Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1079470 bytes, checksum: 8e1fcb4be2280e060a888b32dd42ae68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Medicinal plants are widely used by human to treat their ailments since the dawn of civilization. Among the most diverse plant species have attracted some interest from researchers, as is the case of "Aromatic Plants" whose activity has been attributed to essential oils. The R-(+)-limonene is a monoterpene found in several species of herbs. Studies have shown that this compound has several pharmacological activities among them, gastroprotective and antitumor. The present study aims to investigate the anxiolytic effect and inhalation toxicity in two phases: psychopharmacological and toxicological evaluation. Initially, a case of inhalation has been standardized to obtain concentration values ideal for application of the substance. After this, it was evaluated the anxiolytic activity of R-(+)-limonene in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Results showed that the substance does not have anxiolytic effects at the concentrations and at times determined. Then the animals were exposed to a daily the substance, being evaluated psychopharmacological activity through the LCE, and toxicity through biochemical and hematologic tests. The results of the EPM showed a characteristic anxiogenic possibly related to irritation that limonene causes olfactory pathways. In hematological examinations, there was a decrease in hematocrit and red blood cell hemolysis caused by continuous use of R (+) limonene inhalation. The high values of MCV, MCH and MCHC suggest changes in metabolism in the hippocampus antagonize the anxiolytic effect of the test substance. In biochemical tests there was an increase in blood glucose, creatinine, AST and lactate dehydrogenase. Increased AST is suggestive of hemolytic anemia, whereas the increase of lactate dehydrogenase is suggestive of folate deficiency or vitamin B12. Therefore, the R (+) limonene in exposure performed with cytotoxic characteristics at a concentration of 5% when administered daily for 30 days. / As plantas medicinais são largamente utilizadas pelo homem no tratamento dos seus males desde os primórdios da civilização. Entre as mais diversas espécies vegetais algumas têm despertado interesse dos pesquisadores, como é o caso das Plantas Aromáticas cuja atividade tem sido atribuída aos óleos essenciais. O R-(+)-limoneno é um monoterpeno encontrado em várias espécies de plantas aromáticas. Estudos demonstraram que esse composto apresenta atividades farmacológicas (ansiolítica, gastroprotetora, antitumorais) possuindo um baixo perfil de toxicidade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o efeito ansiolítico e a toxicidade por via inalatória. Para tanto, uma caixa de inalação foi padronizada afim de obter valores de concentrações ideais para aplicação da substância. Após, foi avaliado a atividade ansiolítica do R-(+)-limoneno no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Resultados mostraram que a substancia não possui efeitos ansiolíticas para as concentrações e tempos determinados. Em seguida, os animais foram expostos a uma exposição diária (30 dias) à substância sendo avaliados a atividade psicofarmacológica, através do LCE, e a toxicidade, através de exames bioquímicos e hematológicos. Os resultados do LCE mostraram uma característica ansiogênica possivelmente relacionada à irritação que o limoneno causa nas vias olfatórias. Nos exames hematológicos houve uma diminuição no eritrócitos e hematócrito devido a hemólise causada por uso contínuo de R-(+)-limoneno por via inalatória. Os valores elevados de VCM, HCM e CHCM sugerem alterações no metabolismo no hipocampo antagonizando o efeito ansiolítico da substância em estudo. Nos exames bioquímicos houve um aumento na glicemia, creatinina, AST e lacato desidrogenase. O aumento da AST é sugestivo de anemia hemolítica; já o aumento do lactato desidrogenase é sugestivo para deficiência de folatos ou vitamina B12. Portanto, o R-(+)-limoneno em exposição prolongada se apresentou com características tóxicas em uma concentração de 5%.

