No description available.

The thesis concerns public debate on the public activities of The Swedish History Museum (Historiska museet) in Stockholm between the years 1992 and 2011. Moreover, the thesis contribute with knowledge on how basic didactic questions regarding a single national museum has been answered in the public debate over time. Standpoints on what should be exhibited, how this should be done, to/with whom the mediation of history should be addressed/communicated and, what mission in society The Swedish History Museum’s is considered to be, is summed up in the concept of “exhibition ideal”. The research concerns four public debates; the debate about the exhibition The Swedish History (Den Svenska Historien), the debate about Kristian Berg, the debate about the free entry reform and, a less extensive debate about the exhibition History of Sweden (Sveriges Historia). A further aim of the dissertation is to put the publicly expressed positions on The Swedish History Museum in a wider historical-cultural context. Also, the study is related to other museums and other history communicating arenas. The debates coincides in time with challenges for the museum sector to deal with new perspectives in museology and cultural heritage research. The emergence of a multi-cultural society and the questioning of grand narratives are mentioned as examples. The emergence and strengthening of a broader history didactic discipline in Sweden, where a basic starting point is that the story is communicated in several different arenas with their own competencies, are also brought into the analysis. Historians and archaeologists tend to become silent in the recent debates about The Swedish History Museum’s public activities as the debates are less focused on content. The debates tends to be more “museum internal”, even in cases where there is opportunity to debate specific historical and archaeological content in the exhibitions. It appears, nevertheless, that the overall conflict around the public museum activities has reached the public spotlight through newspapers, radio and TV. Alongside with visits to the museum public debate are assumed to contribute to citizens’ own view of what museums should exhibit, how this should be done, to/with whom the mediation of history should be addressed/communicated and what the museum’s mission in society is.

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar como foi formulado, pelos agentes e agências que atuavam no campo dos museus no Brasil, o papel educativo dessas instituições, em especial no Museu Histórico Nacional. A pesquisa compreende as décadas entre 1930 e 1950, com demarcações temporais precisas em 1932, quando ocorreu a implementação do Curso de Museus no Brasil e, 1958, ano em que foi realizado no País o Seminário Regional da UNESCO sobre a Função Educativa dos Museus. O estudo situa-se na interseção entre a História da Educação e a História dos Museus, e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da História Cultural. Considerei que as relações a serem investigadas articulavam-se em um campo dos museus e, para a proposta analítica, tomei de empréstimo o conceito de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu. A pesquisa partiu do pressuposto de que um processo de maturação da função social dos museus desenvolveu-se ao longo do século XX e, nessa dinâmica, o tema educação em museus ganhou destaque. Ao deter-me em uma análise do corpus documental referente ao período investigado (matérias de jornais, documentos oficiais, livros, artigos, relatórios, depoimentos de antigos profissionais de museus, por exemplo), identifiquei uma operação teórico-metodológica por parte dos agentes e agências, que atuaram no campo dos museus, para sua legitimação como espaços de aprendizado. A defesa do aprimoramento do papel educativo dos museus era sustentada por três abordagens: educação visual; educação para o povo; projeto de nação assegurado pela instrução pública. O diálogo com os autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre outros, contribuiu para aprofundar os conceitos e modos de operação fundamentados nas abordagens evidenciadas. Uma imersão empírica foi realizada em propostas e experiências de caráter educativo identificadas no Museu Histórico Nacional, instituição federal que se comprometeu explicitamente com a educação cívica e, entre seus projetos, criou o Curso de Museus, formação que estimulou a entrada de um novo agente no campo reconhecido pela diplomação. A pesquisa ressaltou uma produção engajada de múltiplos profissionais de museus sobre o papel educativo a ser assumido por essas instituições, bem como uma intensa articulação entre esses profissionais e os agentes do campo da educação. / The present dissertation is aimed at investigating the formulation by actors and institutions in the field of museology in Brazil of the educational role of Brazilian museums, especially the National Historic Museum. The research focuses on the period between 1930 and 1950, with precise temporal demarcations in 10932, when the Brazilian course on Museology