This thesis was developed within the Research, Training, Knowledge and Professional Development Line (LP1), of the Postgraduate Program in Education, of the Education Center (CE), of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). The research unfolds from the following problematic: In a time of superficial understanding of the pain of others, how to recover the dimension of the tragic in teaching training, especially for what the potential of the literature of testimony, considered from an aesthetic and pedagogical dimension, can offer in terms of devices for the training process of the teacher in the context of post-traumatic social life? In these terms, the central aim of the thesis is: To recover and resignify the dimension of the tragic in teacher training, especially by what the aesthetic-affective force present in the testimonial work can lead to in a formation that is more involved with the humanity of the other. In more specific terms the objectives are: a) To undertake a critique of the presence of the epistemic-professional imperative in the scenario of teacher training, to the detriment of the broader training focused on concern for social justice, humanity on the other and human rights; b) To highlight, from historical bases, the importance of the tragic to the conception of human formation in its critical and aesthetic significance; c) Regarding the problem of human formation, highlight the theoretical and social imbrication between the idea of tragedy in the poetic-literary sense and the tragic sense as emanation of the polis and history; d) To elucidate the confluence between the category of the catastrophe and the expression of the tragic within the aesthetics present in the testimony, rethinking its implications in the context of the formative processes. The reasons for this work are justified by the idea that before setting the focus of teacher training in the concern with the list of skills and operational skills necessary to establish the idea of professionalization, we believe that it is vital to enter into a deeper and more essential aspect. Irremediably this leads to the reconfiguration of the teaching being, which, in turn, goes, according to the peculiarities of the present time, through the search for a re-signification of the tragic sense in the formation. The methodological orientation of the investigation follows the directions of the negative dialectic of Theodor Adorno. / O presente trabalho de tese foi desenvolvido dentro da Linha de Pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional (LP1), do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, do Centro de Educação (CE), da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A pesquisa se desdobra a partir da seguinte problemática: Numa época de compreensão superficial da dor alheia, como recuperar a dimensão do trágico na formação, especialmente por aquilo que o potencial da literatura do testemunho, considerado a partir de uma dimensão estética e pedagógica, pode oferecer em termos de dispositivos para o processo formativo do professor no contexto de vida social pós-traumático? Nesses termos, o escopo central da tese é: Reaver e resignificar a dimensão do trágico na formação docente especialmente por aquilo que a força estético-afetiva presente na obra testemunhal pode suscitar para uma formação mais implicada com a humanidade do outro. Em termos mais específicos, os objetivos são: a) Empreender uma crítica à presença do imperativo epistêmico-profissional no cenário da formação docente em detrimento da formação mais ampla voltada para a preocupação com a justiça social, a humanidade do outro e os direitos humanos; b) Colocar em evidência, a partir de bases históricas, a importância do trágico para a concepção de formação humana em sua significação crítica e estética; c) No que tange ao problema da formação humana, destacar a imbricação teórica e social entre a ideia de tragédia no sentido poético-literário e o sentido do trágico como emanação da polis e da história; d) Elucidar a confluência entre a categoria da catástrofe e da expressão do trágico no âmbito da estética presente no testemunho, repensando suas implicações no contexto dos processos formativos. As razões deste trabalho se justificam pelo fato de que, antes de assentar o foco da formação de professores na preocupação com o rol de capacidades e habilidades operacionais necessárias ao estabelecimento da ideia de profissionalização, cremos ser vital adentrar um aspecto mais profundo e mais essencial. Irremediavelmente isso leva à reconfiguração do ser docente, o qual, por sua vez, passa, segundo as peculiaridades do tempo presente, pela busca de uma resignificação do sentido do trágico na formação. A orientação metodológica da investigação segue os encaminhamentos da dialética negativa, de Theodor Adorno.

