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31	Enraizamento adventício de estacas de Sebastiania schottiana Müll. Arg. / Adventitious rooting of cuttings of Sebastiania schottiana Müll. Arg. Frassetto, Eduardo Garcia 19 June 2007 (has links) The aim of this work was to verify the cuttings rooting potential of Sebastiana schottiana as mechanism of vegetative propagation. Cuttings were collected next to the edges of Soturno River, Faxinal de Soturno County, situated in the regions of Plateaus and central depression of the Rio Grande Do Sul State, Brazil. Plants donors of cuttings were 5 years of age old approximately. In the work were subdivided in of 4 tests. In experiment 1, cuttings were cut and classified in accordance with the position in apex, medium and basal portions, with 30 cm of length. Monthly collections of the material by a period of 12 months were made, being the cuttings placed in containers with water and 15 cm of cutting submerged. The percentage of rooting, number and length of roots, number and length of shoots were evaluated after 60 days. In experiment 2, basal, medium and apex cuttings collected in the month of September of 2005 were absorbed in solution of Orgasol®FTS in the dosages of 0; 5; 10 and 15 mL.L-1 during 1 minute and submerged 15 cm of cutting, in containers with sand of medium granulation. The rooting percentage, dry weight of roots and shoots, length and diameter of longer root were evaluated after 75 days. In experiment 3, collected basal and medium cuttings in the month of April of 2006 were absorbed in solution of 15 mL.L-1 Orgasol® FTS during 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes and placed in plastic bags to a depth of 15 cm, having sand of medium granulation. The rooting percentage, dry weight of roots and shoots, number of longer and smaller root than 3 cm of length, length and diameter of the longer root were evaluated after 150 days. In experiment 4, two tests were carried out: (a) Cuttings removed from shoots with 15 cm of length were classified in basal or apical position. Cuttings were immerged in IBA solution (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg.L-1) for 1 minute and placed in Plantmax® for 60 days in a Greenhouse. The rooting percentage, dry weight of roots and shoots, number of roots and shoots and the length of roots and shoots were evaluated, (b) Basal cuttings were disinfested and immersed during 24 hours in IBA soluction (0; 0.1; 1; 2; 4 and 8 mg.L-1) and placed in glass bottles with solution of ¼ of WPM medium for a period of 30 days in climatized room. In experiment 1, the basal cuttings (88%), medium (56%) and apex (25%) collected in the May month presented better rooting. The basal cuttings had showed greater number and length of roots and shoots during the 12 months of evaluation. In experiment 2, the dosage of 5 mL.L-1 did not stimulate the rooting, whereas the dosages of 10 and 15 mL.L- 1 caused an increase in the rooting of 18% until reaching in the dosage of 15 mL.L-1, 28%. All tested dosages, basal cuttings (26.25%) presented greater rooting than medium (20,83) and the apex (18.33%). In experiment 3, the increase of immersion time of the cuttings in solution of 15 mL.L-1 Orgasol®FTS, stimulated an increment in the rooting at basal cuttings of 25% for 36% and in the medium cuttings of 29% for 46%, as well as in the dry weight of roots and shoots and in the number of roots longer than 3 cm. In the experiment 4A, the basal cuttings presented greater rooting in the concentration of 4 mg.L-1 IBA (20.83%) and the apex cuttings in the 2 mg.L-1 IBA (12.35%). In the experiment 4B the better rooting of cuttings was in solution of 8 mg.L-1 IBA (18.75%). Transversal and longitudinal cuts of the rooting cuttings removed from shoots in experiment 4 were done. The adventitious roots of the cuttings originated to the xilematic vases, arround to pericycle cels. / No presente trabalho estudou-se o potencial de enraizamento de estacas de S. schottiana como mecanismo de reprodução vegetativa. O material vegetal foi coletado em matrizes com aproximadamente 5 anos de idade, às margens do Rio Soturno, no município de Faxinal do Soturno, situado nas regiões fisiográficas do Planalto e Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo se constitui de 4 experimentos: no primeiro (1), estacas classificadas de acordo com a posição no ramo em apicais, medianas e basais, com 30 cm de comprimento foram coletadas mensalmente por um período de 12 meses, e colocadas em recipientes com água, com a metade da estaca submersa. Aos 60 dias foram avaliadas a porcentagem de enraizamento, número e comprimento de raízes e das brotações. No experimento 2, estacas das três posições no ramo coletadas no mês de setembro de 2005 foram embebidas em solução de Orgasol®FTS nas dosagens de 0, 5, 10 e 15 ml.L-1 durante 1 minuto e enterradas na profundidade de 15 cm, em recipientes com areia de granulação média como substrato. Avaliou-se aos 75 dias, a porcentagem de enraizamento; massa seca de raízes e brotações; comprimento e diâmetro da raíz mais longa. No experimento 3, estacas basais e medianas coletadas no mês de abril de 2006 foram embebidas em solução de 15 ml.L-1 de Orgasol® FTS, durante 0, 15, 30 e 45 minutos e colocadas em sacos plásticos a uma profundidade de 15 cm, em areia de granulação média e, avaliadas após 150 dias, considerando a porcentagem de enraizamento; massa seca de raízes e brotações; número de raízes maiores e menores que 3 cm de comprimento; comprimento e diâmetro da raiz mais longa. No experimento 4 foram realizados dois testes: (A) estacas obtidas de brotações do ano, foram seccionadas em 15 cm de comprimento e classificadas de acordo com a posição em basais e apicais. Posteriormente foram imersas em solução de AIB (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg.L-1) durante 1 minuto e colocadas em tubetes com substrato Plantmax® onde permaneceram por 60 dias em casa de vegetação. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de enraizamento, massa seca de raízes e brotações, número de raízes e brotações, comprimento de raízes e brotações; em (B) estacas basais foram desinfestadas e imersas durante 24 horas em solução de AIB (0, 0,1, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg. L-1) e cultivadas em frascos com solução de ¼ de WPM por um período de 30 dias em sala climatizada. Avaliou-se os mesmos parâmetros do testes anteriores e ainda foram feitos cortes transversais e longitudinais das estacas enraizadas no experimento 4, onde se usou a técnica do paraplasto-resina . Os resultados do experimento 1, demonstram que as estacas basais (88%), medianas (56%) e apicais (25%) coletadas no mês de maio apresentaram o melhor enraizamento. As estacas basais apresentaram maior número e comprimento de raízes e brotações durante os 12 meses de avaliação. No experimento 2, a dosagem de 5 ml.L-1 não estimulou o enraizamento, enquanto que as dosagens de 10 e 15 ml.L-1 causaram um aumento na porcentagem de enraizamento de 18% até atingir na dosagem de 15 ml.L-1, 28%. Em todas as dosagens testadas, as estacas basais (26,25%) apresentaram maior enraizamento que as medianas (20,83) e apicais (18,33%). No experimento 3, o aumento do tempo de embebição das estacas em solução de Orgasol®FTS a 15 ml.L-1, estimulou um incremento na porcentagem de enraizamento em estacas basais de 25% para 36% e das nas estacas medianas de 29% para 46%. Proporcionou um aumento da massa seca das de raízes e brotações e, no número de raízes maiores que 3 cm. No experimento 4 (A) as estacas basais apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento na concentração de 4 mg.L-1 de AIB (20,83%) e as estacas apicais na concentração de 2 mg.L-1 de AIB (12,35%). No experimento 4 (B) a maior porcentagem de enraizamento das estacas foi na concentração de 8 mg.L-1 de AIB (18,75%). Os cortes anatômicos indicam que as raízes adventícias das estacas caulinares surgem próximas aos vasos xilemáticos, provavelmente do periciclo. Branquilho Enraizamento Estaquia Orgasol®FTS AIB Branquilho Rooting Cuttings Orgasol®FTS IBA
32	PROPAGAÇÃO VEGETATIVA DE LOURO-PARDO (Cordia trichotoma (VELL.) ARRAB. EX STEUD.) POR ESTAQUIA RADICULAR E MINIESTAQUIA / VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LOURO-PARDO (Cordia trichotoma (VELL.) ARRAB. EX STEUD.) FROM ROOT CUTTING AND MINICUTTING Nascimento, Paula Kielse Vargas do 27 April 2012 (has links) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to study the vegetative propagation of louro-pardo (Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud.) from root cuttings and minicuttings. Three trials were conducted. The first trial, roots were gotten from adult trees of louro-pardo. Root cuttings with 5.0 cm of length were classified in two diameters: thick (2.0 - 3.0 cm) and thin (< 2.0 cm). The root cuttings were immersed for 10 s. in an indolbutiric acid (IBA) solution of 0, 4000, 8000 or 12000 mg L-1. At 180 days, the percentages of sprouting and rooting, the number and length of shoots and roots were evaluated. Root cuttings from adult trees of louro-pardo showed 1.25% of sprouting, but they did not root. The second trial, root cuttings were gotten from three year-old plants of louro-pardo and root cuttings classified in small (1.0 - 1.5 cm) and large (1.6 - 2.5 cm) and immersed for 10 s. in an IBA solution of 0, 2000, 4000 or 6000 mg L-1. At 30 and 60 days, the percentages of rooted cuttings; sprouted cuttings; and survival of cuttings; the number and length of sprouted and rooted cuttings were evaluated. Root cuttings treated with 6000 mg L-1 of IBA had the best response in terms of sprouting and rooting. Large root cuttings showed the highest percentage of sprouting (26%), the highest number of sprouts (0.30) and the longhest sprouts and roots (2.27 and 5.40 cm) at 60 days of evaluation. The third trial, root cuttings were classified according to the position in the root system as basal, medium and apical. Cutting measuring 1.0; 3.0 or 5.0 cm of length were immersed for 10 s. in an IBA solution of 6000 mg L-1. At 60 and 90 days, the percentages of rooted and sprouted cuttings; and survival; the number and length of sprouted and rooted cuttings were evaluated. Basal and medium cuttings had the best response in terms of sprouting and rooting. Root cuttings measuring 3.0 and 5.0 cm were better than those with 1.0 cm of length. In this study, we also carried out trials with minicuttings of louro-pardo. The first trial, ministumps from plantlets of asexual and seminal origin with six and 12 month-old were fertilized with different nutrient solutions. The production of minicuttings per ministump was evaluated after 30 and 60 days. Minicuttings from these ministumps were treated or not with 1000 mg L-1 of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). At 30 days, the percentage of sprouting, rooting and survival; the number of sprouts; and the number and length of roots were evaluated. The second trial, minicuttings from ministumps of asexual and seminal origin were treated or not with 2000 mg L-1 of IBA. The same evaluations were done at 30 and 60 days. The concentration of the nutrient solution did not affect the production of minicuttings per ministumps. The concentrations of NAA and IBA did not affect minicutting rooting. Overall, ministumps from asexual origin showed adequate capability for vegetative propagation of louro-pardo. These ministumps have the highest production of minicutting associated with the highest rooting potential without any treatment. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a propagação vegetativa de louro-pardo (Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud.) por estaquia radicular e miniestaquia. Foram realizados três experimentos de estaquia radicular. No primeiro experimento, raízes de árvores adultas de louro-pardo foram seccionadas em estacas com 5,0 cm de comprimento e classificadas quanto ao diâmetro em grossas (2,0 - 3,0 cm) e finas (< 2,0 cm). As estacas radiculares foram tratadas em solução de 0, 4000, 8000 ou 12000 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Aos 180 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de brotação e enraizamento, o número e comprimento de brotos e raízes. Estacas radiculares adultas de louro-pardo apresentaram 1,25% de brotação e não formaram raízes. No segundo experimento, raízes de plantas de louro-pardo de origem seminal e com três anos de idade foram seccionadas em estacas com 5,0 cm de comprimento, classificadas quanto ao diâmetro em grossas (1,6 - 2,5 cm) e finas (1,0 - 1,5 cm) e tratadas em solução de 0, 2000, 4000 ou 6000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 30 e 60 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de brotação e enraizamento, a sobrevivência das estacas, o número e o comprimento de brotos e raízes. Estacas radiculares juvenis, tratadas em solução de 6000 mg L-1 de AIB, apresentaram a maior porcentagem de enraizamento e o maior número de raízes, aos 30 e 60 dias. Estacas radiculares grossas apresentaram a maior porcentagem de brotação (26%), o maior número de brotos (0,30) e o maior comprimento de brotos e raízes (2,27 e 5,40 cm), aos 60 dias de avaliação. No terceiro experimento, raízes de plantas de louro-pardo de origem seminal e com três anos de idade foram classificadas quanto à posição de coleta em basais, medianas e apicais, seccionadas em estacas de 1,0; 3,0 e 5,0 cm de comprimento e tratadas com 6000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 60 e 90 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de brotação e enraizamento, a sobrevivência das estacas, o número e comprimento de brotos e raízes, e o comprimento de brotos e raízes por volume de estaca. Estacas radiculares juvenis basais e medianas apresentaram as melhores respostas de enraizamento, aos 60 e 90 dias. Estacas radiculares juvenis com 3,0 e 5,0 cm de comprimento se mostraram superiores às estacas radiculares com 1,0 cm. Neste estudo, também foram conduzidos experimentos de miniestaquia de louro-pardo. No primeiro experimento, minicepas de origem assexuada e de origem seminal foram fertirrigadas com diferentes concentrações de solução nutritiva. A produção de miniestacas por minicepa foi avaliada aos 30 e 60 dias. Para o enraizamento, as miniestacas foram tratadas ou não em solução de 1000 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA). Aos 30 dias, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de brotação e enraizamento, a sobrevivência das miniestacas, o número e comprimento de brotos e raízes. No segundo experimento, miniestacas com e sem folhas obtidas de minicepas de origem assexuada e seminal foram tratadas ou não com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB. Aos 30 e 60 dias, foram avaliadas as variáveis descritas anteriormente. A concentração da solução nutritiva não influenciou a produção de miniestacas/minicepas. O uso de ANA e AIB não afetou o enraizamento das miniestacas. As minicepas de origem assexuada mostraram-se adequadas à propagação vegetativa de louro-pardo, pois apresentaram maior produtividade em minijardim clonal associada ao maior potencial de enraizamento das miniestacas, sem a necessidade de tratamento com auxina. Cordia trichotoma AIB ANA Estacas radiculares Minicepas Miniestacas Cordia trichotoma IBA NAA Root cuttings Ministumps Minicuttings
33	MULTIPLICAÇÃO IN VITRO DE Cedrela fissilis Vell. / IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION OF Cedrela fissilis Vell. Amaral, Vanessa Fiad Martins do 24 February 2006 (has links) This study had as objective to study the in vitro regeneration of cedar (Cedrela fissilis Vell.), a native tree of economic interest, belonging to Meliaceae family. For seeds desinfestation, different treatments with sodium hypochlorite in different concentration and immersion times were tested combined with differents culture mediums. To establish the nodal segments in vitro, benlate at 300 mg.l-1 and streptomicine sulphate at 10 mg.l-1 were added to the culture medium WPM reduced to ¾ of its salts concentration, isolated or not. After that, the hypocotyl segments from the 30 days in vitro cultured plants were used as explant in sprouts multiplication in culture mediums MS and WPM combined or not with the cytokinins BAP and KIN at 5μM.l-1 . It was also tested, in hypocotyl segments, the influence of BAP (0; 1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 μM.l-1) combined with the IBA or NAA (0,55μM.l- 1), in culture medium WPM during two subcultives. 