was created, and 1958, when UNESCO’s first Regional Seminary on the educational role of museums occurred. The study combines elements of History of Education and the History of Museums, and is mainly based on the premises of Cultural History. I have assumed that the relationships under investigation belonged to the field of museums and, for my analysis, I have borrowed the concept of defined field from the Works of Pierre Bourdieu. The research starts from the premise that the social function of museums has evolved over the 20th century in a way that gave increasing importance to education. It has become clear from the analysis of the available records (newspaper articles, official documents, books, articles, reports, interviews with old museum professionals, etc.) that actors and institutions have made a conscious theoretical-methodological effort to legitimize museums as learning spaces. The educational role of museums was increased through three means: visual education, education for the general public, a national project that required public instruction. The works of authors such as François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, among others, were instrumental for the development of this dissertation. Empirical research was done at the National History Museum, a federal institution explicitly committed to civic education. Among several projects, special attention has been given to the creation of a diploma giving program in museology, which has stimulated the entry of a new agent in the field. Finally, the research has identified an extensive body of work by committed museum professionals about the educational role that ought to be given to museums, as well as intense Exchange between these professionals and those in the field of education. / El presente trabajo pretende investigar cómo fue formulado, por los agentes y agencias que actuaban en el campo de los museos en Brasil, el papel educativo de estas instituciones, en especial el Museo Histórico Nacional. La investigación está situada entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950, con una fecha de inicio en 1932, cuando se implementó el Curso de Museos en Brasil, terminando el análisis en 1958, año en que fue realizado en el país el Seminario Regional de la UNESCO sobre la Función Educativa de los Museos. El estudio se sitúa en la intersección entre la Historia de la Educación y la Historia de los Museos, fundamentándose en los presupuestos de la Historia Cultural. Se considera que las relaciones a ser investigadas se articulan bajo el concepto de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu, y particularmente, el campo de los museos. La investigación partió de la afirmación de que un proceso de madurez de la función social de los museos se desarrolló a lo largo del s. XX, y en esa misma dinámica, el tema educación en los museos ganó un lugar especial. Al detenerse en el análisis del corpus documental referente al período investigado (artículos de periódico, documentos oficiales, libros, artículos, actas, testimonios de antiguos profesionales de museos, por ejemplo), se identificó una operación teórico- metodológica por parte de los agentes y agencias, que actuaron en el campo de los museos, para su legitimación como espacios de aprendizaje. La prioridad del papel educativo de los museos fue sustentada por tres abordajes: educación visual, educación para el pueblo y un proyecto de nación asegurado por la instrucción pública. El diálogo con los autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre otros, contribuyó para profundizar conceptos y modos de operación fundamentados en los abordajes evidenciados. La inmersión empírica fue realizada en las propuestas y experiencias de carácter educativo identificadas en el Museo Histórico Nacional, institución federal que se comprometió de lleno con la educación cívica, y que, entre sus proyectos, inauguró el Curso de Museos, el cual estimuló la entrada de un nuevo agente en el campo reconocido por el título creado. La investigación resaltó una producción articulada de diferentes profesionales de museos sobre el papel educativo que sería asumido por esas instituciones, así como una intensa relación entre estos profesionales y los agentes del campo de la educación.

This paper deals with testing the method Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) on the copy of the Piraeus-lion in Historic Museum in Stockholm. The purpose is to find out if it is possible to gather more information about the runic inscriptions. RTI is a method that records the surface normal of individual pixels in a digital photograph by analyzing the impact of light coming from different angles of entrance. RTI produces sort of a 3D-image of the object. There will be an overview of earlier interpretations of the runic scripts written on the lion as well as an overview of Varangians in the southeast. After examination of the lion with RTI, has a conclusion been made that the method should be performed again on similar items, and on the copy of the Piraeus-lion to evaluate its full potential.

