmopolitisme consumériste mis en scène dans les shopping malls, à l’investissement des marges urbaines, en passant par des formes spécifiques d’anonymat, ces jeunes adultes investissent des temporalités et des territoires qui leur sont propres. Ils y façonnent des subjectivités singulières s’exprimant à travers des répertoires communs, notamment une langue arabe réinventée et les usages d’internet. Parmi les imaginaires ainsi partagés, la nostalgie pour les espaces urbains dans lesquels ils ont grandi participe à l’élaboration de leur sentiment commun d’appartenance à la société urbaine. L’étude des pratiques sociales et des processus de subjectivation des jeunesses arabes d’Abou Dhabi ouvre ainsi la voie à l’analyse anthropologique des modes de structuration sociale et de l’urbanité spécifique de la société émirienne contemporaine. / Since the mid-2000s, anticipating the post-oil era has been the leitmotiv of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government. Beyond the project of economic diversification, it has translated to policies of urban development and to the control of foreign residents, who constitute 88 % of the country’s population. Although seen as the generation who benefitted from oil revenues, the young adults who were born in the UAE are subjected first-hand to the consequences of these policies. Based on the ethnographic study of young Emiratis and Arab expatriates who grew up in Abu Dhabi, this thesis detracts from analyses often focused on the divide between citizens and non-citizens. Through an in-depth exploration of the complexities of status hierarchies, it shows how these are translated to public space, but most of all how they are confronted to identifications in terms of age or generation emerging from young adults’ urban sociabilities. From a consumerist cosmopolitanism played out in shopping malls to the appropriation of urban margins and particular forms of anonymity, the Arab youths of Abu Dhabi indeed appropriate specific temporalities and territories. Within them, they model idiosyncratic subjectivities which are expressed through shared practices and modes of communication, including a reinvented Arab language and Internet uses. Among the imaginaries which are thus produced, nostalgia for the urban spaces in which they grew up contributes to shaping their feeling of belonging to urban society. The analysis of social practices and the shaping of subjectivities of the Arab youths in Abu Dhabi thus brings about an anthropological understanding of the specific urbanity of contemporary Emirati society, as well as it sheds light on the processes which shape its social structure.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janaina Vieira de Paula Jordao - 2015.pdf: 8144299 bytes, checksum: 25b02530715a04423ae01b494c4dd5f4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Taking into consideration the many possibilities of reducing or increasing social inequalities, this Dissertation is about the ones related to the criteria of classification through appearances. We understand that among the many capitals held by different people, the social capital, i.e., the relationships network, can be one of the factors that give access to important opportunities for a person’s social ascension. Marriages, employments and friendships can change a person’s place in the social arena. However, independently of how people manipulate their own appearance (or themselves), through consumption and through their behavior in public places, the value it is given – either positively or negatively charged – will depend on the criteria adopted by the classifying individuals, as well as on existing social norms. In order to investigate this, we have applied a questionnaire to 201 persons, at consumption places in Goiânia - GO: Santa Genoveva Airport, Feira da Lua and Camelódromo Central (a market for cheap merchandise), and also performed 18 interviews in those same places, with people from middle and lower classes. What we could observe was that the classified individual’s class is seen as an important criterion, which either boosts or lowers his or her appearance-value: personal hygiene, being properly dressed, with clothes and shoes in good state, having good manners, showing proper behavior, being discreet and even how much his or her appearance reveals in terms of sexual availability and general responsibility are taken into consideration in the moment of classification, in such a way that the higher the perceived class, the more positive the assessment of the given attribute. There is, therefore, an idealization of the middle class’ consumption and manners, generally perceived as being simple, clean and discreet, and a negative view of the lower classes, to whom a taste for the excessive, the gaudy, colorful and noisy are attributed. As for the classifying individual’s class, there are not many differences in representations, and a flow of ideas in the opposite direction was not detected. As in a cascading effect, the negative representation of the lower classes takes place with relation to the class considered inferior to that of the classifying individual, and that happens in every layer, including the lower ones, which shows us the strength of the hegemonic discourses on the norms of a “good appearance”, which remain the same through all the strata. However, looking at things through the dominant class’ lens does not keep prejudice against oneself from being noticed and felt, with the perception that the lower a person’s class is, the more negative judgments he or she will face, and slimmer will be their chances of being chosen for jobs and personal relationships, based on their personal appearance when compared to that of persons of a higher class. Since we have worked more closely with the social representations that