Ce mémoire propose une analyse du roman historique La Carthagénoise (Germán Espinosa, 1982). Ce roman porte sur l’échange des idées entre l’Amérique coloniale et l’Europe éclairée. L’invasion française au port caraïbe de Carthagène d’Indes en 1697 est l’événement historique qui déclenche sa trame. Cette œuvre littéraire effectue un parcours à travers deux espaces et périodes historiques – l’Amérique sous domination espagnole et l’Europe des Lumières – dans lesquels s’entrecroisent des personnages réels et fictionnels. L’analyse que propose le présent travail aborde en premier lieu les antécédents du roman historique en Amérique latine. Dans une deuxième partie, il se penche sur les stratégies narratives utilisées dans le roman d’Espinosa et sur l’impact éventuel de ces procédés sur la facette critique de l’œuvre. L’hypothèse centrale de ce travail est que la fiction historique contribue à une vision critique de l’histoire officielle et qu’elle propose une réflexion sur les causes de la stagnation épistémologique en Amérique latine ainsi que des processus historiques inachevés tels que la libération épistémologique et la consolidation des épistémologies émergentes suggérées par la théorie postcoloniale et la pensée décoloniale. Le roman montre également la naissance, la mise en œuvre et l’échec de ce projet de libération épistémologique mené par un personnage féminin. Ce projet vise à finir avec la marginalisation du savoir latino-américain plutôt qu’à sa décolonisation. Parmi les conclusions tirées par ce mémoire, il y a l’idée qu’en raison de la causalité historique de l’Amérique latine, telle que montrée par le roman, le moment n’est pas encore venu de l’avènement d’une libération culturelle qui permette la consolidation des épistémologies émergentes, dans la ligne de ce que suggèrent les études postcoloniales et la décolonialité. Une autre conclusion importante à mentionner est que l’évolution des idées est un processus historique dans lequel les courants idéologiques ne sont pas absolus et sont assujettis aux conjonctures sociales qui déterminent leur existence et permanence. / This dissertation proposes an analysis of the historical novel The Weaver of Crowns (Germán Espinosa, 1982). This novel deals with the exchange of ideas between colonial Latin America and the Europe of the Enlightenment. The French invasion of the Caribbean port of Cartagena de Indias in 1697 is the historical event that triggers the plot. The novel covers two geographical spaces and two historical periods – America under Spanish domination and Enlightened Europe – in which real and fictional characters interact. In a first step, this dissertation undertakes an analysis of the roots of the historic novel in Latin America. In a second step it examines narrative strategies used in Espinosa’s novel and the way they may influence the critical side of this work. The central hypothesis suggested by this dissertation is that historical fiction contributes a critical view of the official historiography of Latin America by showing its hidden or silenced sides. It offers a reflection on the causes of the epistemological stagnation in Latin America as well as the unresolved historical processes in Latin America such as its epistemological liberation and the consolidation of its emerging epistemologies as described by the postcolonial theory cited in this work. The novel also shows the emergence, development and failure of an epistemological liberation project undertaken by a female character. This liberation project is aimed at putting an end to the marginalization of the Latin American knowledge rather than decolonizing it. Among the conclusions drawn by this dissertation is the idea that because of the historical causality of Latin America, as presented by the novel, the moment has not yet arrived for a cultural and epistemological liberation. This pending process would allow the consolidation of the emerging epistemologies along the lines proposed by the postcolonial and decoloniality studies. Another conclusion of note is that the evolution of ideas is a historical process in which the ideological currents are not absolute but subjected to the social situations that determine their existence as well as their continuity. / La memoria propone un análisis de la novela histórica La tejedora de coronas (Germán Espinosa, 1982). Esta novela trata del intercambio de ideas entre la América colonial y la Europa del Iluminismo y desarrolla su trama a partir del asedio francés al puerto caribeño de Cartagena de Indias acaecido en el año 1697. La novela hace un recorrido por dos períodos históricos, – la América española y la Europa de las luces –, en los que entrelaza personajes reales y de ficción. Este trabajo plantea un análisis que aborda en primer lugar los antecedentes de la novela histórica en América Latina, propone seguidamente una aproximación a algunas estrategias narrativas utilizadas en la novela y su posible injerencia en la faceta crítica de la misma. La hipótesis central que se defiende es que la ficción histórica propone una visión crítica de la historia oficial y una reflexión sobre la dialéctica histórica de las causas del estancamiento epistemológico de América Latina. Igualmente, señala los procesos históricos inconclusos en América, como su liberación