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar como foi formulado, pelos agentes e agências que atuavam no campo dos museus no Brasil, o papel educativo dessas instituições, em especial no Museu Histórico Nacional. A pesquisa compreende as décadas entre 1930 e 1950, com demarcações temporais precisas em 1932, quando ocorreu a implementação do Curso de Museus no Brasil e, 1958, ano em que foi realizado no País o Seminário Regional da UNESCO sobre a Função Educativa dos Museus. O estudo situa-se na interseção entre a História da Educação e a História dos Museus, e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da História Cultural. Considerei que as relações a serem investigadas articulavam-se em um campo dos museus e, para a proposta analítica, tomei de empréstimo o conceito de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu. A pesquisa partiu do pressuposto de que um processo de maturação da função social dos museus desenvolveu-se ao longo do século XX e, nessa dinâmica, o tema educação em museus ganhou destaque. Ao deter-me em uma análise do corpus documental referente ao período investigado (matérias de jornais, documentos oficiais, livros, artigos, relatórios, depoimentos de antigos profissionais de museus, por exemplo), identifiquei uma operação teórico-metodológica por parte dos agentes e agências, que atuaram no campo dos museus, para sua legitimação como espaços de aprendizado. A defesa do aprimoramento do papel educativo dos museus era sustentada por três abordagens: educação visual; educação para o povo; projeto de nação assegurado pela instrução pública. O diálogo com os autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre outros, contribuiu para aprofundar os conceitos e modos de operação fundamentados nas abordagens evidenciadas. Uma imersão empírica foi realizada em propostas e experiências de caráter educativo identificadas no Museu Histórico Nacional, instituição federal que se comprometeu explicitamente com a educação cívica e, entre seus projetos, criou o Curso de Museus, formação que estimulou a entrada de um novo agente no campo reconhecido pela diplomação. A pesquisa ressaltou uma produção engajada de múltiplos profissionais de museus sobre o papel educativo a ser assumido por essas instituições, bem como uma intensa articulação entre esses profissionais e os agentes do campo da educação. / The present dissertation is aimed at investigating the formulation by actors and institutions in the field of museology in Brazil of the educational role of Brazilian museums, especially the National Historic Museum. The research focuses on the period between 1930 and 1950, with precise temporal demarcations in 10932, when the Brazilian course on Museology was created, and 1958, when UNESCO’s first Regional Seminary on the educational role of museums occurred. The study combines elements of History of Education and the History of Museums, and is mainly based on the premises of Cultural History. I have assumed that the relationships under investigation belonged to the field of museums and, for my analysis, I have borrowed the concept of defined field from the Works of Pierre Bourdieu. The research starts from the premise that the social function of museums has evolved over the 20th century in a way that gave increasing importance to education. It has become clear from the analysis of the available records (newspaper articles, official documents, books, articles, reports, interviews with old museum professionals, etc.) that actors and institutions have made a conscious theoretical-methodological effort to legitimize museums as learning spaces. The educational role of museums was increased through three means: visual education, education for the general public, a national project that required public instruction. The works of authors such as François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, among others, were instrumental for the development of this dissertation. Empirical research was done at the National History Museum, a federal institution explicitly committed to civic education. Among several projects, special attention has been given to the creation of a diploma giving program in museology, which has stimulated the entry of a new agent in the field. Finally, the research has identified an extensive body of work by committed museum professionals about the educational role that ought to be given to museums, as well as intense Exchange between these professionals and those in the field of education. / El presente trabajo pretende investigar cómo fue formulado, por los agentes y agencias que actuaban en el campo de los museos en Brasil, el papel educativo de estas instituciones, en especial el Museo Histórico