Submitted by BRUNA EVELYN BUENO DE MORAIS null (bruninha_fisio_btu@hotmail.com.br) on 2018-04-04T23:49:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado.pdf: 2901617 bytes, checksum: 7115c5d432efdb7d486f289b990a699f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-06T14:24:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_beb_me_bot.pdf: 2901617 bytes, checksum: 7115c5d432efdb7d486f289b990a699f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T14:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_beb_me_bot.pdf: 2901617 bytes, checksum: 7115c5d432efdb7d486f289b990a699f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: A DPOC é uma doença progressiva e que requer tratamento farmacológico para o controle dos sintomas respiratórios. Entretanto, são escassos dados brasileiros que avaliaram o uso de fármacos conforme a gravidade da doença e que verificaram sua adesão ao tratamento da DPOC. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação, aderência e técnica do tratamento farmacológico pulmonar em relação à gravidade nos pacientes com DPOC. Métodos: Foram avaliados 181 pacientes com DPOC leve a muito grave (47,5 % sexo masculino) com idade: 67,7 ± 9,8 anos e volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1): 44,6 ± 17,1%. Todos pacientes foram avaliados quanto à adequação farmacológica (GOLD 2017), magnitude da dispneia (Medical ResearchCouncil Modificado – MMRC), Questionário COPD Assessment Test (CAT), frequência de exacerbações no último ano, aderência referida aos fármacos inalatórios e a verificação da técnica dos dispositivos inalatórios. Resultados: Do total de pacientes avaliados, ao separar pela gravidade GOLD, obtivemos GOLD I = 9, GOLD II = 48, GOLD III = 62 e GOLD IV = 62 e ao separar pelos grupos sintomáticos, obtivemos: A = 40, B = 112, C = 5 e D= 24. Em relação à adequação ao tratamento farmacológico pulmonar, 40% do grupo A e 72,5% do grupo B estavam utilizando corticoide inalatório sem história de exacerbações no último ano. Quanto à aderência referida ao tratamento e à técnica do dispositivo inalatório, observamos que a maioria estava aderente (78%) e realizavam a técnica de maneira adequada (64 %). Conclusão: Há utilização de excesso de corticoide inalatório nos pacientes com doença mais leve. Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes aderem ao tratamento e fazem o uso de dispositivo inalatório corretamente. / Background: COPD is a progressive disease and requires pharmacological treatment to control respiratory symptoms. However, there are few Brazilian data that evaluated the use of pharmacological treatment according to the disease severity or verified their adherence to COPD treatment. Objective: To evaluate the adequacy, adherence and technique of pulmonary pharmacological treatment in relation to severity in COPD patients. Methods: We evaluated 181 patients with mild to very severe COPD (47.5% male) with age: 67.7 ± 9.8 years old and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1): 44.6 ± 17.1%. All patients were evaluated by pharmacological adequacy (GOLD 2017), dyspnea’s magnitude (Medical Research Council Modified - MMRC), COPD Assessment Test (CAT), frequency of exacerbations in the last year, adherence to inhaled pharmacological treatment and technique’s verification devices. Results: We obtained GOLD I = 9, GOLD II = 48, GOLD III = 62 and GOLD IV = 62, and when separated by symptomatic groups, we obtained: A = 40, B = 112, C = 5 and D = 24. Regarding the suitability for pulmonary pharmacological treatment, 40% of group A and 72.5% of group B were using inhaled corticosteroids with no history of exacerbations in the last year. Regarding the adherence to the treatment and technique of the inhaler device, we observed that the majority were adherent (78%) and performed the technique adequately (64%). Conclusion: There is an excess of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with milder disease. However, most patients adhere to treatment and use inhaled device correctly. Key-words: COPD, adherence, adequacy, technique, inhalation device / 40101002