epistemológica y la consolidación de sus epistemologías emergentes de las cuales hablan el postcolonialismo y el pensamiento descolonial. De igual modo, la novela muestra el surgimiento, la puesta en obra y el fracaso de un proyecto de liberación epistemológica, llevado a cabo por un personaje femenino. Este proyecto apunta más a una desmarginalización que a una descolonización del saber americano. Entre las conclusiones que arroja el trabajo se podrían mencionar, entre otras, que, debido a la causalidad histórica de América Latina planteada por la novela, está pendiente por realizarse una liberación cultural, que permita la consolidación de las epistemologías emergentes tal como lo señalan los estudios postcoloniales y la decolonialidad. Otra conclusión significativa obtenida es que la novela defiende la posición según la cual la evolución de las ideas es un proceso histórico en el cual las corrientes ideológicas no son absolutas y están sujetas a las coyunturas sociales que determinan su vigencia y permanencia.

Etre témoin de son temps, transmettre la connaissance du passé et restituer le lien entre un présent et un passé rompu par un grand événement tel que la Révolution est un travail auquel s’est astreint Mme de Genlis pendant plus de la moitié de sa vie. Dans ses romans comme dans ses contes et ses Mémoires, la notion de temps et d’histoire se développe dans le récit à travers les thèmes abordés et crée la forme narrative. L’articulation des différents niveaux temporels est encore plus sensible dans les romans historiques étudiés : Mademoiselle de Clermont, La Duchesse de La Vallière, Madame de Maintenon, Mademoiselle de La Fayette, Jeanne de France et Inès de Castro. L’hypothèse est de mettre en évidence, sur la base de la « référence croisée » telle que définie par Paul Ricoeur, « la fiction emprunterait autant à l’histoire que l’histoire emprunte à la fiction ». Madame de Genlis la romancière nous entraîne dans des époques révolues plus ou moins proches, en suivant le destin d’une héroïne englobé dans un temps plus ample, celui de l’Histoire. La conviction de l’auteur étant que le roman historique est la forme de roman la plus favorable au développement des conceptions morales, c’est une véritable étude du coeur humain et des moeurs d’une époque qui sont proposées dans ces romans. La vie de cour met à nu, à travers le comportement des courtisans, les passions, les vertus et les vices des hommes. Mme de Genlis la narratrice construit des structures narratives où, par un jeu subtil entre le temps du raconter et le temps du raconté, se succèdent narration au passé et commentaire au présent ; récit cadre et récit enchâssé. Le sujet des six romans est emprunté à l’Histoire sur lequel vient se superposer un temps historique plus récent, échappant parfois inconsciemment à l’auteur. C’est le temps de l’univers mental de Mme de Genlis, reflet des préoccupations de son temps : le rapport des femmes au pouvoir, la liberté de choisir son mari, la tentation du couvent, le bonheur dans la vertu. Malgré l’adjectif « historique », ses romans racontent un passé glorifié mais restent tendus vers le présent. / To be a witness of one’s era, to transmit the knowledge of the past and to restore the bond between a present and a past broken by a great event such as the French Revolution is a work to which Mme de Genlis devoted more than half of her life. In her novels as in her tales and her Memoirs, the notion of time and history develops in the narrative through the topics approached and creates the narrative form. The articulation of the various temporal levels is even more sensitive in the historical novels: Miss de Clermont, The Duchess of The Vallière, Madam de Maintenon, Miss of The La Fayette, Jeanne of France and Inès de Castro. The assumption is to bring to light, on the basis of the "cross reference" such as defined by Paul Ricoeur, " the fiction would borrow as much from history as history borrows from fiction " Mame de Genlis, the novelist, carries us away in bygone times that seem more or less close to us, we follow the destiny of a heroin encompassing a time much larger than her own, that of History. The conviction of the author is that the historical novel is the most favorable one to the development of moral concepts; it is a true study of the human heart and one time moral standards which are proposed in these novels. The life at court exposes, through the behavior of the courtiers, the passions, the virtues and the defects of Men. Mme de Genlis, the narrator, builds narrative structures where, by a subtle play between the time of telling and the time of what is told, follow one another narration of the past and comment at the present; a narrative framework and an embedded narrative. The subject of the six novels is borrowed from History on which are superimposed a more recent historical time, that sometimes unconsciously escapes from the author. It is the time of the mental universe of Mme de Genlis, a reflection of the concerns of her era: the women’s relation with power, the freedom to choose one’s husband, the temptation of the convent, and the happiness in virtue. In spite of the “historical” adjective that her novels do have since they tell the story of a glorified past yet they remain very much related to our present time.