Nacional. La investigación está situada entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950, con una fecha de inicio en 1932, cuando se implementó el Curso de Museos en Brasil, terminando el análisis en 1958, año en que fue realizado en el país el Seminario Regional de la UNESCO sobre la Función Educativa de los Museos. El estudio se sitúa en la intersección entre la Historia de la Educación y la Historia de los Museos, fundamentándose en los presupuestos de la Historia Cultural. Se considera que las relaciones a ser investigadas se articulan bajo el concepto de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu, y particularmente, el campo de los museos. La investigación partió de la afirmación de que un proceso de madurez de la función social de los museos se desarrolló a lo largo del s. XX, y en esa misma dinámica, el tema educación en los museos ganó un lugar especial. Al detenerse en el análisis del corpus documental referente al período investigado (artículos de periódico, documentos oficiales, libros, artículos, actas, testimonios de antiguos profesionales de museos, por ejemplo), se identificó una operación teórico- metodológica por parte de los agentes y agencias, que actuaron en el campo de los museos, para su legitimación como espacios de aprendizaje. La prioridad del papel educativo de los museos fue sustentada por tres abordajes: educación visual, educación para el pueblo y un proyecto de nación asegurado por la instrucción pública. El diálogo con los autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre otros, contribuyó para profundizar conceptos y modos de operación fundamentados en los abordajes evidenciados. La inmersión empírica fue realizada en las propuestas y experiencias de carácter educativo identificadas en el Museo Histórico Nacional, institución federal que se comprometió de lleno con la educación cívica, y que, entre sus proyectos, inauguró el Curso de Museos, el cual estimuló la entrada de un nuevo agente en el campo reconocido por el título creado. La investigación resaltó una producción articulada de diferentes profesionales de museos sobre el papel educativo que sería asumido por esas instituciones, así como una intensa relación entre estos profesionales y los agentes del campo de la educación.

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar como foi formulado, pelos agentes e agências que atuavam no campo dos museus no Brasil, o papel educativo dessas instituições, em especial no Museu Histórico Nacional. A pesquisa compreende as décadas entre 1930 e 1950, com demarcações temporais precisas em 1932, quando ocorreu a implementação do Curso de Museus no Brasil e, 1958, ano em que foi realizado no País o Seminário Regional da UNESCO sobre a Função Educativa dos Museus. O estudo situa-se na interseção entre a História da Educação e a História dos Museus, e fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da História Cultural. Considerei que as relações a serem investigadas articulavam-se em um campo dos museus e, para a proposta analítica, tomei de empréstimo o conceito de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu. A pesquisa partiu do pressuposto de que um processo de maturação da função social dos museus desenvolveu-se ao longo do século XX e, nessa dinâmica, o tema educação em museus ganhou destaque. Ao deter-me em uma análise do corpus documental referente ao período investigado (matérias de jornais, documentos oficiais, livros, artigos, relatórios, depoimentos de antigos profissionais de museus, por exemplo), identifiquei uma operação teórico-metodológica por parte dos agentes e agências, que atuaram no campo dos museus, para sua legitimação como espaços de aprendizado. A defesa do aprimoramento do papel educativo dos museus era sustentada por três abordagens: educação visual; educação para o povo; projeto de nação assegurado pela instrução pública. O diálogo com os autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre outros, contribuiu para aprofundar os conceitos e modos de operação fundamentados nas abordagens evidenciadas. Uma imersão empírica foi realizada em propostas e experiências de caráter educativo identificadas no Museu Histórico Nacional, instituição federal que se comprometeu explicitamente com a educação cívica e, entre seus projetos, criou o Curso de Museus, formação que estimulou a entrada de um novo agente no campo reconhecido pela diplomação. A pesquisa ressaltou uma produção engajada de múltiplos profissionais de museus sobre o papel educativo a ser assumido por essas instituições, bem como uma intensa articulação entre esses profissionais e os agentes do campo da educação. / The present dissertation is aimed at investigating the formulation by