Orientador: Suzana Erico Tanni Minamoto / Resumo: Introdução: A DPOC é uma doença progressiva e que requer tratamento farmacológico para o controle dos sintomas respiratórios. Entretanto, são escassos dados brasileiros que avaliaram o uso de fármacos conforme a gravidade da doença e que verificaram sua adesão ao tratamento da DPOC. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação, aderência e técnica do tratamento farmacológico pulmonar em relação à gravidade nos pacientes com DPOC. Métodos: Foram avaliados 181 pacientes com DPOC leve a muito grave (47,5 % sexo masculino) com idade: 67,7 ± 9,8 anos e volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1): 44,6 ± 17,1%. Todos pacientes foram avaliados quanto à adequação farmacológica (GOLD 2017), magnitude da dispneia (Medical ResearchCouncil Modificado – MMRC), Questionário COPD Assessment Test (CAT), frequência de exacerbações no último ano, aderência referida aos fármacos inalatórios e a verificação da técnica dos dispositivos inalatórios. Resultados: Do total de pacientes avaliados, ao separar pela gravidade GOLD, obtivemos GOLD I = 9, GOLD II = 48, GOLD III = 62 e GOLD IV = 62 e ao separar pelos grupos sintomáticos, obtivemos: A = 40, B = 112, C = 5 e D= 24. Em relação à adequação ao tratamento farmacológico pulmonar, 40% do grupo A e 72,5% do grupo B estavam utilizando corticoide inalatório sem história de exacerbações no último ano. Quanto à aderência referida ao tratamento e à técnica do dispositivo inalatório, observamos que a maioria estava aderente (78%) e realizavam a técnica de mane... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: COPD is a progressive disease and requires pharmacological treatment to control respiratory symptoms. However, there are few Brazilian data that evaluated the use of pharmacological treatment according to the disease severity or verified their adherence to COPD treatment. Objective: To evaluate the adequacy, adherence and technique of pulmonary pharmacological treatment in relation to severity in COPD patients. Methods: We evaluated 181 patients with mild to very severe COPD (47.5% male) with age: 67.7 ± 9.8 years old and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1): 44.6 ± 17.1%. All patients were evaluated by pharmacological adequacy (GOLD 2017), dyspnea’s magnitude (Medical Research Council Modified - MMRC), COPD Assessment Test (CAT), frequency of exacerbations in the last year, adherence to inhaled pharmacological treatment and technique’s verification devices. Results: We obtained GOLD I = 9, GOLD II = 48, GOLD III = 62 and GOLD IV = 62, and when separated by symptomatic groups, we obtained: A = 40, B = 112, C = 5 and D = 24. Regarding the suitability for pulmonary pharmacological treatment, 40% of group A and 72.5% of group B were using inhaled corticosteroids with no history of exacerbations in the last year. Regarding the adherence to the treatment and technique of the inhaler device, we observed that the majority were adherent (78%) and performed the technique adequately (64%). Conclusion: There is an excess of inhaled corticosteroids in patients ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The thesis titled "The Level of Awareness and Analysis of Mistakes in the Use of Inhalation Systems in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Diseases" maps the present problems of the care of patients with chronic diseases with bronchial obstruction whose medication contains some inhalation preparation. This thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empiric parts. The theoretical part deals generally with the issue of the care of patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, with focus on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, who formed the biggest part of the research sample of patients. It also focuses on their treatment and the principles of proper administration of medicines by means of inhalation systems. The empiric part focuses on the patients' awareness and skills and on their attitude to their own skills in these terms.