This thesis concerns the function of fiction in the creation of an historical myth and the uses that that myth is put to in a number of periods and differing régimes. Its case study is the popular myth of August the Strong (1670-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, as a man of extraordinary sexual prowess and the ruler over a magnificent, but frivolous, court in Dresden. It examines the origins of this myth in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, and its development up to the twenty-first century in German history writing, fiction, art, and media. The image August created for himself in the art, literature, and festivities of his court as an ideal ruler of extremely broad cultural and intellectual interests and high political ambitions and abilities linked him closely with eighteenth-century notions of galanterie. This narrowed the scope of his image later, especially as nineteenth-century historians selected fictional sources and interpreted them as historical sources to present August as an immoral political failure. Although nineteenth-century popular writers exhibited a more varied response to August’s historical role, the negative historiography continued to resonate in later history writing. Ironically, the myth of August the Strong represented an opportunity in the GDR in creating and fostering a sense of identity, first as a socialist state with historical and cultural links to the east, and then by examining Prusso-Saxon history as a uniquely (East) German issue. Finally, the thesis examines the practice of historical re-enactment as it is currently employed in a number of variations on German TV and in literature, and its impact on historical knowledge. The thesis concludes that, while narrative forms are necessary to history and fiction, and fiction is a necessary part of presenting history, inconsistent combinations of the two can undermine the projects of both.

La thèse se propose d’étudier différentes formes de la représentation du passé dans le roman contemporain français. Si la recherche a pu constater, depuis un certain temps déjà, un véritable « retour de l’Histoire » sur la scène littéraire actuelle, force est de constater que chez certains auteurs, ce « retour » s’accompagne d’une méfiance profonde à l’égard de la connaissance de l’Histoire et des formes (culturelles, littéraires) de sa mise en récit. Ainsi Philippe Forest, dans Le Siècle des nuages (2010), raconte-t-il l’histoire de son père tout en se posant la question de savoir comment on peut écrire cette histoire qui constamment se dérobe. Il en sort un roman historique paradoxal et foncièrement autoréférentiel qui se construit et se déconstruit sous les yeux du lecteur. De façon comparable, Jean Rouaud, dans L’Imitation du bonheur (2006), invite son lecteur dans « l’atelier » de l’écrivain afin d’exhiber les sources et les ressources de son travail. Il ne se sert ainsi des techniques de l’illusion réaliste que pour mieux les parodier par la suite. Dans Waltenberg (2005) d’Hédi Kaddour, en revanche, la critique du récit historique se fait à travers la fragmentation de l’intrigue, la multiplication des temps et des lieux ainsi que par l’abandon de la linéarité. Aussi l’auteur nous présente-t-il une histoire éclatée qui se soustrait aux catégories d’unité et de cohérence. Bien que les stratégies de représentation dans ces trois romans soient diverses, elles renvoient pourtant à un concept commun que je propose ici d’appeler le récit historique critique.Dans la partie principale de mon travail, il s’agit d’analyser les trois romans mentionnés ci-dessus en tenant compte, notamment, des outils méthodologiques élaborés par la narratologie (D. Cohn, A. Nünning, W. Wolf) et par la théorie de l’histoire (H. White, P. Ricœur, R. Kosel-leck). Cette partie principale est précédée d’une partie plus « théorique » subdivisée