actors and institutions in the field of museology in Brazil of the educational role of Brazilian museums, especially the National Historic Museum. The research focuses on the period between 1930 and 1950, with precise temporal demarcations in 10932, when the Brazilian course on Museology was created, and 1958, when UNESCO’s first Regional Seminary on the educational role of museums occurred. The study combines elements of History of Education and the History of Museums, and is mainly based on the premises of Cultural History. I have assumed that the relationships under investigation belonged to the field of museums and, for my analysis, I have borrowed the concept of defined field from the Works of Pierre Bourdieu. The research starts from the premise that the social function of museums has evolved over the 20th century in a way that gave increasing importance to education. It has become clear from the analysis of the available records (newspaper articles, official documents, books, articles, reports, interviews with old museum professionals, etc.) that actors and institutions have made a conscious theoretical-methodological effort to legitimize museums as learning spaces. The educational role of museums was increased through three means: visual education, education for the general public, a national project that required public instruction. The works of authors such as François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, among others, were instrumental for the development of this dissertation. Empirical research was done at the National History Museum, a federal institution explicitly committed to civic education. Among several projects, special attention has been given to the creation of a diploma giving program in museology, which has stimulated the entry of a new agent in the field. Finally, the research has identified an extensive body of work by committed museum professionals about the educational role that ought to be given to museums, as well as intense Exchange between these professionals and those in the field of education. / El presente trabajo pretende investigar cómo fue formulado, por los agentes y agencias que actuaban en el campo de los museos en Brasil, el papel educativo de estas instituciones, en especial el Museo Histórico Nacional. La investigación está situada entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950, con una fecha de inicio en 1932, cuando se implementó el Curso de Museos en Brasil, terminando el análisis en 1958, año en que fue realizado en el país el Seminario Regional de la UNESCO sobre la Función Educativa de los Museos. El estudio se sitúa en la intersección entre la Historia de la Educación y la Historia de los Museos, fundamentándose en los presupuestos de la Historia Cultural. Se considera que las relaciones a ser investigadas se articulan bajo el concepto de campo definido por Pierre Bourdieu, y particularmente, el campo de los museos. La investigación partió de la afirmación de que un proceso de madurez de la función social de los museos se desarrolló a lo largo del s. XX, y en esa misma dinámica, el tema educación en los museos ganó un lugar especial. Al detenerse en el análisis del corpus documental referente al período investigado (artículos de periódico, documentos oficiales, libros, artículos, actas, testimonios de antiguos profesionales de museos, por ejemplo), se identificó una operación teórico- metodológica por parte de los agentes y agencias, que actuaron en el campo de los museos, para su legitimación como espacios de aprendizaje. La prioridad del papel educativo de los museos fue sustentada por tres abordajes: educación visual, educación para el pueblo y un proyecto de nación asegurado por la instrucción pública. El diálogo con los autores François Hartog, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Manoel Luiz Salgado Guimarães, Michel de Certeau, Paulo Knauss, Roger Chartier, Suely Moraes Ceravolo, Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, entre otros, contribuyó para profundizar conceptos y modos de operación fundamentados en los abordajes evidenciados. La inmersión empírica fue realizada en las propuestas y experiencias de carácter educativo identificadas en el Museo Histórico Nacional, institución federal que se comprometió de lleno con la educación cívica, y que, entre sus proyectos, inauguró el Curso de Museos, el cual estimuló la entrada de un nuevo agente en el campo reconocido por el título creado. La investigación resaltó una producción articulada de diferentes profesionales de museos sobre el papel educativo que sería asumido por esas instituciones, así como una intensa relación entre estos profesionales y los agentes del campo de la educación.