differentiate middle class from the lower class, we sought to make a mapping of contents that present and represent those classes, coming to the conclusion that, by a large measure, there is a coincidence between the meanings of already crystallized representations about social classes and their anchored attributes, and also a movement – albeit very incipient – of appropriation of a constructed notion of “new middle class”, especially by people with higher formal education. / Considerando as inúmeras possibilidades de diminuição ou incremento das desigualdades sociais, este trabalho diz respeito àquelas que se relacionam aos critérios de classificação da aparência. Entendemos que dentre os vários capitais que são mobilizados pelas pessoas, o capital social, isto é, a rede de relacionamentos pode se constituir como um dos fatores de acesso a oportunidades importantes para a ascensão social. Casamentos, empregos, amizades podem mudar a localização de uma pessoa no espaço social. Mas, independentemente de como as pessoas manipulam a própria aparência (ou se manipulam), por meio do consumo e da conduta nos lugares públicos, o valor a ela atribuído (valorado positiva ou negativamente) vai depender de critérios adotados pelos indivíduos classificadores e das normas sociais. Para fazer esta averiguação, aplicamos um questionário para 201 pessoas em locais de consumo de Goiânia - Goiás: Aeroporto Santa Genoveva, Feira da Lua e Camelódromo Central, além de realizarmos 18 entrevistas nos mesmos locais, com pessoas de classe média e classe baixa. O que pudemos observar é que a classe social do indivíduo classificado é vista como um importante critério que joga para cima ou para baixo o seu valor-aparência: higiene, estar vestido apropriadamente e com roupas e calçados em bom estado, educação, comportar-se de forma apropriada, ter discrição e até o quanto a aparência revela disponibilidade sexual e responsabilidade são levados em consideração no momento da classificação, de forma que, quanto mais bem situada a classe, mais positiva será a valoração do atributo. Há, assim, uma idealização do consumo e dos modos da classe média, como simples, limpos e discretos, e uma visão negativa dos da classe popular, a quem se atribui um gosto pelo excessivo, espalhafatoso, colorido, barulhento. Em relação à camada social do indivíduo classificador, poucas são as diferenças nas representações de um lado a outro na estratificação, não aparecendo um fluxo de ideias que vão em sentido contrário. Como em um efeito cascata, a representação negativa ocorre em relação à classe considerada abaixo da própria, em todas as camadas, inclusive nas populares, o que nos mostra a força dos discursos hegemônicos sobre as normas de uma "boa aparência", que atravessam toda a estratificação. Mas esse olhar com o olho do dominante não impede que preconceitos sejam notados e sentidos, na percepção de que quanto mais baixa a classe de uma pessoa, maior será o julgamento negativo, e menores serão as probabilidades de que ela seja escolhida em disputas de empregos e relações afetivas, com base na aparência, quando comparada com pessoas de classes mais altas. Como trabalhamos mais detidamente entre as representações sociais que diferenciam a classe média da classe baixa, buscamos fazer um mapeamento de conteúdos que apresentam e representam estas classes, podendo concluir que em grande medida há uma coincidência nos sentidos de representações já consolidadas sobre classes sociais e seus atributos ancorados, e também um movimento - ainda embrionário - de apropriação de uma noção construída de "nova classe média", especialmente pelas pessoas com maior grau de escolaridade.

Ao abordar o tema mercado sexual, destacamos a prática da prostituição como uma das principais maneiras de se inserir e atuar nesse universo. No presente trabalho voltamos o olhar para a prostituição de rua praticada por garotos de programa, com o intuito de entender e revelar subjetividades presentes nesse contexto, uma vez que, no campo da Saúde Pública, esse tema geralmente culmina em um viés epidemiológico, voltado para os riscos que correm de contraírem doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Com base nas referidas pesquisas, programas de Saúde Pública, na maioria das vezes, planejam e executam ações que entendemos como engessamento social e de saúde. Nesse sentido, contribuímos trazendo novas informações sobre o tema, oriundas da pesquisa realizada no período de 2010-2011, junto a garotos de programa da região de Osasco, Grande São Paulo/SP. Metodologicamente, contamos com contribuições de pesquisas etnográficas, destacando-se a observação-participante, o diário de campo, as entrevistas itinerantes e em profundidade. Ao longo da pesquisa emergiram categorias de análise como sexualidades, hierarquias sexuais e masculinidades. Referências de autores como Gayle Rubin, Michael Foucault e Nestor Perlongher foram fundamentais para a aproximação teórico-metodológica. Consideramos que, comparativamente ao cenário no qual estavam inseridos os garotos de programa que atuavam em São Paulo entre as décadas de 70 e 80, surgiram novos códigos e novas categorias de atuação, cujas práticas não necessariamente são interpretadas como prostituição. Nesse sentido, esses garotos não se identificam inseridos em um mercado sexual e elegem o prazer remunerado como uma nova categoria para justificar suas vivências que se dão entre a clandestinidade, as práticas homossexuais e a afirmação da masculinidade. Por último, apresentamos também suas diversidades, especificidades e enfatizamos as inúmeras violências às quais estão expostos em suas práticas sexuais e comerciais / To discuss about sex market, we focus on the prostitution practice as the primary way of enter and work in this universe. In this present study we look at the street