en trois axes de recherche : L’approche systématisante essaie de condenser certaines des caractéristiques les plus importantes du récit historique critique dans une vue d’ensemble, élargissant par ailleurs le propos sur d’autres textes littéraires (contemporains). L’approche historicisante se propose de tisser un lien entre les romans analysés dans la partie principale de la thèse et l’œuvre de Claude Simon, considérée ici comme une sorte de paradigme esthétique pour une nouvelle écriture de l’histoire. L’approche comparative, enfin, tourne le regard vers les historiens professionnels (Ginzburg, Jablonka, Boucheron) qui, à l’instar des romanciers, ont exploré, ces derniers temps, de nouvelles formes de mise en récit du passé. Si ces nouvelles formes se rapprochent du récit littéraire par l’usage qu’elles font de la fiction, elles restent néanmoins sceptiques sur la possibilité même de représenter le passé, devenant de la sorte comme un équivalent en histoire du récit historique critique littéraire. / This PhD thesis offers a study of different forms of representations of the past in the French contemporary novel. Since several years, literary critics agree that there has been something like a “return to history” on the actual literary scene. But we also have to state that some con-temporary authors combine this “return” with a profound suspicion against the knowing of history and the (cultural or literary) forms of telling it. In his Le Siècle des nuages (2010), Philippe Forest tells the story of his father while at the same time questioning himself about how to represent a story which seems to withdraw itself constantly. The result is somewhat paradoxical and may be described as a self-referential historical novel that constructs and deconstructs itself in front of the reader’s eyes. In a similar way, Jean Rouaud’s L’Imitation du bonheur (2006) invites its reader in the artist’s workshop in order to reveal the sources and the resources of the story. Exploiting the techniques of realistic illusion, Rouaud is in fact parodying them. Waltenberg (2005) by Hédi Kaddour acts differently: in this novel, historical narration is undermined by a broken storyline, by a pluralization of times and spaces and by the abandoning of the chronological order. Thus the author confronts us with a history “in pieces” that doesn’t obey the principles of unity and coherence anymore. Even if the strategies of historical representation are quite different in these three novels, they are all based on a common concept which I suggest to call “critical historical narration”.The main part of my work consists of the analysis of the three novels mentioned above, an analysis which is mostly based on methods provided by narratology (D. Cohn, A. Nünning, W. Wolf) or theory of history (H. White, P. Ricœur, R. Koselleck). This main part is preceded by a more general part that is subdivided into three theoretical approaches: the systematizing approach tries to reunite some of the most important features of critical historical narration in a synopsis and thereby takes also account of other (contemporary) literary texts. The historical approach connects the novels analysed in the main part of this thesis to the work of Claude Simon, which will be considered here as an esthetical paradigm for a new kind of historical narration. Finally, the comparative approach focuses on professional historians (Ginzburg, Ja-blonka, Boucheron) who have been exploring new strategies of historical writing in the same way that novelists have done. Indeed, if these new strategies converge with those in literary writing because of the use they make of fiction, they are nevertheless included in a more general reflection on the possibilities of representing the past. Historiography thus may provide something like an equivalent to critical historical narration in literature.

