Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research intends to analyze the actions undertaken by the intellectual, homoeopathic and utopian socialist, Benoît Jules Mure (1809-1858), for the dissemination of the Method of Universal Teaching while he was in Brazil, bearing in mind that this Method presupposes equality between human intelligences and which was discovered by the French pedagogue Jean-Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840) in the year 1818 gaining notoriety in several regions of Europe, one can see its circulation also in nineteenth-century Brazil. The time frame used here is justified, therefore, it comprises the period of 1840, the year in which Mure landed in the country, in 1848, the date on which it left, and marks its passage in Brazilian lands. It is worth mentioning that this research is based on the presuppositions of the History of Education, in the perspective of Cultural History. The research uses as sources, non-pedagogical periodicals that circulated in the province of Rio de Janeiro during the period. Especially the Jornal do Commercio of Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1827 and also A Sciencia: Synthetica Magazine of Human Knowledge, a production of Mure himself and his group of adepts with periodical publication from 1847 to 1848. The sources worked here were found in archives online from the National Library of Brazil. It is noteworthy that Benoît Mure acted in different ways in favor of the dissemination of Universal Teaching, from publications about the Method, to its application in the Homeopathic School of Brazil. We hope that this analysis represents an important contribution to the historical knowledge of the Method of Universal Teaching in Brazil, making possible the broadening of the field of Education History, since it is an unexplored subject in Brazilian educational historiography. / Esta pesquisa analisa as ações empreendidas pelo intelectual, médico homeopata e socialista utópico, Benoît Jules Mure (1809-1858), na divulgação do Método do Ensino Universal, enquanto esteve no Brasil, tendo presente que tal Método defende a igualdade entre as inteligências humanas e, que foi descoberto pelo pedagogo francês Jean-Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840) no ano de 1818 ganhando notoriedade em diversas regiões da Europa; percebe-se sua circulação também no Brasil do século XIX, através da atuação do intelectual. O marco temporal aqui utilizado justifica-se, pois, compreende o período de 1840, ano em que Mure desembarcou no país à 1848, data em que foi embora e, marca sua passagem em terras brasileiras. Vale destacar que esta investigação encontra-se alicerçada nos pressupostas da História da Educação, na perspectiva da História Cultural. A pesquisa utiliza como fontes, periódicos não pedagógicos que circularam na província do Rio de Janeiro durante a época. Especialmente o Jornal do Commercio do Rio de Janeiro, fundado em 1827 e, também A Sciencia: Revista Synthetica dos Conhecimentos Humanos, uma produção do próprio Mure e seu grupo de adeptos com publicação periódica de 1847 a 1848. As fontes aqui trabalhadas foram encontradas nos arquivos online da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil. Destaca-se que Benoît Mure atuou de diferentes formas a favor da divulgação do Ensino Universal, desde publicações sobre o Método, até a sua aplicação na Escola Homeopathica do Brasil. Esperamos que essa análise represente uma contribuição importante quanto ao conhecimento histórico do Método do Ensino Universal no Brasil, possibilitando o alargamento do campo da História da Educação, já que trata-se de um assunto, por enquanto, inexplorado na historiografia educacional brasileira. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Tese_Tatiani_Alano_Modolon.pdf: 1381280 bytes, checksum: 030e95c78878a1de4045f816336a2a83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current system of corn production, provide high productivity while favoring pest outbreaks, such as the stink bug Dicheplos melacanthus and fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Conventional control strategies have been ineffective so far. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of homeopathic preparations on the development of S. frugiperda and D. melacanthus in corn plants. To study the consumption of fall armyworm S. frugiperda seeds were treated before planting by soaking in distilled water and homeopathic preparations at a dose of 1 mL.L-1. After soaking, the seeds were sown in pots. In experiments with fall armyworm in addition to the seed treatment (a), the dynamizations 12, 36, 60 and 84CH (centesimal hahnemaniana) of Silicea were applied in spraying (b) or irrigation (c), with an first application was made just after emergence, the second in V2 stage, and the third application in V3 stage of corn plants. Leaf sections of plants at V6 stage derived from the respective treatment were provided daily to caterpillars in individualized test tubes and maintained in the development room at 25 ± 3 °C and 14 hours photoperiod. Were evaluated consumption of leaves, formation and sex ratio of pupae and adults, fertility, fecundity, longevity of adult and food preference in free choice test. For the experiment with green-belly stink bug, D. melacanthus, homeopathic preparations Nux vomica was also applied as seed treatment (a) the dynamizations 12, 36, 60 and 84DH (decimal order of Hering) and combined with spraying (b) or irrigation (c), and started ten days after sowing and followed within three days until the 22th day after sowing, totaling five applications. Five days after the last application, fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots, root volume, primary root length, height and stem diameter of corn plants were evaluated. On the sixth day after the last treatment, the plots replicas were subjected to stress by the insect. Corn plants were infested with a D. melacanthus bug for 36 hours. Ten days after removal of the bug, the classification of attacked plants was performed through a rating scale of damage. Data analysis showed that corn plants sprayed or irrigated with 36CH Silicea interfered in the consumption and utilization of food. In addition, it provided greater amount of pupae and adults of deformed S. frugiperda. Plants sprayed or irrigated on soil with 36CH Silicea also interfered with fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda, providing shorter oviposition and post-reproductive periods, as well as fewer egg masses, eggs per ovoposition and eggs per female. The results suggest that larvae of S. frugiperda have difficulty while feeding on corn plants sprayed or irrigated with 36CH Silicea. Corn plants treated with 36CH Silicea homeopathic preparation, applied by spraying the shoots or by irrigating the soil, interfered with the feeding and, therefore, with fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda, reducing insect population. The method of application of homeopathic preparations Nux vomica more suitable for the corn crop was in the through irrigation on soil. Nux vomica at 33, 36 and 38DH irrigated to soil favored the early development of shoots and roots of corn plants. Corn plants irrigated Nux vomica 36 and 38DH were not damaged by green-belly stink bug D. melacanthus, showing the effect of repellency or not food preference / O sistema atual de produção de milho, proporcionam elevada produtividade ao mesmo tempo que favorece a surtos epidêmicos pragas, como o percevejo Dichelops melacanthus e a lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda. Estratégias de controle convencionais têm sido ineficazes até o momento. O presente estudo teve o objetivo avaliar o impacto de preparados homeopáticos no desenvolvimento de S. frugiperda e D. melacanthus em plantas de milho. Para estudo do consumo da lagarta S. frugiperda sementes foram tratadas antes do plantio por imersão em água destilada e nos preparados homeopáticos na dose de 1 mL.L-1. Após a embebição, as sementes foram semeadas nos vasos. Nos experimentos com a lagarta-do-cartucho, além do tratamento de semente (a), as dinamizações 12, 36, 60 e 84CH (ordem centesimal hahnemaniana) de Silicea foram aplicadas em pulverização (b) ou irrigação (c), sendo a primeira aplicação logo após a emergência, a segunda no estádio V2 e a terceira no estádio V3 das plantas. Secções foliares das plantas em estágio V6 oriundas do respectivo tratamento foram diariamente fornecidas às lagartas individualizadas em tubos de ensaio e mantidas em sala de desenvolvimento em 25 ± 3 °C e fotoperíodo 14 horas. Foram avaliados o consumo das folhas, formação e razão sexual de pupas e adultos, fertilidade, fecundidade, longevidade de adultos e preferência alimentar em ensaio de livre escolha. Para experimentos com o percevejo barriga-verde, D. melacanthus, preparado homeopático Nux vomica também foi aplicado via tratamento de semente (a) nas dinamizações 12, 36, 60 e 84DH (ordem decimal de Hering) e combinado com pulverização (b) ou irrigação (c), sendo iniciados dez dias após a semeadura e seguidas no intervalo de três dias até o 22° dia após a semeadura, totalizando cinco aplicações. Cinco dias após a última aplicação dos tratamentos foram avaliados massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e de raízes, volume das raízes, comprimento da raiz primária, altura e diâmetro do colmo das plantas de milho. No sexto dia após a última aplicação dos tratamentos, as parcelas réplicas foram submetidas ao estresse pelo inseto. As plantas de milho foram infestadas com um percevejo D. melacanthus por 36 horas. Dez dias após a retirada do percevejo foi realizada a classificação plantas atacadas através de escala de notas de dano. A análise dos dados mostrou que plantas de milho pulverizadas ou irrigadas com Silicea 36CH interferiram no consumo e utilização do alimento, além de proporcionarem maior quantidade de pupas e adultos de S. frugiperda deformados. Plantas pulverizadas ou irrigadas no solo com Silicea 36CH também interferiram na fertilidade e fecundidade de S. frugiperda proporcionando menor período de oviposição e pós-reprodutivo, menor número de massas de ovos, ovos por postura e ovos por fêmea. Os resultados sugerem que lagartas de S. frugiperda têm dificuldade ao se alimentarem de plantas de milho pulverizadas ou irrigadas com Silicea 36CH. Plantas de milho tratadas com o preparado homeopático Silicea em 36CH aplicado através de pulverização na parte aérea ou por irrigação no solo interferiram na alimentação e, conseqüentemente, na fertilidade e fecundidade de S. frugiperda, reduzindo assim, a população do inseto. O método de aplicação do preparado homeopático Nux vomica mais adequado para a cultura do milho foi através da irrigação no solo. Nux vomica na 33, 36 e 38DH irrigado ao solo favoreceu o desenvolvimento inicial de parte aérea e raízes de plantas de milho. Plantas de milho irrigadas com Nux vomica 36 e 38DH não foram danificadas pelo percevejo barriga-verde D. melacanthus, evidenciando o efeito de repelência ou não preferência alimentar