60 days hypocotyl segments from cultive in BAP (0;1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 μM.l-1) were transferred to WPM medium added of only GA3 at 3μM.l-1 remaining during more than 30 days. Seeds desinfestated with sodium hypochlorite at 2% during 10 minutes showed a lower index of fungal contamination (8,7%) and the higher index of germination (80%), the mediums MS and WPM allowed the germination of 72,5%. The nodal segments from 3 years old plants showed an average index of bacterial contamination (13% 21 days after the inocultation) when cultivated in WPM culture medium added of benlate (300mg.l-1) plus streptomicine sulphate (10 mg.l-1) and survival index of 83%. The explants from the hypocotyl region showed average indexes of regeneration of 2,8 when cultivated in WPM medium supplemented with BAP at 5μM.l-1, on the other hand, in MS medium, the average tax of formation was 2,5 sprouts per explant. When tested in WPM culture medium, in different BAP concentrations, only at 30 days of cultive there was an interaction between the cytokinins doses and the presence of auxins IBA and NAA. BAP at 5μM showed explants with higher taxes of multiplication, regardless the auxins addition to the culture medium. In the following subcultives there was not an interaction between the concentrations and the effect of auxin presence, where the medium without auxin, associated to BAP at 5μM, promoted a higher average of sprouts per explant 2,29 (60 days). The average number of knots at 30 days of cultive was of 2,84 when evaluated the medium with ANA plus 2,5μM of BAP. At 60 days, the culture medium without the auxine promoted an average of 4,15 knots per explant, differing statistically from the mediums with auxin. At 90 days, the number of knots were 5,59 when BAP was used at 5μM plus IBA. The average length of the sprouts in the medium with NAA showed to be the more efficient (0,86 cm) at 30 days of cultive. At 60 days, the average length of the sprouts was of 0,95 and, at 90 days the average length of the sprouts was of 1,14. The formation of callus in the base of the explants happened when cytokinins were added to the medium, and the roots formation happened in the absence of these and in the presence of the auxin, generating complete plants. Explants exposed to GA3 at 60 days of cultive showed a partial reversion, showing an increase in formed roots and average length of the sprouts. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da regeneração in vitro de cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell.), uma árvore nativa de interesse econômico, pertencente à família Meliaceae. Para a desinfestação de sementes, foram testadas diferentes concentrações e tempos de imersão em hipoclorito de sódio e para a germinação, diferentes meios de cultura. Para o estabelecimento in vitro de segmentos nodais, foram adicionados ao meio de cultura WPM, reduzido a ¾ de sua concentração original, benlate (300 mg.l-1) e sulfato de estreptomicina (10 mg.l-1). Após, segmentos do nó cotiledonar advindos de plântulas germinadas in vitro com 30 dias de idade, foram utilizados para a multiplicação de brotações nos meios de cultura MS e WPM, em combinação ou não com 5μM.l-1 de BAP ou KIN . Foi testado também, a influência da citocinina BAP (0; 1,25; 2,5 e 5,0 μM.l-1) combinada ou não com as auxinas AIB ou ANA (0,5μM.l-1) em meio de cultura WPM durante dois subcultivos. Os segmentos do nó cotiledonar com 60 dias de cultivo em meio WPM e BAP (0; 1,25; 2,5 e 5,0 μM.l-1) foram transferidos para meio WPM adicionado apenas de GA3 a 3μM.l-1 permanecendo por mais 30 dias. Os resultados demonstram que as sementes desinfestadas com hipoclorito de sódio a 2% durante 10 minutos apresentaram a menor taxa de contaminação por fungos (8,7%) e a maior percentagem de germinação (80%), os meios MS e WPM proporcionaram percentagem de germinação de 72,5%. Os segmentos nodais de plantas de três anos de idade apresentaram uma taxa média de contaminação por bactérias de 13% após 21 dias de inoculação quando cultivados em meio de cultura WPM adicionado de benlate (300mg.l-1)mais sulfato de estreptomicina (10 mg.l-1)e taxa de sobrevivência de 83%. Os explantes provenientes da região do nó cotiledonar apresentaram regeneração média de brotações de 2,8 quando cultivados em meio WPM suplementado com BAP a 5μM.l-1, enquanto que, no meio MS, a taxa média de brotações foi de 2,5 por explante. Quanto testados em meio de cultura WPM, em diferentes concentrações de BAP, apenas aos 30 dias de cultivo, houve interação entre as doses da citocinina e a presença das auxinas AIB e ANA. O BAP a 5μM apresentou explantes com maiores taxas de multiplicação de brotações independente da adição das auxinas ao meio de cultura. Nos subcultivos subseqüentes, não houve interação entre as concentrações e o efeito da presença de auxina, em que o meio sem a presença desta, adicionado o BAP a 5μM, proporcionou a maior média de brotações por explante 2,29 (60 dias). O número médio de nós aos 30 dias de cultivo foi de 2,84 no meio contendo ANA mais 2,5 μM de BAP. Enquanto que, aos 60 dias, o meio de cultura sem auxina proporcionou uma média de 4,15 nós por explante, diferindo estatisticamente dos meios contendo auxina. Aos 90 dias de cultivo, o número de nós foi de 5,59 quando utilizado BAP a 5μM mais AIB ao meio de cultura. Quanto ao comprimento médio das brotações, o meio contendo ANA mostrou ser o mais eficiente (0,86 cm) aos 30 dias de cultivo. Aos 60 dias, o comprimento médio das brotações foi de 0,95 e, aos 90 dias o comprimento médio de brotações foi de 1,14. A formação de calos na base dos explantes ocorreu quando foi adicionada citocinina ao meio, e a formação de raízes ocorreu na ausência desta e na presença de auxina, gerando plantas completas. Explantes expostos ao GA3 aos 60 dias de cultivo mostraram parcial reversão, apresentando um aumento na percentagem de raízes formadas e comprimento médio de brotações. Cedrela fissilis Cultura de tecidos BAP ANA AIB KIN Cedrela fissilis Tissue culture BAP NAA IBA KIN