Le but de cette recherche qui de déplie en trois parties est de montrer comment l’Histoire en tant que champ cognitif peut, par l’intermédiaire de l’art romanesque, dévoiler des vérités profondes concernant la vie et la pensée contemporaine. Plus précisément, dans le cadre de la première partie, en traçant d’abord brièvement le portrait du roman historique classique, nous présentons sept romans européens de notre époque qui ont comme thématique commune des grands événements historiques. Nous expliquons de quelle époque traite chacun d’eux et quels lieux ils présentent comme lieux d’action de leurs histoires ; nous commentons alors la signification historique majeure du temps et de l’espace choisis. Par la suite, nous mettons l’accent sur les personnages romanesques de notre corpus dans le but de découvrir comment leur appartenance à une époque historique précise influence leur existence et comment surgit conséquemment le besoin de déchiffrer leur monde. De plus, nous nous intéressons à la relation éprouvée entre la puissance de la mémoire, qui hante les personnages se battant pour se réconcilier avec elle, et la construction de leur identité narrative, une identité tant individuelle que collective. Finalement, dans une dernière partie, nous tentons de faire le lien entre le temps de chaque roman et la structure narrative que son écrivain a choisie en suggérant qu’il joue un rôle considérable dans le processus de réception de la littérature. Cette dernière occupera ensuite notre réflexion : nous nous interrogerons donc sur les paramètres qui déterminent la façon dont l’écrivain et le lecteur perçoivent effectivement ces œuvres littéraires. / The purpose of this research, divided in three parts, is to show how History, as cognitive field, can reveal deep truths of contemporary life and thought through the art of novel. More precisely, in the first part, after briefly drawing the portrait of classic historical novel, we present seven modern novels that have as common ground important historical facts. We explain which time each novel deals with and which places it presents as sites of action of its story. We comment, as well, on the considerable historical meaning of the chosen times and places. Afterwards, we focus on the fictional characters of our corpus so as to discover how their belonging to a precise historical time influences their existence and how, consequently, the need to fathom out their world is provoked. Furthermore, we are interested in the proven relation between the power of memory that haunts the characters who are fighting so as to be reconciled with it and the construction of narrative identity, equally individual and collective. Finally, in the last part, we try to show the connection between the time of each novel and the narrative structure that each writer has chosen for it by suggesting the importance of its role in the process of the literary reception. The latter will subsequently make us wonder about the parameters that determine the way the writer and the reader receive effectively these literary works.

A perspectiva deste trabalho será a de que as diferentes experiências históricas de Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda- 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) e Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) definem a forma literária, respectivamente, literatura de viagem, um conto tensionado e um romance. Três formas literárias distintas que mantêm o elo com o texto historiográfico, pois Castro Soromenho e Pepetela se apropriam do texto de Henrique de Carvalho para elaborarem seus enredos centrais que giram em torno do espaço Lunda. Tendo em vista que tal espaço potencializa as três narrativas, levaremos em conta que \"A forma não pode ser compreendida independentemente do conteúdo, mas ela não é tampouco independente da natureza do material e dos procedimentos que este condiciona. A forma depende, de um lado, do conteúdo e, do outro, das particularidades do material e da elaboração que este implica.\" (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p. 206) / In this work we aim to show that the different historical experiences by Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda - 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) and Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) define certain literary forms, respectively, travel literature, tension short story and novel. These three distinct literary forms are connected with historiographic writings, for Castro Soromenho and Pepetela appropriate Henrique de Carvalho text to elaborate their central plots which focus the space of Lunda. Having in mind that space potentializes the three narratives, in this study we will take into consideration that \"The literary form cannot be understood separate from the content, and neither is it independent from the nature of the subject and the proceedings which are conditioned by this same content. Form depends on the content, and also on the particular aspects of the subject and on the elaboration it implies.\"* (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p.206)