Introdução: Além de problemas a curto prazo para a mãe e o recém-nascido, o sobrepeso e a obesidade na gestação levam a inúmeros problemas da saúde materna de longo prazo e no desenvolvimento da criança. O não tratamento de gestantes com transtorno mental comum e sobrepeso pode aumentar a frequência de depressão perinatal com riscos diretos ao concepto. Tem sido observado na literatura o uso da homeopatia na obesidade, na gestação e nos transtornos mentais comuns. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento homeopático em gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade I ou II, sem comorbidades, suspeitas de transtorno mental comum, na prevenção do ganho excessivo de massa corporal durante a gestação. Método: Foram estudadas gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade I/II e suspeitas de transtorno mental comum, sem doenças concomitantes. No grupo teste (62) receberam tratamento homeopático e no controle (72) placebo. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso na gestação por meio da diferença entre os índices inicial e final de massa corporal corrigida pela idade gestacional, APGAR, peso do recém-nascido, auto percepção de saúde materna, complicações maternas, entre outras condições. Resultados: A média da diferença entre o índice de massa corporal inicial e final corrigidos pela idade gestacional foi de 4,95 kg/ m2 no grupo homeopatia e de 5,05 kg/m2 no grupo controle. A diferença entre as médias não foi significante com valor de p = 0,815 e ICdif 95% (-0,916 a 0,722). O índice de APGAR no quinto minuto foi estatísticamente significante com valor de p = 0,040. Não se observaram diferenças significativas nos demais desfechos. Conclusão: A homeopatia não contribuiu para a prevenção do ganho excessivo de massa corporal em gestantes com sobrepeso ou obesidade. A homeopatia desempenhou um papel regulador melhorando a vitalidade dos RN no quinto minuto de vida. / Introduction: Aside from short-term problems related to the mother and newborn, overweight and obesity in gestation leads to countless long-term health problems for the mother\'s and childs development. The lack of treatment for pregnant women whom are overweight and have a common mental disorder may increase the frequency of prenatal depression with direct risks to conception. It has been observed in literature the use of homeopathy in cases of obesity, gestation, and common mental disorders. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the homeopathic treatment in pregnant women whom either are overweight or have a case of obesity I or II, with no comorbidities, suspect of common mental disorder, in the prevention of excessive bodily mass gain throughout gestation. Method: Pregnant women whom were overweight or had a case of obesity I/II, suspect of common mental disorder, with no concomitant diseases, were studied. One group (62) received homeopathical treatment, while the control group (72) received a placebo. Weight gain throughout gestation was evaluated through the difference between initial and final rating of bodily mass, with adjustments to the period of gestation, APGAR, weight of the newborn, self-perception of the mothers own health, maternal complications, amongst other conditions. Results: The average of the difference between the ratings of initial and final bodily mass, with adjustments to the period of gestation, was 4.95 kg/m2 in the homeopathic group, and 5.05 kg/m2 in the control group. The difference between the averages was not significant, with a p = 0,815 e ICdif 95% (-0,916 a 0,722). The rating of APGAR on the 5th minute was statistically significant, with a value of p value = 0.040. Significant differences on other results were not observed. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicine did not contribute to the prevention of excessive bodily mass gain in pregnant women whom are overweight or have a case of obesity. Homeopathy acted through a modulating role, bettering the vitality of the newborn on the 5th minute of life

Ce travail est le résultat d’un essai d’extraction d’un possible fondement logique à la médecine homéopathique.Aucune véritable théorie sur l’homéopathie n’a donc vu le jour lors de sa découverte par S. Hahnemann et c'est cette lacune que nous nous proposons ici d'interroger.Dans cette recherche, nous avons donc essayé d’identifier un possible fondement philosophique à même d’expliquer l’effectivité thérapeutique de la médecine homéopathique, en nous appuyant sur la philosophie hégélienne en raison de sa systématicité. Puisqu’il n’y a plus de substance (donc de principe actif) d’un point de vue moléculaire dans la plupart des médicaments homéopathiques, comment expliquer l’effectivité de cette substance ? Nous formulons ici et essayons de démontrer l’hypothèse selon laquelle il existerait une rationalité différente de celle sur laquelle repose l’allopathie. Une rationalité qui serait précisément à même de fonder logiquement l’effectivité thérapeutique de l’homéopathie.Trois questions ont guidé notre réflexion : - Comment concevoir la notion de substance homéopathique dans la philosophie de la Nature de Hegel ?