34	Prediktivt underhåll baserat på mätning av linjeström i pumpmotor : Digital modellering med MCSA samt implementering av iba datainsamlingssystem Salestedt, Morgan January 2020 (has links) Med övergången från Industri 3.0 till Industri 4.0 kommer stora krav på utvecklingen av Prediktiva Underhållsmetoder (PU) för att skona både miljö och ekonomi från påfrestande haverier. I detta projekt utfördes en installation av ett iba datainsamlingssystem, som är ett bra exempel på utvecklingen mot Industri 4.0. Vidare togs en prediktiv modell som skattar återstående livslängd med metoden Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), som baseras på linjeströmsmätning, fram i projektet. Metoden analyserade strömmen från två olika induktionsmotorer för kylvattenpumpar där det var en ny pump och en sliten pump. Induktionsmotorer används inte enbart i kylvattentillämpningar utan integreras frekvent i kommersiellt tillgänglig utrustning, så den prediktiva modellen har ett expanderbart användningsområde. Två tillvägagångssätt testades för att hitta signaturer i linjeströmmen. Först testades spektrum-analys med 10Hz och 1000Hz som samplingsfrekvenser med slutsatsen att högre samplingsfrekvens troligen behövs för ett trovärdigt resultat. Sedan testades Analys av signalegenskaper med ANOVA som gav en klar signatur för toppvärden i ström med slutsatsen att skillnaden i ström mellan ny och sliten pump var tydlig men kunde vara av installationstekniska skäl. En förenklad skattning av Remaining Useful Life (RUL) med tillhörande rekommendation av underhållsinsats togs fram för att visualisera resultatet. Rekommenderat fortsatt arbete med modellen var klassificeringsalgoritmer, anpassad datainsamlingsutrustning och förlängd datainsamlingsperiod. / With the transition from Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0 follows great demands on the development of predictive maintenance (PU) in order to spare both the economy and the climate from costly breakdowns. An installation of a iba data acquisition system was applied in this project, which is a good example on the advances made through Industry 4.0. The project shows the development of a predictive model, which estimates the remaining life with the method motor current signature analysis (MCSA) that is based on phase current. Data was collected on two different induction motors for cooling water pumps, one new and one worn out pump. Induction motors are not only used in cooling water applications but are frequently applied in commercially available equipment, thus the method has a expandable use. Two methods were tested for finding signatures in the phase current. First, spectrum analysis with 10 and 1000Hz as sampling frequencies with the conclusion that a higher sampling frequency likely is needed for a reliable result. Secondly an analysis of signal properties with ANOVA was preformed. This gave a clear signature for peak values in the current with the conclusion that the difference between new and worn out pump was clear but could be the result of installation related issues. A simplified version of remaining useful life (RUL) with related maintenance procedure was developed to visualize the result. For continued work with this model it is recommended to develop classification algorithms, improve the data acquisition equipment and prolong the data acquisition period. Industri 4.0 MCSA iba datainsamlingssystem DAQ Prediktivt underhåll Annan elektroteknik och elektronik Signal Processing Signalbehandling
35	The development of a community radio station for a national game park Zeeman, Estelle 15 December 2006 (has links) The purpose of this thesis is to substantiate the hypothetical development of a community radio station for a South African National Park, such as the Kruger National Park and to design the programming. As such the thesis has two phases namely a theoretical phase, where the variables and dynamics of the process of community unification, tourism’s ability to alleviate poverty and the central role played by radio are considered, and a creative phase, where the findings of the theoretical phase are applied in the design of the programme. The research leads to a model, and its methodology can be described as applied creative research. In order to arrive at the model, the research investigates a number of dynamics. In the first instance the research investigates a potential audience for such a community radio station. The notion of this potential audience or imagined community is interrogated. The thesis argues that there needs to be a conceptually synthesised audience, consisting of the local ethnic community, and a tourist community and that these two communities have interwoven functions around the provision and exploitation of tourism. Secondly, the thesis argues the demands of the audience synthesis, by investigating the nature of the South African tourism industry, with specific reference to the National Parks. In this section, the interrelatedness of the function and demands of the two communities are posited and developed, so that the groundwork for potential content of the Community Radio Station can be foregrounded. The thesis then interrogates the concept of communication by radio and draws on Marshall McLuhan’s concepts of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ receivers and Walter Ong’s work around primary and secondary orality, amongst others. Here the thesis argues for the way that radio may be used to exploit and develop the synergy of the ethnic and the tourist community. The thesis then moves into the phase, where, through the recognised research process oftriangulation, which includes the synergised two communities (now a ‘Parks Emergent Radio Community’/ PERC), the shared content around the demands of tourism in National Parks, and the communal form of radio are creatively interwoven into a potential or hypothetical programme layout. The study concludes with a consideration of what might be the stumbling blocks in the way of implementing such a triangulated process and notes finances and budgets, training, and most specifically, bureaucratic intervention by licensing authorities as primary obstacles. The thesis argues for the advantages of the development of such a Community Radio Station for National Parks, given the projected steep increment in the tourist trade in South Africa. / Thesis (DPhil (Community Radio))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Drama / unrestricted Ecotourism Ethnic communities Hot medium Imagined community Independent broadcasting authority (iba) Parks emergent radio communities (percs) Psychographic segmentation Sustainable tourism Synergized communities Tourist communities Demographic profile Cool/cold medium Community UCTD