<p>Ulla Isaksson (1916 – 2000) wrote many novels, often with a woman or several women as protagonists. In <em>Dit du icke vill</em> (“Where Thou Willst Not”) from 1956 she depicts a crisis of faith in a woman, which would not have been successful had she chosen a contemporary setting. She uses an adequate historical framework, the prosecution of witches in Sweden in the 17^th century, well documented in reliable sources. Her novel includes a message about oppression of women, manifest in patriarchal ambition to control ancient wisdom about healing and herbs and the denial of pre-Christian habits that include knowledge about female fertility, earlier exercised by midwives and wise women and men.</p><p>In “The Root of Evil” the novel is placed in a feminist tradition, where the author, like older writers like Fredrika Bremer, Ellen Key and Elin Wägner, pleads for “social mothering”.  A major difference is that, in her own life, Ulla Isaksson has experienced pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding which none of the pioneering Swedish feminist writers had. Emilia Fogelklou, pioneering theologian, wrote about witches as wise women, a study that influenced Ulla Isaksson. The witches are described as mirroring Hanna “the Good Mother”. Their fantasies about life at “Blåkulla” are similar to the everyday life at a wealthy farmstead. This kind of mirroring reminds of the theories of Gilbert and Gubar, who assume that female writers in the 19^th Century hid their revolt against patriarchy in mad women, like “The Madwoman in the Attic” in Jane Eyre. In the 1950s, golden age of the Swedish housewife, a female writer might well hide her anger at the circumscribed role model dedicated to women in a similar use of Anti-Women. The real witches clearly contrast the obedient protagonist, a true “Angel in the house”.</p><p>The villagers´ struggle to clear the ground from the ensnaring roots that hinder the male prosecution of witches imply a symbolic reading: this evil root is ancient matriarchal knowledge of childbearing and birth control. A theory on the original causes for the witch hunts in western Europe is introduced: the population sank in the 15^th century and one reason, beside plagues, starvation and warfare, was that women aware of how to prevent childbearing and giving birth to a lot of children were killed during the witch hunt. Churches and kings introduced the prosecution of witches and wise women, including midwives.</p>

Ulla Isaksson (1916 – 2000) wrote many novels, often with a woman or several women as protagonists. In Dit du icke vill (“Where Thou Willst Not”) from 1956 she depicts a crisis of faith in a woman, which would not have been successful had she chosen a contemporary setting. She uses an adequate historical framework, the prosecution of witches in Sweden in the 17th century, well documented in reliable sources. Her novel includes a message about oppression of women, manifest in patriarchal ambition to control ancient wisdom about healing and herbs and the denial of pre-Christian habits that include knowledge about female fertility, earlier exercised by midwives and wise women and men. In “The Root of Evil” the novel is placed in a feminist tradition, where the author, like older writers like Fredrika Bremer, Ellen Key and Elin Wägner, pleads for “social mothering”.  A major difference is that, in her own life, Ulla Isaksson has experienced pregnancy, giving birth and breastfeeding which none of the pioneering Swedish feminist writers had. Emilia Fogelklou, pioneering theologian, wrote about witches as wise women, a study that influenced Ulla Isaksson. The witches are described as mirroring Hanna “the Good Mother”. Their fantasies about life at “Blåkulla” are similar to the everyday life at a wealthy farmstead. This kind of mirroring reminds of the theories of Gilbert and Gubar, who assume that female writers in the 19th Century hid their revolt against patriarchy in mad women, like “The Madwoman in the Attic” in Jane Eyre. In the 1950s, golden age of the Swedish housewife, a female writer might well hide her anger at the circumscribed role model dedicated to women in a similar use of Anti-Women. The real witches clearly contrast the obedient protagonist, a true “Angel in the house”. The villagers´ struggle to clear the ground from the ensnaring roots that hinder the male prosecution of witches imply a symbolic reading: this evil root is ancient matriarchal knowledge of childbearing and birth control. A theory on the original causes for the witch hunts in western Europe is introduced: the population sank in the 15th century and one reason, beside plagues, starvation and warfare, was that women aware of how to prevent childbearing and giving birth to a lot of children were killed during the witch hunt. Churches and kings introduced the prosecution of witches and wise women, including midwives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_fa_dr_assis.pdf: 702283 bytes, checksum: c9fa7bf27f9e5a74af41024fc94e51fd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com base na teoria do romance histórico contemporâneo na América Latina e da crítica literária feminista, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a