- Comment élever le système de la santé à une postulation ontologique ? - Comment rattacher la pathologie à une logique de la liberté ? Pour notre démonstration, nous avons, dans notre première partie, ouvert sur l’histoire de la philosophie, qui nous conduit à penser la substance chez Hegel. Nous avons poursuivi, dans un deuxième temps, notre réflexion par une analyse de la Science de la logique telle que Hegel la développe dans l’Encyclopédie, de manière à poser les bases d’une proposition de rationalité pour l’homéopathie. Proposition que nous avons développée dans la troisième partie, dans laquelle nous posons enfin la question de la liberté de l’individu face à la pathologie. / This work results from attempts at a possible unraveling of the logical grounds of homeopathic medicine. No genuine epistemology of homeopathy has been proposed by S. Hahnemann upon its discovery. Adressing such caveat has been the purpose of our work.To this aim, this research has been dedicated to the identification of a possible philosophical ground capable of explaining the effectiveness of homeopathy. This goal has been pursued considering GWF Hegel’s works as guiding principles and roadmaps because of the systematic rigor of this author’s theoretical productions. Since active molecules are deemed absent from most homeopathic preparations, how can one explain their therapeutic activity?Our hypothesis aimed at providing an answer to this question necessitates the introduction of another reasoning mode, not shaped by conventional pharmacology, i.e. differing from allopathy’s. Instead, we postulate that the Hegelian understanding of the active substance is precisely relevant in providing a logical basis for the clinical effectiveness of homeopathy, implicating three logically concatenated questions:- How can we conceptualize the status of the homeopathic substance in Hegel’s philosophy of nature?- How can we make the human health system catch up with ontological perspectives?- How can we associate the concept of pathology with the notion of freedom-structured logic at the patient level?Our demonstration is divided into three parts. The first section will consider how the history of philosophy allows one to gain access to the notion of the Hegelian substance. We then carry out an analysis of the Science of Logic as found in Hegel’s Encyclopedia in order to set the basis for a possible notion of rationality related to homeopathy, prior to more thoroughly unfolding its contents in the third part of this thesis. Hence, the third section of the document focuses on the implication of illness as a potential milestone relevant to our human quest for freedom.

This study showed that state laws and policies constrain the locational preferences of alternative health care providers to varying degrees, depending on the particular profession and level of legal status. Three separate surveys were conducted, focusing on acupuncturists, chiropractors and homeopaths in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and the District of Columbia. The acupuncture findings revealed intraprofessional divisions that lead to a strong influence of legal constraints on the locational behavior of non-MD acupuncturists. Results from the chiropractic survey reflected an established profession with a less pronounced, but moderate, influence of state laws and policies on location and mobility. The homeopathy findings, while based on a much smaller sample, did not reveal a strong relationship between legal constraints and spatial characteristics, except in the extreme case of North Carolina's recent prohibition. This study also postulated a model to explain the progression of alternative health care professions toward legitimation. The variables of public acceptance and legal constraints on location were plotted on the model to identify particular levels of progression. The importance of this research is highlighted by impending health care reforms, the need for access to professional health services, skyrocketing biomedical costs, and the documented utilization of alternative health care in this country. / Master of Science

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / INTRODUCTION Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) is a multifactorial and clinically heterogeneous disorder that is associated with tremendous financial burden, stress to families and adverse academic and vocational outcomes (Bierderman, 2005). ADD/ADHD is currently one of the most researched childhood conditions, yet there is still much controversy and misunderstanding surrounding it. It is also one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood development (Picton, 2005) and the prevalence of this disorder in adults is increasingly recognized (Bierderman, 2005). Parents are seeking alternatives, as they are concerned with the side effects of Methylphenidate hydrochloride and other conventional medication used to treat the symptoms of ADD/ADHD. AIM The aim of this research was to document the current practices of registered homoeopathic practitioners, with regard to ADD/ADHD. In addition, their perceptions regarding aetiology, treatment, management and success rate was investigated. This research took the form of a qualitative survey targeting homoeopaths practicing within the KwaZulu- Natal region. METHOD A total of 42 practitioners were contacted, 35 practitioners initially agreed to participate in the study, and the questionnaires were electronically sent to them via email. Of these 35 homoeopaths, 22 participated in the survey, i.e. giving an overall response rate of 62 percent. The questionnaires were electronically distributed and collected via email. The