prostitution practiced by lover boys with the intention of understand and reveal subjectivities present in this context, since, in the field of public health, this subject usually leads to an epidemiological bias, facing the risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Based on these cited researches, public health programs often plan and develop actions that we understand as a social and health immobilization. In order to contribute about the subject we bring new information in this research performed with lover boys from Osasco São Paulo/SP, between 2010-2011. Methodologically we have ethnographic research contributions, especially dynamic observation, field notes, itinerant and deep interviews. Some categories of analysis arose during the study as sexuality, sexual hierarchies and masculinities. Contributions of authors: Gayle Rubin, Michael Foucault and Nestor Perlongher were fundamental to the theoretical and methodological approach. We believe that compared to the lover boys who worked in São Paulo between 70s and 80s came up new codes and new categories of performance that are not necessarily interpreted as prostitution. In this sense, they do not identify themselves inserted into a sex market and choose the paid-pleasure as a new category to justify their experiences that takes place between the clandestinity, homosexual practices and the masculinity assertion. Finally, there are their diversities, specificities and countless violence which are involved during their sexual and commercial practices

Semantic memory is part of the long-term memory system, and there are several theories concerning this type of memory. Some of these will be described in this essay. There are also several types of neuropsychological semantic memory deficits. For example, test results have shown that patients tend to have more difficulties naming living than nonliving things, and one probable explanation is that living things are more dependent on sensory than on functional features. Description of concrete concepts is a new test of semantic memory, in which cueing is used, both to capture the maximum performance of patients, and to give insight into the access versus storage problem. The theoretical ideas and empirical results relating to this new test will be described in detail. Furthermore, other tests of semantic memory that have been commonly used will also be briefly described. In conclusion semantic memory is a complex cognitive system that needs to be studied further.

Avfall kan vara både ett problem och en tillgång. Hur samhället hanterar avfall har blivit en allt viktigare fråga i takt med att befolkningen växer och konsumtionen ökar. Därför regleras avfallshanteringsaktiviteter idag av bland annat lagar, föreskrifter, planer och rådgivning för att minska mängden avfall och där det är möjligt, att eliminera de negativa effekter som avfallet kan ha på människors hälsa och miljön. Inom hälso- och sjukvården genereras stora mängder avfall varje dag och i Sverige anses invånare vara allmänt bra på att sortera sitt avfall, men är människor lika bra på att göra det på sina arbetsplatser? I den här kvalitativa intervjustudien ligger fokus på källsortering inom äldreomsorgen. Totalt har tre ”walking/observations intervjuer” genomförts, med två olika vårdboenden och med en hemtjänst. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats, tillsammans med relevanta material från kommunen angående källsortering. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur personal inom äldreomsorg upplever att det är att följa kommunens miljöpolicy för avfall och hur kommunens miljöpolicy är utformad för att göra det enkelt för personal att följa. Genom att undersöka matchningen mellan arbetsmiljö och kommunens miljöpolicy syftar studien till att finna eventuella sociala relationer, problem och möjligheter för att på så sätt se vad som är nödvändigt för att realisera ytterligare förbättringar av källsortering inom denna sektor. Denna studie har producerat flera intressanta resultat. Det insamlade materialet pekar på en oväntad dynamik där ansvaret för avfallshantering förmedlas nedåt i organisationshierarkin. Det finns också stora skillnader i förutsättningarna för källsortering mellan kommunala- och privata verksamheter, vilket i sin tur påverkar verksamhetens förmåga att följa kommunens miljöpolicy. Studien visar även att det finns en skillnad i hur kommunala- och privata verksamheter upplever kommunikationen med kommunen och hur väl medarbetarna är medvetna om de riktlinjer som de följer för avfall. Denna studie avslutas med flera förslag som syftar till att förbättra och skapa en mer effektiv källsortering inom äldreomsorgen. Först, är det viktigt att se över hur ansvaret för avfallshantering är uppdelad mellan de olika nivåerna i organisationshierarkin. Åtgärdsförslag bör komma till för att minska de problem som orsakas av skillnader i förutsättningar för källsortering mellan kommunala- och privata verksamheter. Slutligen bör kommunen försöka förbättra sitt samarbete med personal inom äldreomsorgen, då det finns behov av deltagande, gemensamt lärande och kunskapsutbyte. / Waste can be both a problem and an asset. How society handles waste has become an increasingly important issue as populations are growing and consumption is increasing. Therefore, waste management activities are governed by laws, regulations, plans, advice, etc. to recycle and reduce the amount of waste and where possible, to eliminate the negative impact that the waste may have on human health and the environment. In the sector of health and medical care, large quantities of waste are generated daily and in Sweden, residents are generally considered to be good at sorting their waste, but are people as good at doing it at their workplaces? In this qualitative interview study, the focus is on source sorting in elderly care. In total, three "walking /observation interviews" have been carried out, with two different nursing homes and one home care service. The collected data has been analyzed, together with relevant material from the municipality regarding source sorting. The purpose of this research has been to investigate how elderly care employees experience following the municipality's environmental policy for waste and how the municipality's environmental policy is designed to make it easy for healthcare employees to follow. By investigating the match between the work environment and the municipality's environmental policy, this research aims to find possible social relationships, obstacles, problems, and opportunities in order to see what is necessary for realizing further improvements in the source sorting within this sector.  