construção da personagem feminina Anita Garibaldi em romances latino-americanos, a partir do modelo histórico construído por Giuseppe Garibaldi em suas Memórias (1860). Idealizando sua companheira, nessa narrativa, o herói italiano constrói a imagem de uma mulher guerreira, que se move no espaço público. Mesmo seguindo o texto de Garibaldi, os historiadores posteriores complementaram a biografia da heroína brasileira, destacando a experiência dela no espaço privado, cumprindo o papel que a sociedade outorgava às mulheres no século XIX. Assim, o modelo que a história apresenta é de uma mulher ambígua, que transita entre o espaço público, aberto e o espaço privado, fechado. O trabalho que aqui se apresenta mostra como cada romancista recria a imagem de Anita, distanciando-se ou se aproximando do protótipo histórico criado por Garibaldi. Com esse intuito, escolheu-se como corpus literário os romances A guerrilheira (1979), do brasileiro João Felício dos Santos; Anita (1999), do também brasileiro Flávio Aguiar; Anita Garibaldi (2003), do argentino Julio A. Sierra; e Anita cubierta de arena (2003), da argentina Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. Em todos eles, verifica-se o intuito de reaver uma personagem da história aclamada como heroína, cuja imagem foi elaborada discursivamente por um homem que lhe concedeu características masculinas. Constata-se, desta forma, como a literatura cumpre o papel de leitora privilegiada da históri / According to the theory of the Contemporary Historical Novel in Latin America and on the Feminist Literary Criticism, this study aims to investigate the construction of the female character Anita Garibaldi in Latin American novels, from the historical model built by Giuseppe Garibaldi in his Memórias (1860). By idealizing his female companion, in this narrative, the Italian hero builds the image of a warrior woman who moves herself in the public space. Even according to Garibaldi‟s text, later historians complemented the biography of the Brazilian heroine by highlighting her experience in the private space where she accomplished the role that the society granted the women of the nineteenth century. So, the model that History presents is one of an ambiguous woman who passes between the public space, open and the private space, close. The work presented here shows how each novelist recreates Anita‟s image, moving away from the historical prototype created by Garibaldi or approaching it. With this purpose, we chose as literary corpus the novels A guerrilheira (1979) by the Brazilian writer João Felício dos Santos; Anita (1999), by another Brazilian writer, Flávio Aguiar; Anita Garibaldi (2003) by the Argentine writer Julio A. Sierra; and Anita cubierta de arena (2003) by the also Argentine writer Alicia Dujovne Ortiz. In all of them, one verifies the intention of redeeming a character of the History acclaimed as heroine whose image was discursively elaborated by a man who granted her male characteristics. One notes, for that reason, how literature fulfills its role of privileged reader of History

A perspectiva deste trabalho será a de que as diferentes experiências históricas de Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda- 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) e Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) definem a forma literária, respectivamente, literatura de viagem, um conto tensionado e um romance. Três formas literárias distintas que mantêm o elo com o texto historiográfico, pois Castro Soromenho e Pepetela se apropriam do texto de Henrique de Carvalho para elaborarem seus enredos centrais que giram em torno do espaço Lunda. Tendo em vista que tal espaço potencializa as três narrativas, levaremos em conta que \"A forma não pode ser compreendida independentemente do conteúdo, mas ela não é tampouco independente da natureza do material e dos procedimentos que este condiciona. A forma depende, de um lado, do conteúdo e, do outro, das particularidades do material e da elaboração que este implica.\" (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p. 206) / In this work we aim to show that the different historical experiences by Henrique de Carvalho (Expedição Portugueza ao Muantiânvua: Ethnographia e história tradicional dos povos da Lunda - 1884-1888) (1890), Castro Soromenho (Lueji Ilunga na terra da amizade) (1945) and Pepetela (Lueji: o nascimento dum império) (1989) define certain literary forms, respectively, travel literature, tension short story and novel. These three distinct literary forms are connected with historiographic writings, for Castro Soromenho and Pepetela appropriate Henrique de Carvalho text to elaborate their central plots which focus the space of Lunda. Having in mind that space potentializes the three narratives, in this study we will take into consideration that \"The literary form cannot be understood separate from the content, and neither is it independent from the nature of the subject and the proceedings which are conditioned by this same content. Form depends on the content, and also on the particular aspects of the subject and on the elaboration it implies.\"* (Bakhtin, M. 1992, p.206)