raw data was coded and captured by Google docs and the results were analysed by utilizing the SPSS for Windows version 18 SPSS/PASW 2009. RESULTS The majority of the responding homoeopaths practiced in the more urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, more specifically within the eThekwini Durban area. The majority of these homoeopaths had qualified from the Durban University of Technology, were English speaking females and were between the ages of 25-35 years old. The homoeopaths within this study found that most patients who present with ADD/ADHD symptoms are previously diagnosed by paediatrician’s neurologists or psychologists. According to the homoeopaths participating in the study, the general consensus is that the diagnosis of ADD/ADHD is given far too easily, and without proper assessment, 86 percent of the homoeopaths are of the opinion that ADD/ADHD is misdiagnosed, and ninety one percent stated that ADD/ADHD is over diagnosed. The majority of the practitioners prescribe a simplex remedy, or the Simillimum, whereas only a few practitioners prescribe a complex remedy. It was found that the most common complex prescribed is Nervoheel®. Some practitioners prefer to make up their own complexes, which would be patient specific. In this study it was found that 68 percent of the practitioners reported the sycotic miasm to be most common, and 54 percent of the practitioners reported the tubercular miasm to be the second most common presenting miasm. The homoeopaths in this study stated that they prefer to use a holistic approach to obtain optimal well being, thus advice, lifestyle adjustments, education and counselling all form part of the treatment and management of a patient with ADD/ADHD, making it unique and specific to each case. Of the adjunctive therapies, Vitamins, supplements, and nutritional changes are recommended, especially if a deficiency has been identified. The most commonly prescribed supplements for ADD/ADHD are the Essential Fatty Acids (EFA’s) followed by Vitamin B Complexes, Multi-vitamins and Magnesium, Zinc, and Calcium. CONCLUSION The majority of the homoeopaths in this study reported that they are having a moderate to great success in treating and managing patients with ADD/ADHD. Many of these practitioners thought there to be no single cause for ADD/ADHD, however many of them found there to be a few significant contributing factors to the development or aetiology of ADD/ADHD. These factors include; genetics, environment, diet, vaccinations and family dynamics. The majority of the practitioners believe that ADD/ADHD is far too easily diagnosed and that further assessment of the mental, emotional, and physical symptoms of the patient need to be taken into consideration. The majority of the homoeopaths in this study prefer to use Simplex treatment, and consider diet, lifestyle changes, and phytotherapy the most successful adjunctive therapies when treating and managing a patient with ADD/ADHD. Many of the practitioners within this study reported that homoeopathy should be considered a primary treatment option for patients with ADD/ADHD, as the focus of the treatment is on determining the cause of the symptoms, and then managing the patient as a whole, focusing on changing the diet, altering the lifestyle, and treating the totality of the mental, emotional and physical symptoms.

Ultradiluição (UHD) é o efeito de uma solução, diluída acima do número de Avogrado, que na dependência da sua dinamização (diluição com sucussão) induz um efeito celular supressivo ou estimulante, com conseqüente obtenção de uma curva dose-efeito oscilatória. Por outro lado, a 3,3,5 Triiodo-L-Tironina (T3) é o hormônio mais importante na indução e manutenção das mudanças metamórficas dos girinos, nelas incluídas a absorção da cauda. O presente estudo, cego e randomizado, tem como objetivo comprovar que o T3 5.10-24M (10ª cH) altera a apoptose induzida pelo T3 100 nM na cauda de girinos de Rana catesbeiana, in vitro. Foram distribuídos 60 explantes em três grupos: Grupo A: sem o estímulo do T3 em dose farmacológica e em UHD; Grupo B (teste): sob a ação de T3 100 nM e T3 10ª cH (5.10-24 M); Grupo C (controle): sob a ação do T3 100 nM e etanol 70% sem sucussão. A análise estatística da área dos explantes, no primeiro e ultimo dia do experimento, e do índice apoptótico foi realizado através do teste t Student e foi considerado estatisticamente significante quando p<0,05. Embora sem diferenças significativas na área dos explantes do grupo teste e no grupo controle, um maior e significante índice apoptótico foi identificado nos explantes do grupo teste. Este resultado confirma que o T3 na 10ª cH altera a ação do T3 em dose farmacológica. Futuros experimentos serão realizados, com diferentes dinamizações, com o objetivo da parametrização da curva dose-efeito / Ultra High Dilution (UHD) is the effect of a solution, beyond the Avogadro limits, that in the dependence of the applied dinamization (dilution with succussion) elicits a suppressive or a stimulant effect on a living cell, with a consequent generation of an oscillatory dose-effect curve. The entire process of anuran amphibian metamorphosis is under thyroid hormones control, included the complete resorption of the tadpole tail. A random and blind study was performed, with the intent to prove that T3 5.10-24 M (10ª cH) modifies the apoptosis induction of T3 100 nM in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles tail tips, in vitro. 