Embora a importância do controle dos níveis de amônia em biotérios seja reconhecida há muitos anos e várias consequências da exposição por inalação em espécies convencionais de laboratório sobre o trato respiratório tenham sido descritas na literatura, existem poucos estudos que avaliaram os efeitos sistêmicos e subclínicos nos animais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil hematológico e bioquímico em ratos Wistar alojados sob condições ambientais adversas (ammonia build-up) com tempo de permanência de 5 (Grupo 1, n=20), 10 (Grupo 2, n=20) ou 15 dias (Grupo 3, n=20). A elevação dos níveis de poluentes no ambiente de alojamento experimental foi obtida através da redução da taxa de ventilação e da colocação de maravalha servida, de forma a alcançar-se uma concentração média aproximada de 90 ppm de amônia, variando de 76 a 106 ppm. A análise hematológica revelou que os animais do Grupo 1 apresentaram valores de hemoglobina e hematócrito significativamente maiores em relação todos os outros grupos. Com relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos, novamente observou-se que o Grupo 1 diferiu estatisticamente do Grupo Controle, do Grupo 2 e do Grupo 3 para creatinina e para gama-glutamiltransferase. Diferenças entre o Grupo 1 e os demais grupos experimentais foram encontradas para fosfatase alcalina, alanina aminotranferase, amilase e glicose. Os demais parâmetros apresentaram resultados variáveis e aparentemente inconclusivos. Concluindo, a análise dos resultados indica que a maioria das alterações no perfil hematológico e bioquímico de animais expostos ocorre entre o dia 0 e o dia 5 e posteriormente retorna aos valores basais, devido a uma possível resposta adaptativa ao aumento da concentração de amônia atmosférica no ambiente de alojamento. / Although the importance of controlling the levels of ammonia in animal facilities has been acknowledged for many years now, and several consequences of exposure by inhalation in conventional laboratory species on the respiratory tract have been described in the literature, there are few studies assessing the systemic and subclinical effects on animals. This study aimed at assessing the hematological and biochemical profile in Wistar rats housed under adverse environmental conditions (ammonia build-up) with stay time of 5 (Group 1, n=20), 10 (Group 2, n=20) or 15 days (Group 3, n=20). The increase in the levels of pollutants in the experimental environment housing was achieved by reducing the rate of ventilation and the placement of soiled bedding served, in order to achieve an average concentration of ammonia of approximately 90 ppm, ranging from 76 to 106 ppm. The hematological analysis revealed that animals in Group 1 had hemoglobin and hematocrit values significantly higher than all other groups. Concerning the biochemical parameters, once again it was observed that Group 1 differed statically from the Control Group, Group 2 and Group 3 regarding creatinine and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Differences between Group 1 and the other experimental groups were found regarding alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase and glucose. The other parameters showed variable results, apparently inconclusive. In conclusion, the analysis of the results indicates that most changes in the hematological and biochemical profile of the animals exposed occur between day 0 and day 5, and then return to baseline, in reason of a possible adaptive response to the increase of atmospheric ammonia concentration in the environment housing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-06-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_psp_dr_jabo.pdf: 641424 bytes, checksum: 8c594a74557772feb6a9e2b096c91e94 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Avaliaram-se os efeitos hemodinâmicos, eletrocardiográficos e hemogasométricos decorrentes da aplicação do butorfanol em cães anestesiados pelo desfluorano. Utilizaram-se vinte cães adultos, machos e fêmeas, clinicamente saudáveis separados igualmente em dois grupos GP e GB e induzidos à anestesia com propofol, por via intravenosa, na dose de 8,4 l 0,8 mg/kg. Após a intubação com sonda orotraqueal de Magill, manteve-se a anestesia inalatória com desfluorano (10V%), diluído em O2 puro (30 mL/kg/min), através de circuito anestésico tipo semi fechado. Decorridos 40 minutos do início da anestesia inalatória foram administrados 0,05 mL/kg de solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (placebo) ou 0,4 mg/kg de butorfanol, ambos por via intramuscular, respectivamente, aos animais do GP e GB. Considerou-se o período imediatamente anterior a estas aplicações como o momento zero (M0) para o registro dos parâmetros. Novas mensurações foram realizadas 15 minutos após (M15) e subseqüentemente a intervalos de 15 minutos, por um período de 60 minutos (M30, M45, M60 e M75). Os dados numéricos obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Perfil, sendo