A pesquisa sobre as percepções de residentes da região de Piracicaba em relação às questões ambientais e ao futuro da humanidade no planeta foi desenvolvida com base em um questionário semi-estruturado. As questões buscaram levantar dados autoavaliativos sobre perfil, comportamentos, estado de humor, qualidade de vida, condição econômica e hábitos de consumo, práticas para destinação de resíduos, iniciativas de exercício de cidadania em prol da sustentabilidade socioambiental, para enfim, indagar sobre percepções de futuro e avaliações sobre o contexto socioambiental dos participantes da pesquisa. A aplicação dos questionários foi feita de forma aleatória estratificada nos bairros das cinco regiões da cidade de Piracicaba: Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e Centro. Por meio dessas aplicações, foram obtidos 655 questionários, que foram sistematizados, tabulados e analisados estatisticamente, utilizando-se gráficos de frequência, o Teste de Kruskal Wallis, os Testes de Correlação de Spearman e Kendall, o Teste de Qui-Quadrado e o Teste Exato de Fisher. Foram também criadas nuvens de palavras, desenvolvidas no software online \"Wordle\" (FEINBERG, 2014). Os resultados obtidos com essa pesquisa e as análises desenvolvidas indicam que 227 pessoas, isto é, aproximadamente 35% dos respondentes, possui uma percepção pessimista sobre o futuro da humanidade no planeta. Porém, 493 pessoas, o equivalente a aproximadamente 75% do total de respondentes, considerou que, dentre as alternativas apresentadas no questionário (Desenvolvimento de tecnologias; Controle de natalidade; Educação e mudanças culturais; Cobrança de impostos com base nos impactos ambientais; Intervenção do Estado), a educação e mudanças culturais são fundamentais no processo de transformação social e de superação das problemáticas ambientais. Observou-se também que a crise hídrica vivenciada na época em que os questionários foram aplicados também influenciou na percepção social dos respondentes, uma vez que a palavra \"água\" foi citada 380 vezes. Por meio do trabalho, foi também possível analisar o comportamento ambiental dos pesquisados, notando-se que ainda há a necessidade de promoção de atividades educacionais e comunicacionais que possam estimular a adoção de hábitos e comportamentos mais comprometidos com ideias de sustentabilidade e que levem a mudanças mais efetivas nos padrões de relacionamento entre sociedade e meio ambiente. / The research about the perceptions of residents in Piracicaba on environmental issues and the future of humanity on the planet has been developed based on a semi-structured questionnaire. Its questions sought to raise self-evaluative data on the profile, mood, quality of life, economic condition and consumer habits, waste handling practices, citizenship exercise initiatives for environmental sustainability, to finally inquire about future perceptions and assessments about the socio-environmental context of the research participants. The questionnaires were applied in a stratified random way in neighborhoods in the five regions of Piracicaba: North, South, East, West and Central. Through these applications, we obtained 655 questionnaires, which were then systematized and statistically analyzed, using frequency graphs, the Kruskal Wallis test, the Spearman correlation test and Kendall test, the Chi-Square test and the Fisher\'s exact test. Word clouds were also created, developed on the online software \"Wordle\" (FEINBERG, 2014). The results obtained from this research and developed analyzes indicate that 227 people, that is, approximately 35% of respondents have a pessimistic perception of the future of humanity on the planet. However, 493 people, equivalent to approximately 75% of all respondents considered that, among the presented alternatives of the questionnaire (Technology development; Birth control; Education and cultural changes; Tax collection based on the environmental impacts; State intervention), education and cultural changes are fundamental in the process of social transformation and overcoming environmental problems. It was also observed that the water crisis experienced at the time the questionnaires were applied also influenced the social perception of respondents, since the word \"water\" was cited 380 times. Through the research, it was also possible to analyze the environmental performance of those surveyed, noting that there is still the need to promote communicational and educational activities that can stimulate the adoption of habits and behavior that are more compromised to sustainability ideas and that can lead to more effective changes in the relationship patterns between society and environment.