60 Explants were distributed in three ways: Group A: without T3 action, at pharmacological and UHD dose; Group B (test): under the action of T3 100 nM and treated with T3 10ª cH (UHD); Group C (control): under the action of T3 100 nM and treated with ethanol 70% unsuccussed. In order to identify significant differences in the area of the remainder explants, at the first and final day of the experiment, and in the apoptotic index we used a student t-test. Although we didnt find statistical difference in macroscopic tadpoles tail tips area from test and control groups, a high and significant (p<0,05) index of apoptosis in histology was found in explants of test group. This data confirms that T3 10 cH modifies the effect of T3 at pharmacological dose. More studies will be necessary, using different dinamizations, to the parameterization of the dose-effect curve proceeding from these experiments

Esse estudo tem como objetivo conhecer as características da relação entre a medicina Homepática e a Biomédica enqua nto partícipes de um campo institucional comum, identificando o movimento de aproximação e afastamento entre homeopatas e médicos da biomedicina e identificando os elementos de caráter ideológico, cultural e técnico-cientifico que fazem parte desse processo, segundo o ponto de vista dos profissionais não homeopatas. Por meio de levantamento da atual situação da Homeopatia no campo da saúde no Brasil, identificam-se os municípios com serviços de homeopatia na rede SUS e as faculdades de medicina que desenvolvem atividades relacionadas à homeopatia. Foram selecionados para a pesquisa os municípios com maior produção ambulatorial de consultas homeopáticas de janeiro a novembro de 2003 (Datasus) e entre as faculdades aquelas de reconhecida relevância na formação médica. Foram entrevistados 48 profissionais de saúde (apenas dois não médicos), sendo 20 docentes/pesquisadores de 11 faculdades de medicina, 16 gestores e 12 médicos que trabalham na rede publica em 6 municípios de cinco estados e do Distrito Federal. As análises foram feitas tendo como categorias de referência as concepções de campo social e cientifico de Bourdieu, as concepções de racionalidades médicas de Madel Luz e os conceitos de modelos ou arranjos tecnológicos do trabalho em saúde de Mendes-Gonçalves, de formação de identidade profissional de médico e ideologia ocupacional de Donnangelo e Schraiber. Foram descritos e analisados através dos depoimentos dos entrevistados: os aspectos considerados facilitadores da aproximação entre as duas medicinas, os que dificultam a ampliação da presença da Homeopatia no campo da saúde, as diferentes formas de apresentação das resistências e as suas concepções sobre a Homeopatia. Entre outros, os resultados apontaram que a 6 legitimação profissional, a construção do SUS e a crise da biomedicina são condições favorecedoras da presença da Homeopatia nas instituições. Mas essas condições não garantem espaços de ensino ou assistência, e as iniciativas dos homeopatas ainda dependem de simpatias locais. Os entrevistados valorizam aspectos da pratica homeopática que recuperam a ideologia ocupacional associada ao ideal de boa prática médica: abordagem integral do paciente, a recuperação da dimensão humanística da medicina e os resultados que obtém ao resolver agravos para os quais os recursos da biomedicina são inadequados ou insuficientes. Facilitam a aproximação com a Academia o interesse no desafio cientifico que representa encontrar novos modelos de pesquisa para explicar, comprovar ou medir a ação da homeopatia e a inclusão de ambientes extrahospitalares como locais de ensino. Dificultam essa aproximação as resistências ao desconhecido e as dificuldades de compreender, com a visão da racionalidade cientifica moderna, a lógica em que a homeopatia opera. Uma outra forma de resistência é considerar a Homeopatia uma medicina apenas para agravos simples e banais, caracterizando-a como uma medicina insegura. O isolamento dos homeopatas e a falta de divulgação da sua cultura foram referidos como razões que mantém o desconhecimento sobre a Homeopatia. Os entrevistados defendem que aceitar os limites de cada medicina e buscar a complementaridade pode levar ao respeito à pluralidade das medicinas, necessária para dar conta de responder à complexidade presente no campo da saúde. / The objective of this study is to access the characteristics of the relationship between homeopathic medicine and biomedicine as both participants of an interinstitucional common field, identifying the approximation and distance movements between homeopathic physicians and biomedicine physicians and identifying the elements of an ideological, cultural and technical-scientific features that are part of this process, according to the non homeopathic professionals’ point of view. The municipalities with homeopathic assistance in the public network of services (SUS) and the medical schools that develop activities related to homeopathy are identified through a survey focusing the current situation of homeopathy in the health field in Brazil. The municipalities with greater clinic production of homeopathic consultations from January to November 2003 (Datasus) and the most recognized schools, as being of major relevance to the medical education, were selected. Forty eight health professionals were interviewed (only two were not physicians), of whom 20 professors of 11 medical schools, 16 managers and 12 physicians that work in the public assistance network