considerado o nível de significância de p£0,05. A administração do butorfanol reduziu a freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PAPm), resistência periférica total (RPT) e pressão de perfusão coronariana (PPC) ao longo de todo o período experimental. A pressão média do átrio direito (PADm) diminuiu em M30, M45 e M75 no GB quando comparado ao GP. O trabalho ventricular esquerdo (TVE) e índice do trabalho ventricular esquerdo (ITVE) diminuíram somente aos 15 minutos após a administração do opióide. Os intervalos RR e QT apresentaram valores de M0 menor que os demais no GB... . / The aim of this work was to evaluate alterations due to butorphanol administration in desflurane anesthetized dogs over hemodynamic, electrocardiography and blood gas analysis. Twenty adult dogs, males and females, clinically healthy, weighing 12l3 kg were used for this purpose. The dogs were separated in two groups (GP and GB) and general anesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of propofol (8.4l 0.8 mg/kg). All dogs were submitted to inhalatory anesthesia with desflurane (10V%), diluted in O2 (30 mL/kg/min), through a semi-closed anesthetic circuit. After 40 minutes of induction, animals from GP received saline solution at 0.9% (0.05 mL/kg) and from GB received butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), both applied intramuscularly. Observations of the variables started immediately before the application of the agents (M0). Serial measurements were carried out in 15-minute intervals after the administration of butorphanol or saline up to 75 minutes, respectively M15, M30, M45, M60 and M75. Numeric data were submitted to profile analysis (p£0.05). Mean values for heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm), total vascular resistance (TVR) and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) were decreased after butorphanol administration. Mean right atrial pressure (RAPm) decreased at M30, M45 e M75 for GB when compared with GP and the left ventricular work (LVW) and left ventricular work index (LVWI) were significantly decreased 15 minutes after butorphanol administration. RR and QT intervals increased while the breathing rate (BR) decreased at M30. Mean values for PaCO2 and base deficit (BD) increased after butorphanol administration. Mean values for arterial pH were lower at M30, M45, M60 and M75 in GB when compared with GP and body temperature (T°C) gradually decreased for both groups... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are frequently prepared for delivery to the lung for local topical treatment of diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma, or for systemic delivery. One of the most commonly used devices for this purpose is the pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) whereby drugs are formulated in a volatile propellant held under pressure. The compound is aerosolised to a respirably sized dose on actuation, subsequently breathed in by the user. The use of hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) in pMDIs since the Montreal Protocol initiated a move away from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) based devices has resulted in better performing products, with increased lung deposition and a concomitant reduction in oropharyngeal deposition. The physical properties of HFA propellants are however poorly understood and their capacity for solubilising inhaled pharmaceutical products (IPPs) and excipients used historically in CFCs differ significantly. There is therefore a drive to establish methodologies to study these systems in-situ and post actuation to adequately direct formulation strategies for the production of stable and efficacious suspension and solution based products. Characterisation methods have been applied to pMDI dosage systems to gain insight into solubility in HFAs and to determine forms of solid deposits after actuation. A novel quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance method to investigate the physical chemistry of IPPs in these preparations has formed the centrepiece to these studies, accessing solubility data in-situ and at pressure for the first time in HFA propellants. Variable temperature NMR has provided thermodynamic data through van’t Hoff approaches. The methods have been developed and validated using budesonide to provide limits of determination as low as 1 μg/mL and extended to 11 IPPs chosen to represent currently prescribed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), β2-adrenoagonists and antimuscarinic bronchodilators, and have highlighted solubility variations between the classes of compounds with lipophilic ICSs showing the highest, and hydrophilic β2- agonist/antimuscarinics showing the lowest solubilities from the compounds under study. To determine solid forms on deposition, a series of methods are also described using modified impaction methods in combination with