36	Deber de colaboración probatoria en el proceso civil Saldías Candia, David January 2017 (has links) Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) Derecho procesal civil Chile Procedimiento civil Chile Prueba (Derecho procesal civil) Chile Discovery en las FRCP Reglas de prueba de la IBA Derecho
37	Estudos de técnicas de feixes iônicos para a quantificação do elemento químico boro / Study of boron quantification using ion beam analysis techniques. Moro, Marcos Vinicius 16 May 2013 (has links) Neste trabalho, estudamos e aplicamos técnicas analíticas com feixes iônicos para a identificação e quantificação do elemento químico Boro em amostras de Boro depositado sobre Níquel 11B/Ni, sobre Silício B/Si e em amostras de Silício Grau Metalúrgico - SiGM. Estas últimas foram fornecidas pelo grupo de metalurgia do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT). Especificamente, as seguintes técnicas analíticas foram utilizadas: Nuclear Reaction Analysis - NRA, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis - ERDA e Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry - SIMS. Nas amostras de B/Ni e B/Si, as concentrações foram obtidas com medidas de NRA, ERDA e SIMS. Também foi abordado quais dentre essas três técnicas apresentam menor limite de deteção e menor incerteza para a quantificação de Boro. Usando a reação nuclear 11B(p,a0)8Be, foi possível calcular a sua seção de choque diferencial para ângulo de espalhamento theta=170, cujo resultado, para este ângulo específico, é inédito na literatura. As amostras de SiGM foram analisadas com a técnica SIMS e comparadas com medidas de Inductively Coupled Plasma - ICP realizadas pelo grupo do IPT. Uma vez que técnicas nucleares podem ser consideradas absolutas, concluímos que as medidas de ICP apresentaram dados compatíveis com as medidas SIMS, e que o grupo de metalurgia do IPT está medindo as concentrações de Boro em suas amostras de SiGM corretamente por meio de ICP. Uma reta de calibração entre medidas SIMSxICP foi construída, que poderá servir como um guia para futuras quantificações de Boro com ICP feitas pelo grupo de metalurgia do IPT. / In this work we investigated the use of analytical techniques based on ion beams in the quantification of Boron in many kinds of samples. Specifically, we applied techniques such Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) to 11B/Ni and B/Si samples to measure the boron concentration. We also discuss and show what technique has a better detection limit and lower uncertainty. For the first time in the literature, we obtained the cross section for the $^{11}B(p,\\alpha_0){^8}Be$ nuclear reaction in the energy range from 1.6 up to 2.0 MeV in theta = 170 scattering angle. The SIMS technique was applied to analise samples of metallurgical grade silicon (SiGM) from Metallurgy Group of Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT) to check the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) measurements carried out by the IPT. Moreover, it was possible to build a calibration curve between SIMS and ICP measurements, that can be used to help of Metallurgy Group with futures ICP\'s measurements. Boron Quantification Cross Section Cross Section Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis ERDA ERDA IBA Ion Beam Analysis LAMFI Limite de quantificação NRA NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis Quantificação de Boro Quantification Limit Seção de choque Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS SIMS
38	Estudos de técnicas de feixes iônicos para a quantificação do elemento químico boro / Study of boron quantification using ion beam analysis techniques. Marcos Vinicius Moro 16 May 2013 (has links) Neste trabalho, estudamos e aplicamos técnicas analíticas com feixes iônicos para a identificação e quantificação do elemento químico Boro em amostras de Boro depositado sobre Níquel 11B/Ni, sobre Silício B/Si e em amostras de Silício Grau Metalúrgico - SiGM. Estas últimas foram fornecidas pelo grupo de metalurgia do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT). Especificamente, as seguintes técnicas analíticas foram utilizadas: Nuclear Reaction Analysis - NRA, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis - ERDA e Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry - SIMS. Nas amostras de B/Ni e B/Si, as concentrações foram obtidas com medidas de NRA, ERDA e SIMS. Também foi abordado quais dentre essas três técnicas apresentam menor limite de deteção e menor incerteza para a quantificação de Boro. Usando a reação nuclear 11B(p,a0)8Be, foi possível calcular a sua seção de choque diferencial para ângulo de espalhamento theta=170, cujo resultado, para este ângulo específico, é inédito na literatura. As amostras de SiGM foram analisadas com a técnica SIMS e comparadas com medidas de Inductively Coupled Plasma - ICP realizadas pelo grupo do IPT. Uma vez que técnicas nucleares podem ser consideradas absolutas, concluímos