in 6 municipalities of five states and the Federal District. The analysis was carried out using as reference categories Bourdieu’s conceptions of social and scientific field, Madel Luz’s conception of medical rationality, Mendes-Gonçalves’ concepts of models or technological arrangements of the health work, Donnangelo and Schraiber’s conceptions of professionals’ identity formation and occupational ideology. The discourses of the interviewed professionals were described and analyzed taking 8 into consideration: the aspects considered facilitators of the approximation between the two medicines; the ones that make difficult the expansion of the homeopathy presence in the health field; presentation forms of resistance; and the professionals’ conceptions of homeopathy. Among others, the results of the study pointed out, as facilitating conditions for the presence of Homeopathy in institutions, he professional legitimation, the construction of the Universal Health System (SUS) and the biomedicine crises. However, these conditions do not guarantee teaching or assistance spaces, and the homeopathy related initiatives still depend on local sympathies. The interviewed professionals valorize aspects of the homeopathic practice that recover the occupational ideology associated to the ideal of good medical practice: integral approach of the patient, the recovering of the humanistic dimension of medicine and the results that are obtained when solving a health problem in occasions when biomedicine’s resources are inadequate or insufficient. The approximation with the academic field is facilitated by the interest in the scientific challenge that represents the encounter of new research models to explain, proof or measure homeopathy’s actions and the inclusion of extra hospital ambiences as teaching places. This approximation is made difficult by the resistance to the unknown and the difficulties of comprehension of the logic in witch homeopathy operates, difficulties related to modern science’s view on rationality. Another form of resistance is to considerate homeopathy as a medicine directed only to simple and minor health problems, characterizing it as an insecure medicine. The isolation of homeopathic professionals and the little divulgation of their culture were mentioned as reasons that sustain the lack of knowledge on Homeopathy. The interviewed professionals defend the acceptation of each medicine’s limits and the searching for complementarities that can lead to respecting the plurality of medicines, conditions that are necessary to formulate an answer to the present state of complexity in the health field.

INTRODUÇÃO: A rinite alérgica é uma condição clínica comum que apresenta sintomas diversos num significante número de pacientes, deteriorando a qualidade de vida daqueles refratários aos tratamentos usuais (anti-histamínicos e corticosteróides nasais tópicos). Apresentando princípios curativos similares, a imunoterapia sublingual e a homeopatia podem reduzir os sintomas e a necessidade de medicamentos na rinite alérgica, embora a eficácia e a efetividade de ambas terapêuticas não sejam ainda suficientemente conhecidas. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade clínica do tratamento homeopático individualizado prolongado, comparativamente ao placebo, em adultos portadores de rinite alérgica perene. MÉTODOS: Um total de 41 pacientes com rinite alérgica perene foi alocado numa primeira fase duplo-cego e placebo-controlada durante seis meses, sendo tratada com doses sublinguais semanais de medicamentos homeopáticos individualizados ou placebo. Após esta fase inicial fechada, todos os pacientes foram convidados a participar de uma segunda fase controlada aberta, em que receberiam tratamento homeopático pelo período máximo de 36 meses, e os resultados foram comparados com a melhora da fase inicial. O escore dos sinais e sintomas, a necessidade de medicamentos de resgate e a qualidade de vida foram mensurados por questionários e avaliações clínicas pessoais, aplicadas por um mesmo avaliador independente, antes e após cada fase. As doses dos medicamentos homeopáticos e de resgate utilizados, assim como os efeitos colaterais, foram documentados num diário pessoal. Os desfechos clínicos primário e secundários foram, respectivamente, os escores dos sinais e sintomas alérgicos específicos e gerais. Títulos da IgE total foram mensurados antes e após cada fase. RESULTADOS: Após os seis meses da fase placebo-controlada inicial, na análise por protocolo de todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos ativo e placebo nos escores clínicos, na utilização de drogas de resgate, na qualidade de vida e nos títulos da IgE total. Entretanto, as análises dos subgrupos da segunda fase mostraram uma crescente e significativa melhora nos desfechos clínicos primário e secundários após 12 meses de tratamento homeopático individualizado, comparativamente à variação de melhora dos mesmos pacientes na fase inicial fechada. Diferença significativa na qualidade de vida foi observada apenas após o segundo ano de tratamento homeopático. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, o tratamento homeopático foi acompanhado de um significante efeito placebo. A efetividade da homeopatia pôde ser observada após 12 meses da terapêutica, apresentando efeito preventivo de longa duração após 36 meses de tratamento homeopático individualizado. / INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis is a common clinical condition which presented several symptoms in a significant number of patients, deteriorating the quality of life in those resistant to the usual treatments (antihistamines and topical nasal corticosteroids). Presenting similar curative principles, sublingual immunotherapy and homeopathy can reduce symptoms and medication requirements in allergic rhinitis, although the efficacy and effectiveness of both therapeutics are not still sufficiently known. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical effectiveness of prolonged individualized homeopathic treatment, compared with placebo, in adults with perennial allergic rhinitis. METHODS: A total of 41 adults with perennial allergic rhinitis were enrolled in a first double-blind placebo-controlled phase for six months, and treated on a weekly basis with sublingual doses of single individualized homeopathic medicines or placebo. After this closed initial phase, all patients were invited to participate in an open label controlled phase, in that they would receive homeopathic treatment for the maximum period of 36 months, and the results were compared with the improvement of the initial phase. Signs and symptoms scores, rescue medication requirements and quality of life were assessed by questionnaires and personal clinical evaluation by a same independent researcher, before and after each phase. Applied homeopathic and rescue drugs dosage, and side effects were documented by diary cards. Primary and secondary clinical outcome were, respectively, specific and general allergic signs and symptoms scores. Total IgE titles were performed before and after each phase. RESULTS: After six months of placebo-controlled phase, analyzing all patients included in the study per protocol, we observed no significant difference between treatment and placebo groups in primary and secondary clinical outcomes, use of rescue drugs, quality of life and total IgE. However, second phase subgroups analysis showed a significant and growing improvement of clinical symptoms after 12 months of individualized homeopathic treatment, comparatively to the same patients\' variation in closed initial phase. Significant difference in quality of life score were observed only after second homeopathic treatment year. CONCLUSION: In this study, homeopathic treatment was accompanied by a significant placebo effect. Effectiveness of homeopathy could be seen after 12 months of therapy, presenting preventive effect of long duration after 36 months of individualized homeopathic treatment.

O Objetivo deste trabalho é tratar da Homeopatia e da Medicina Científica, e de sua convivência institucional, considerando principalmente o cenário posterior à década de 1980, quando de sua assimilação pela Medicina Oficial brasileira. O que se pretende demonstrar, fundamentalmente, é que a Medicina Científica e a Homeopatia são essencialmente diferentes, e acima de tudo demonstrar que este caso particular de relações institucionais deve ser entendido sob pelo menos duas perspectivas, de uma epistemológica, e de outra sociológica. Essas duas perspectivas são essenciais para entender a moderna relação institucional entre Homeopatia e Medicina Científica, que acontece num contexto de assimilação institucional da Homeopatia pela Medicina Oficial. Ainda que essa integração nunca possa vir à ser concretizada completamente, essa assimilação é resultado de uma grande mudança no universo simbólico das culturas ocidentais, principalmente dos conceitos e valores ligados ao imaginário da saúde. Neste novo contexto simbólico, a ciência como instituição é ressignificada e e devidamente recontextualizada, em termos de cultura popular e senso comum (universo simbólico da vida cotidiana), de modo que passa a poder acomodar os mais diversos tipos de conhecimentos em seu universo. É sob a perspectiva do processo de racionalização e desencantamento do mundo que essas instituições são analisadas e a compreensão dos universos simbólicos mantidos por cada grupo é o objetivo central desse trabalho. / This study deals with Homeopathy and Scientific Medicine and focus its institutional relationship, especially considering the latter scenario to the 1980s decade, after its assimilation by brazilian Official Medicine. It intends to demonstrate that Scientific Medicine and Homeopathy are fundamentally and essentially different things and, above all, demonstrate that this particular case of institutional relations should be understood in, at least, two perspectives: epistemological, and sociological. These perspectives are essential to understand the modern relationship between Homeopathy and Official Medicine -­ which takes place in a context of institutional assimilation of homeopathy by the Official Medicine (although this integration could never come to be fully realized). This assimilation is the result of a change in the symbolic universe of western cultures, especially the concepts and values linked to the health imaginary. In this new symbolic context, science, as an institution, is resignified and recontextualized in terms of popular culture and common sense (the symbolic universe of everyday life), allowing to accommodate all different types of knowledge in this new resigninified universe of science. Its from the process of rationalization and disenchantment of the worlds perspective that these institutions are analyzed, and the understanding of the symbolic universes maintained by each group is the central objective of this work.