Le concept d’anthropologie prospective élaboré dans les années 1950 par Gaston Berger, fondateur de la prospective en France, n’a pas eu la postérité qu’il mérite. Il a été contourné par les prospectivistes, qui ont conduit la prospective dans les parages du marketing, et oublié par les philosophes, qui font trop rarement de l’avenir un véritable sujet de réflexion. Or au début du XXIe siècle, après la prise de conscience de l’entrée de l’humanité dans l’ère de l’anthropocène, ce concept représente peut-être le meilleur fil conducteur pour l’élaboration de la toute nouvelle responsabilité prospective qui pourrait faire contrepoids aux stratégies suicidaires des principaux acteurs de la civilisation occidentale – stratégies exclusivement guidées par les objectifs de puissance technologique ou militaire, de croissance économique ou de recherche de profit à court terme – stratégies qui sacrifient ostensiblement l’avenir de l’humanité au bénéfice du présent ou du court terme. La présente thèse cherche à dessiner l’infrastructure conceptuelle de cette responsabilité prospective qui reste à imaginer et à structurer. La Table des Situations Stratégiques esquissée ici représente un premier pas dans cette direction. Elle ambitionne d’aboutir à une grille d’analyse et d’évaluation des stratégies déployées par les principaux acteurs de la civilisation occidentale sur la surface du globe. Elle vise à consolider l’idée d’un « permis d’engager l’avenir de l’humanité », c’est-à-dire l’idée d’un contrôle démocratique de la pertinence des stratégies des entreprises transnationales ou des gouvernements, sur tous les sujets qui concernent l’avenir à long terme de l’humanité. / The anthropological concept of perspective futures developed in the 1950’s by Gaston Berger (the founder of future studies in France) was not accorded the posterity it deserves. It was overlooked by prospectivists that led future studies into marketing gimmicks and forgotten by philosophers that rarely engage in true reflection on the subject. Or during the beginning of the 21st century, after becoming aware of the human’s entry into Anthropocene era this concept represent possibly the best guide in preparing all the new prospective responsibility that could counter dangerous strategies of major actors of western civilization-strategies that are exclusively guided by military force or technological advancement, economic growth or the pursuit of short term profit-strategies that sacrifices ostensible the future of humanity or the benefit of the present or of the short term. The present thesis attempts to design conceptual framework of this prospective responsibility that rest on imagination. The foundation of the strategic situation initially sketched out here represents the first step in that direction. It attempts to develop analysis and evaluation of strategies employed by the principle actors of western civilization in the world. It attempts to consolidate ideas on one hand, that enable one to engaged in the future of mankind, that is the idea of a democratic control of series of strategies of transnational firms or of governments, particularly, the subjects that concern the future of humanity.

This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.

This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.

Magister Legum - LLM

Denna studie undersöker hur minnen av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten artikuleras, förvaltas och kommer till uttryck. Traumatiska erfarenheter av folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten gör avtryck på en människas minne och minnena traderas och ärvs över generationsgränser. Omfattande studier har gjorts om berättande, folkmord och minne, där flertalet fokuserar på efterdyningarna av Förintelsen och effekterna för överlevande såväl som deras barn. Detta har lämnat ett kunskapsglapp kring minnesprocesser från folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten utanför Europa, vilket osynliggör de som har sådana erfarenheter. Med intervju som metod undersöker denna studie egna och ärva minnen från skilda geografiska och historiska skeenden. Berättelser om minnen från dessa händelser analyseras med hjälp av tidigare minnesforskning samt narrativanalys. Materialet visar på att smärtsamma minnen ärvs tillsammans med strategier för att förvalta dem, att de positioneras i relation till gängse historiografi och binds till andras minnen, samt att minnen kommer till uttryck genom minnesbärarnas identitetsprocesser och vägval. Genom att undersöka detta hoppas författaren ge bredare kunskap om minnesprocesser kring folkmord och brott mot mänskligheten, synliggöra dess förekomst i Sverige samt dess inverkan på människors livsvillkor.