This study has produced several interesting results. The interviews point to an unexpected dynamic whereby the responsibility for waste management is conveyed downwards in the organizational hierarchy. There are also major differences in the prerequisites for source sorting between municipal and private businesses, which in turn affects the ability of businesses to follow the municipality's environmental policy. The study also shows that there is a difference in how municipal and private businesses experience communication with the municipality and in how well the staff is aware of the guidelines that they follow for waste management. This study concludes with several pieces of suggestions aimed at improving and creating a more effective source sorting within the elderly care. Firstly, it is important to review how the responsibility for waste management is divided between the different levels in the organizational hierarchy. Action proposals should be made to reduce the problems caused by differences in the prerequisites for source sorting between municipal and private businesses. Finally, the municipality should seek to improve their cooperation with the elderly care employees, there is a need for participation, shared learning and exchange of knowledge.

Jag har i denna vetenskapliga essä försökt diversifiera, det allmängiltiga uttrycket “alla ska vara med”. Min gestaltning, som inleder denna essä, beskriver situationer där barn ställs utanför leken. Ibland försöker vi pedagoger, i demokratisk anda och välvilja, förändra leken och inkludera dem som barnen exkluderat. Det finns en ständig kamp om makten, från oss vuxna men även mellan barnen. De frågeställningar jag vill svara på är: Vad avgör om barn inkluderas i leken? Hur diskuteras barns kamratkulturer? Hur kan mitt uppdrag som lärare i fritidshem formuleras utifrån ett relationellt perspektiv? Mitt syfte med denna vetenskapliga essä är att lyfta fram att det ofta saknas en levande diskussion kring barnens relationella arbete samt deras tillträdesstrategier trots att dessa ständigt leder till komplexa situationer. Vuxna och barn har ofta olika blick för det som faktiskt sker i dessa sammansatta mellanmänskliga möten. Ett hermeneutiskt synsätt genomsyrar diskussionen såväl som ett relationellt perspektiv. Jag söker tolka gestaltningen genom följande perspektiv: kamratkulturer, inträdesstrategier, hierarkier, inkludering samt exkludering. Jag söker en förståelse för de mellanmänskliga möten som framträder i gestaltningen, mellan individ och omgivningen i fritidshemmet. Jag har breddat min förståelse genom att diskutera forskning samt genom essäformens processkrivande där jag i en pendlande rörelse skriver fram mina fördjupade reflektioner. Min slutsats blir att dessa mänskliga dilemman är komplicerade. Det är tydligt att tolkningsutrymmet är situerat och varierar beroende på vem som äger blicken. Det krävs att vi pedagoger är engagerade och stöttar barnen genom vår närvaro i leken. Samtidigt kräver detta en varsamhet och aktiv reflektion över det faktum att vi vuxna, ofta snabbt och oreflekterat, utifrån en högre hierarkisk position tar oss tolkningsföreträde och dömer barn i dessa mellanmänskliga sociala sammanhang. / In this essay, I discuss the expression "everyone should be included". Portrayed experiences starts this essay and describes situations where children are excluded from the play. Sometimes we as pedagogues, in democratic spirit and goodwill, try to change the play and include the excluded. There is a constant struggle for agency partly from us as adults but also between the children. Research illustrates that children need support in their relationship work. The question is whether they get the support they need when it also appears that there is no professional language for talking about children's relational work. My questions are: What determines if children are included in the play? How is children's participation in peer cultures discussed? I will also reflect on my role as a teacher at the after-school center and how it can be formulated from a relational perspective. My purpose is to highlight the discussion about the children's relationship work and their access strategies because they often lead to complex situations. I have a hermeneutical approach in which I discuss previous research in relation to my portrayed experiences, and by the following perspectives: participation in peer cultures, access strategies, status hierarchies, inclusion and exclusion in play. My conclusion is that these interpersonal dilemmas are complicated. It is clear that the interpretation varies depending on individual and contextual factors. It is necessary that we as pedagogues are committed and support the children through our presence in the play. At the same time, this requires a caution and active reflection on the fact that we as adults from a higher hierarchical position interpret and judge children in these interpersonal social contexts.