analytical approaches including spectroscopy (μ-Raman), X-ray diffraction, SEM, chromatography and thermal analysis. Their application has ascertained (i) physical form/morphology data on commercial pMDI formulations of the ICS beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR®/Sanasthmax®, Chiesi) and (ii) distribution assessment in-vitro of ICS/β2-agonist compounds from combination pMDIs confirming co-deposition (Seretide®/Symbicort®, GlaxoSmithKline/AstraZeneca). In combination, these methods provide a platform for development of new formulations based on HFA propellants. The methods have been applied to a number of ‘real’ systems incorporating derivatised cyclodextrins and the co-solvent ethanol, and provide a basis for a comprehensive study of solubilisation of the ICS budesonide in HFA134a using two approaches: mixed solvents and complexation. These new systems provide a novel approach to deliver to the lung, with reduced aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) potentially accessing areas suitable for delivery to peripheral areas of the lung (ICS) or to promote systemic delivery.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arantes_td_me_botib.pdf: 1137572 bytes, checksum: 264ea534831c365fabd16c634fed4c50 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Taking into account that paracoccidioidomycosis infection occurs by inhalation of the asexual conidia produced by Paracoccidioides sp. in its saprobic phase, this work presents the collection of aerosol samples as an option for environmental detection of this pathogen, by positioning a cyclonic air sampler at the entrance of armadillo burrows. Detection strategies included: direct culture, extinction technique culture and Nested PCR of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, as well as the evaluation of one armadillo (D. novemcinctus) as positive control for the studied area. Although the pathogen could not be isolated by the culturing strategies, the aerosol sampling associated with molecular detection by Nested PCR proved the best method for detecting Paracoccidioides sp. in the environment. Most of the ITS sequences obtained herein presented high similarity with the homologous sequences of P. lutzii from GenBank database, suggesting that this Paracoccidioides species may be not exclusive to mid-western Brazil as proposed so far

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_bp_me_araca.pdf: 394360 bytes, checksum: 6ce31366bd34a531d11d750f0d95e3ed (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemogasométricos, cardiorrespiratórios, qualidade da recuperação, alterações na motilidade gastrointestinal e cortisol plasmático de equinos submetidos à orquiectomia e anestesiados com isofluorano associado à infusão continua de butorfanol. Foram utilizados doze equinos adultos, distribuídos em dois grupos dois grupos, butorfanol (GB) e controle (GC). Os animais foram pré-medicados com xilazina, induzidos com quetamina associada ao midazolam e mantidos com isofluorano. Ao GB foi administrado butorfanol (0, 025 mg/kg IV) em bolus seguido de por infusão continua do fármaco (13µg/kg/h). As observações das variáveis foram feitas no momento basal e a cada 15 minutos por 75 minutos. Foi constatada redução na FC no M45 e M75 no GC e no M45 e M60 no GB comparados ao M0. A PAS, no GC, aumentou no M30 e M45 comparado ao M0. Já a PAD e PAM aumentaram em ambos os grupos quando comparadas ao valor basal. Houve redução da motilidade gastrointestinal por 60 minutos no GB. Foi observada elevação do cortisol plasmático em M60 e T30 em relação ao M0 em ambos os grupos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a infusão contínua de butorfanol em equinos anestesiados pelo isofluorano promove discreta redução na motilidade gastrointestinal / The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood gases, cardiorespiratory effects, quality of recovery, changes in intestinal motility and plasma cotisol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses associated to continuous rate infusion of butorphanol and submitted to orchiectomy. Twelve adult horses distributed into two groups (BG) and control group (CG). The animals were premedicated with xylazine, induced with ketamine combined with midazolam and maintained with isoflurane. In the BG, butorphanol (0.025 mg-1 kg-1 IV) was administered followed by continuous rate infusion (13µg-1kg-1hour) of the opiod. Observations of the variables were carried out at baseline and every 15 minutes during 75 minutes. Reduction in HR was observed in M45 and M75 in the CG and M45 and M60 in BG compared to M0. The SAP increased in the CG at M30 and M45 compared to M0 whereas DAP and MAP increased in both groups compared to baseline. PaO2 and RT decreased over time in both groups. There was a reduction of gastrointestinal motility by 60 minutes in GB. And plasma cortisol was higher in M60 and T30 than M0 in both groups. The results allow conclude that the continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in horses anesthetized with isoflurane a modest intestinal motility reduction