Since the aftermath of the brutal civil war in Somaliland, no one has systematically considered the human rights atrocities committed by one of the most brutal regimes in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is the objective of this study, firstly, to throw light on the international rules which govern those crimes committed in Somaliland during the military regime. Secondly, the study will apply those rules to the case of Somaliland, based on the available evidence. Thirdly, the study will establish a case for the international prosecution of those who bear the greatest responsibilities for the human rights atrocities that occurred in Somaliland. Fourthly, this study will investigate which international mechanism provides the best chance of serving as an adequate prosecutorial mechanism. Finally, the study will analyse the role of individual criminal responsibility under international criminal law / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Frans Viljoen of the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Au cours d’un peu plus de deux décennies, la RDC, située au cœur de l’Afrique, dans la région des grands lacs, a été le théâtre des crimes de masse les plus violents. De nombreux rapports relatent les violations à grande échelle des droits de l’homme et du doit international humanitaire commises dans ce pays démontrent. Ils démontrent l’horreur innommable infligée aux populations civiles dans la partie Est du pays. ll s'agit notamment, de Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Bénie, Rusthuru,Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasai, Maniema, Shaba. Dans un contexte global de conflit et de trouble persistant, d’instabilité socio-économique et de crise politique profonde, la commission des crimes graves se trouve exacerbée par la présence des centaines de groupes armés politico-militaro-affairistes, des Forces Armées de la R.D.C., tous soutenus par des troupes étrangères et multinationales. L'environnement politique et sécuritaire empêche la justice congolaise d'évaluer dans la sérénité la quasi-totalité d’éléments de crimes sur le territoire en vue d’identifier les auteurs, d’établir les responsabilités, procéder à leur répression, assurer la réparation des nombreuses victimes et la réconciliation nationale. L'association d'autres formes de justice serait plus que nécessaire, toujours à travers la logique de la complémentarité de la CPI. / . For almost over two decades, the DRC, located in the heart of Africa, in the Great Lakes region, has benn the scene of the most violent crimes. Tremendous public and non government organizations have reported the large-scale violations international humanitarian law and human rights committed in this country. They display the horror inflicted upon the civilian populations in the eastern part of the country. These include amonsgt others the areas of Bukavu, Fizi, Uvira Mugunga, Goma, Béni, Rusthuru, Lubero, Walikale, Kisangani, Tingi-Tingi, Makobola, Ituri, Kiwanja, Kasaï, Maniema, Shaba. In a global context of conflict and persistent turmoil, socio-economic instability and deep political crisis, the commission of serious crimes is exacerbated by the presence of hundreds of armed politico-military-mercenary groups, the Armed Forces of the DRC, all supported by foreign and multinational troops. The currently political and security environment prevents the Congolese justice system from smoothly assessing all elements of crimes on the territory in order to identify the perpetrators, establish the responsibilities, carry out investigation and prosecution as well as legal proceedings, ensure the reparations to millions of victims and the national reconciliation at large. The combination of other forms of justice would be more than ever necessary through the logic of the complementarity of the ICC.

Despite the developments in the international arena to ensure and protect human rights, evidence from around the world showcase examples of organized and systematic violations of human rights in the form of war crimes, genocides, and crimes against humanity. Turkey is one of the countries that has shown decline in the last ten years when it comes to respect for human rights. Aftermath of the Coup d’etat from 2016, involvement in Syrian civil war, and Kurdish question raised concern within the international community regarding human rights. Consequently, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how Turkish government treats the civilian population in these three cases in order to assess if there is a risk of Turkish government committing crimes against humanity. Furthermore, in order to get a more objective view of the happenings, this paper will also examine Turkish actions through the lenses of Realism. A qualitative research with an abductive approach with case study design was conducted. Analytical framework, that presents 10 risk factors for committing atrocities and crimes against humanity, developed by Dieng and Welsh was utilized to make sense of gathered data. Realism, with focus on national interest and security, was used to examine Turkish actions. Findings suggest that all 10 risk factors are presented in each case through different indicators. Journalists, lawyers, professors, refugees, and Kurds face systematic threat of mostly arbitrary detentions and imprisonments. Furthermore, findings show that Turkish actions can be explained through national interest expressed through security and unitary national identity.