que as medidas de ICP apresentaram dados compatíveis com as medidas SIMS, e que o grupo de metalurgia do IPT está medindo as concentrações de Boro em suas amostras de SiGM corretamente por meio de ICP. Uma reta de calibração entre medidas SIMSxICP foi construída, que poderá servir como um guia para futuras quantificações de Boro com ICP feitas pelo grupo de metalurgia do IPT. / In this work we investigated the use of analytical techniques based on ion beams in the quantification of Boron in many kinds of samples. Specifically, we applied techniques such Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) to 11B/Ni and B/Si samples to measure the boron concentration. We also discuss and show what technique has a better detection limit and lower uncertainty. For the first time in the literature, we obtained the cross section for the $^{11}B(p,\\alpha_0){^8}Be$ nuclear reaction in the energy range from 1.6 up to 2.0 MeV in theta = 170 scattering angle. The SIMS technique was applied to analise samples of metallurgical grade silicon (SiGM) from Metallurgy Group of Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT) to check the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) measurements carried out by the IPT. Moreover, it was possible to build a calibration curve between SIMS and ICP measurements, that can be used to help of Metallurgy Group with futures ICP\'s measurements. Cross Section Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis ERDA IBA Limite de quantificação NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis Quantificação de Boro Seção de choque Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS Boron Quantification Cross Section ERDA Ion Beam Analysis LAMFI NRA Quantification Limit SIMS
39	Propagation and quality assessment for the introduction of Greyia Radlkoferi into commercialization Nogemane, Noluyolo 02 1900 (has links) Greyia radlkoferi is a South African indigenous tree, which has recently been discovered to be a source of extracts that have a potential in the development of cosmeceutical herbal products having the ability to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. For product development however, G. radlkoferi would need to be available in a commercial scale. Greyia radlkoferi grows naturally in the wild and is often available for cultivation as an ornamental plant. In order to establish this plant into cultivation, suitable propagation techniques must be established for rapid multiplication of trees and thus a sustainable leaf production. For consistent and improved leaf supply to the market, agronomic practices that will enhance leaf production were investigated in the current study. Furthermore, in order to meet market demand in terms of good quality extracts with guaranteed therapeutic efficiency, pre-harvest and post-harvest factors that affect the chemical composition of the extracts were investigated. Recently developed biotechnology techniques such as metabolomics using 1H-NMR and multivariate data analysis offered a platform to study the chemical variation of extracts. Therefore, the current study was aimed at understanding the requirements for propagation and optimum leaf production as well as conditions that favour optimum production of secondary metabolite of G. radlkoferi plant material (at pre and post-harvest) and thus assess its commercial viability. To understand the effects of temperature on seed germination of G. radlkoferi, seeds were exposed to five temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C) in the incubators in the laboratory. Germination of G. radlkoferi by seeds was discovered to be temperature dependent. The optimum germination temperature of 81% was obtained at 25°C. In the case of vegetative propagation by stem cuttings, the effect of cutting position (basal or apical), exogenous rooting hormone (Seradix1, Seradix 2, 0.1% IBA, 0.3% IBA and 0.8% IBA) and cutting position were investigated in the glasshouse. The cutting position had a significant effect on rooting of G. radlkoferi cuttings with basal cuttings exhibiting 35% rooting as compared to 6% rooting attained for the apical cuttings. A clear trend in rooting response to application of rooting hormones was observed, with 0.1% Indole butyric acid (IBA) showing the highest rooting percentage of 63%. Considering the outcomes of the propagation studies as well as the limited material for vegetative propagation, seed propagation appears to be the most suitable technique for large-scale multiplication of G. radlkoferi. The effect of different pruning techniques as well as harvesting frequencies on fresh and dry weights of G. radlkoferi leaves were evaluated. Factors considered were four pruning treatments (‘pruned but not tipped’, ‘tipped but not pruned’, ‘not pruned nor tipped’ as well as ‘pruned and tipped’) and three harvesting periods (monthly, bimonthly and once–off). Bimonthly harvests highly increased leaf production compared to trees that were harvested monthly and once-off with higher leaf fresh weight yield of 238 g per tree or 2.38 tons/per hectare as well as dry weight yield of 83 g per tree or 0.830 tons/hectare. This outcomes of this study further suggested that a suitable pruning practice for G. radlkoferi would be to either ‘prune only’ or ‘cut back the main stem’ rather than a combination of the two treatments. The influence of seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) on the anti-tyrosinase activity and metabolomics profile of G. radlkoferi leaf extracts were investigated. Seasons significantly influenced the chemical composition and the efficacy of the plant extracts. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was investigated against monophenolase (tyrosine) with kojic acid as positive control. The highest tyrosinase inhibition concentration with IC50 (50% tyrosinase inhibition concentration) value of 30.3±1.8 μg/ml were obtained in winter harvested leaves compared to the other seasons. The lowest IC50 values were obtained in spring. Metabolomics analysis using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) provided a clear class separation according to the harvest season. Extracts from winter harvested leaves contained sucrose, acetamide, alanine and a compound of the catechin group (gallocatechin-(4 alpha->8)-epigallocatechin) as revealed by 1H-NMR metabolomics with assistance of LC-MS. Since compounds of the catechin group are well-known tyrosinase inhibitors, the high tyrosinase activity exhibited in extracts of winter harvested G. radlkoferi leaves could be ascribed to the presence of gallocatechin-(4 alpha->8)-epigallocatechin. Based on the outcomes of the seasonal study, we suggest that in order to obtain extracts with high bioactivity, the best suitable time for harvesting leaf samples is in late autumn-early winter. Processing leaf material using three different drying methods (sun, oven and air drying) significantly influenced chemical composition and the efficacy of the plant extracts. Extracts prepared from air-dried leaf material showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition with IC50 value of 17.80 μg/ml compared to extracts of the other drying methods. Extracts of leaves processed with air drying preserved most metabolites during processing while extracts of sun-dried and oven-dried leaves clearly depleted some metabolites especially amino acids and some aromatic compounds. 1H-NMR metabolomics approach with the assistance of LC-MS data successfully determined a positive association of alanine, acetamide, sucrose and gallocatechin-(4 alpha->8)-epigallocatechin as the chemical constituents contributing to the variation in the air-dried leaves compared to the oven-dried leaves. A positive association of valine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, gallocatechin-(4 alpha->8)-epigallocatechin and glucose contributed to the variation in air-dried group, compared to the sun-dried group. The highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited in air-dried samples compared to the other drying methods was associated with the presence of gallocatechin-(4 alpha->8)-epigallocatechin. Because air drying preserved most leaf metabolites compared to sun and oven drying, it was regarded as the most suitable method for processing G. radlkoferi leaf material. This study is the first scientific account that provides guidelines and recommendations to (1) establish G. radlkoferi as a cultivated plant for commercialization, (2) optimize leaf production for sustainable supply to the commercial markets and (3) optimize medicinal content of G. radlkoferi related to harvesting time and post-harvest processing (drying), for enhanced quality of extracts and its products / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / Ph. D. (Agriculture) Greyia radlkoferi Seed germination Temperature IBA Cutting propagation Pruning Harvesting frequencies 1H-NMR metabolomics Anti-tyrosinase 631.530968 Melianthaceae -- Quality -- South Africa Botanical drug industry -- South Africa Medicinal plants -- South Africa Human skin color -- South Africa
40	“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada Kinuthia, Wanyee 13 November 2013 (has links) This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad. natural resources raw materials global extractive industry mining accumulation by dispossession primitive accumulation resource curse free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) consultation free entry Bill C-300 Omnibus Bill self-determination madaraka land grabs governance gap enforcement vacuum regulatory gap landlessness involuntary resettlement displacement liberalization financial markets capitalism International Monetary Fund (IMF) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Impact and Benefits Agreement (IBA) corporate social responsibility (CSR) international political economy (IPE) Washington Consensus Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) sustainable development rare earth oil fossil fuels Whitehorse Mining Initiative (WMI) foreign direct investment (FDI) privatization neoliberal / corporate globalization Northern Gateway pipeline project Ring of Fire centre-periphery metropolitan-hinterland Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Extractive Industries Review (EIR) Sub-Saharan Africa war on terror terrorists false flag terrorism Fisheries Act Navigable Waters Protection Act primary goods aid Third World debt free trade modernization dependency tariffs trade barriers HudBay home country liability state Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) spatio-temporal fix militarism Sudbury Atlantic Canada Crown neo-colonialism industrial revolution imperialism public policy democracy justice Export Development Corporation (EDC) Kimberley Process Mining Association of Canada equity austerity measures Mining Act reforms proletariat aboriginal Least Developed Countries (LDCs) developing country comparative advantage human rights export-led development Tiomin Government of Kenya Government of Canada Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) World Bank Group (WBG) World Trade Organization (WTO) Bill C-38 Bill C-45 Assembly of First Nations (AFN) Idle No More meaningful participation AFRICOM titanium Base Resources Australia House of Commons conditionalities Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)

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