Smoke inhalation during home or commercial fire resulting in injury of the lung parenchyma and the upper airway by inhalation of toxic gases and products from incomplete combustion, occurring commitment by direct thermal injury and metabolic impairment. Death most often is caused by hypoxemia due to carbon monoxide inhalation and / or cyanide. Are independent predictors of mortality in burned patients: inhalation injury, older than 60 years and burned surface area greater than 40%, the presence of a single factor determines mortality of 3%, two factors 33% and 90% three factors. Inhalation of smoke determines airway edema by direct thermal injury, bronchospasm by irritating aerosolized and occlusion of the small airway by deposit debris endobronchial. Airway obstruction and bronchospasm manifest themselves within 24 hours. Chronic sequelae in victims of inhalation injury are rare. Pulmonary function tests are part of the assessment of victims of inhalation injury, most of them routine spirometry. On January 27, 2013 a nightclub in the city of Santa Maria / RS was the target of a major fire, which exposed many young people to inhalation of toxic fumes in a closed environment. At the time 242 young people died and many were injured mostly with inhalation injury. This study aims to evaluate which the prevalence of spirometric changes in individuals exposed to smoke inhalation, if there was a correlation between the type of manipulation of the airway and lung function and what were the initial symptoms. A cross-sectional study that included symptomatic patients referred to the Department of Pulmonology and who underwent pulmonary function tests in the first five months after exposure to the smoke of the fire. As a result, we obtained total of 125 individuals, symptoms after inhaling toxic fumes, these only nine had spirometric changes and there was no correlation between the type of intervention in the airway and lung function of the victims. Cough and dyspnea were the most prevalent symptoms soon after exposure. Cough and dyspnea were the most prevalent symptoms soon after exposure. Thus, we can infer that chronic pulmonary sequelae after smoke inhalation alone is a complication offbeat, but no significant effects on the flow and volume of pulmonary gases. / Inalação de fumaça durante incêndios domésticos ou comerciais resulta na injúria do parênquima pulmonar e da via aérea superior pela aspiração de gases e produtos tóxicos provenientes da combustão incompleta, ocorrendo comprometimento da via aérea superior por lesão térmica direta além de alterações metabólicas. O óbito na maioria das vezes é causado por hipoxemia, devido à inalação de monóxido de carbono e/ou cianeto. São fatores independentes de mortalidade em pacientes queimados: lesão inalatória, idade maior que 60 anos e superfície corporal queimada maior que 40%. A presença de um destes fatores isolado determina mortalidade de 3%, dois fatores 33% e os três fatores 90%. A inalação de fumaça causa edema da mucosa respiratória, broncoespasmo pelos irritantes aerolizados e oclusão da pequena via aérea por depósito de debris endobrônquico, os sinais e sintomas se manifestam nas primeiras 24 horas e não é comum permanecerem seqüelas respiratórias. Exames de função pulmonar fazem parte da avaliação em vítimas de lesão inalatória, sendo o mais rotineiro deles a espirometria. Em 27 de janeiro de 2013 uma casa noturna na cidade de Santa Maria/ RS foi alvo de um incêndio com grandes proporções, que expôs inúmeros jovens à inalação de fumaça tóxica em um ambiente fechado. Na ocasião morreram 242 jovens e inúmeros ficaram feridos em sua grande maioria devido a lesões inalatórias. Este estudo objetiva avaliar qual a prevalência das alterações espirométricas nos indivíduos expostos à inalação de fumaça, se houve correlação entre o tipo de manipulação da via aérea e a função pulmonar e quais foram os sintomas iniciais. Foi realizado estudo transversal, o qual incluiu pacientes sintomáticos encaminhados ao Serviço de Pneumologia e que realizaram testes de função pulmonar nos primeiros cinco meses após a exposição à fumaça do incêndio. Como resultado, obtivemos um total de 125 indivíduos sintomáticos após a inalação de fumaça tóxica, destes nove apresentaram padrão obstrutivo na espirometria e quatro tiveram espirometria sugestiva de distúrbio ventilatório restritivo. Não houve correlação entre o tipo de intervenção realizada na via aérea e a função pulmonar das vítimas. Tosse e dispneia foram os sintomas mais prevalentes logo após a exposição. Assim, podemos inferir, que mesmo em indivíduos sintomáticos respiratórios a espirometria não evidenciou alteração significativa na função pulmonar após a inalação de fumaça, não interferindo significativamente no fluxo e volume dos gases pulmonares.