Milking stools in the collections of the National Cultural History Museum: an investigation of typology. In this study the physical or other characteristics that might typify the traditional milking stool is investigated. This was done by studying a comparable group of eighteen examples from the Anthropology and Cultural History collections of the National Cultural History Museum in Pretoria. Six of the objects in the group studied had already been associated with the Afrikaans catchword ‘melkstoel’, hence the primary sources that informed the research included the museological data from the existing documentation of the Museum. The investigation confirmed that corresponding physical attributes, especially that pertaining to construction, could be identified in the group studied. It was also found that the objects had seen multiple, but indeterminable, functional applications. Since fifteen of the eighteen examples studied were essentially anonymous, as no documented provenance existed, their origin, history and meaning could not be established. The research was therefore extended to secondary sources, being textual descriptions and images, from which associations and correlations between the group studied and milking stools, especially from Western Europe and the English-speaking world, could be affirmed. Moreover, such links were also found to exist with other stools and certain vernacular chair typologies of shared approach, especially as to their construction. Findings identified certain typological features of the milking stool, but also a symbolic and metaphorical association. Multiple functions of and applications for the milking stool could be ascertained. AFRIKAANS : In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel of enige eienskappe, fisies of andersins, die tradisionele melkstoeltjie tipeer. Dit is onderneem aan die hand van ‘n studiegroep van agtien soortgelyke voorwerpe uit die Antropologie-versameling en die Kultuurhistoriese versameling van die Nasionale Kultuurhistoriese Museum, Pretoria. Dié primêre bronne word in die ondersoek ondersteun deur museale bronne ontsluit uit die Museum se dokumentasiesentrum, waar ses van die voorwerpe in die studiegroep reeds assosieer is met die trefwoord ‘melkstoel’. Die ondersoek het bevestig dat sekere fisiese kenmerke van die studiegroep, veral in hul konstruksie, dui op groepsverband. Daar is ook bevind dat die voorwerpe vir meervoudige, maar onbepaalde, funksies gebruik is.Van die agtien voorwerpe in die studiegroep is vyftien van anonieme herkoms, sodat hul oorsprong, geskiedenis en betekenis nie met sekerheid vasgestel kon word nie. Die navorsing is daarom uitgebrei na tekstuele beskrywings en beelde, as sekondêre bronne, om hierdie en ander kenmerke te ondersoek. Hieruit is die studiegroep in verband gebring met melkstoeltjies uit veral Wes-Europa en die Engelssprekende wêreld, asook ander stoeltjies en volkstoele wat soortgelyke eienskappe en konstruksiekenmerke het. Bevindings dui op bepaalde tipologiese kenmerke van ‘n melkstoeltjie, maar ook ‘n wyer, assosiatiewe begrip wat manifesteer in beeldspraak en ‘n metaforiese konteks. Meervoudige gebruike en aanwendings van die melkstoeltjie is nagespeur. Copyright / Dissertation (MInt)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to identify what actions of change museums have taken to adjust to the ebb and flow of societal norms and values. The empirical evidence is based on three case studies of objects in three museums: the Birka warrior from grave Bj-581 in the Swedish History Museum in Stockholm, the G’psgolox totem pole in the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, and the Benin bronzes in the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm and the British Museum in London. Through observations of objects and exhibitions in combination with interviews with museum professionals and researchers, an overall picture is created that shows traces of regulation but also remaining attributes from older times. Through theories of structuration, authorized heritage discourse, norm critique and postcolonial ideas, we highlight the strong connections between social structures, social relations and authorized governing groups that exist in the process of disentangling. With this thesis, we intend to highlight how the phenomenon of change is portrayed and managed in museums. Museums in the west were foremost established during a time when nationalistic and colonial ideals characterized societal norms and the work that took place within museums. As a result of the preservation and presentation of the national identity, museums were often attributed with a character of identity making. Over time, the world has changed and so have the norms within society. Aspects of ethics and morals have become increasingly incorporated into discussions about power and governance. In line with these changes, museums have also had to change to stay relevant in their time. The museums hold to this day some of the old nationalistic and colonial ideals which they were built upon. The old ideals can be identified within the museums’ exhibitions, and because of this, clashes may occur between older and newer norms and values in the process of change, within which transparency becomes an important key element.  This is a two year master's thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.