L'hépatite B chronique reste un problème majeur de santé publique. Sous traitement par analogues nucléos(t)idiques (NUCs), l'objectif thérapeutique ultime est la clairance de l'antigène (Ag) HBs. Nous avons étudié l'influence de la variabilité des protéines d'enveloppe, impliquées dans l'entrée cellulaire du virus et cibles de la réponse immune, sur la clairance de l'Ag HBs. Des patients traités par NUCs ayant obtenu une clairance de l'Ag HBs (resolvers) ont été appariés à des non-resolver. Deux mutations combinées sT125M/sP127T, caractéristiques des non-resolver, étaient associées à une baisse de l'antigénicité prédite. L'analyse par séquençage haut débit montrait une plus grande variabilité du gène S chez les non resolver. Des tests fonctionnels portant sur des particules virales mutées en sT125M et sP127T sont en cours. Ces données moléculaires sont en faveur de l'existence de "motifs" spécifiques dans le gène S associés à la persistance de l'Ag HBs sous traitement par NUCs / Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic infection remains difficult to eradicate. On treatment by nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), HBs Antigen (Ag) clearance is the ultimate but difficult therapeutic goal. Our aim was to investigate how variability of HBV envelope protein, crucial in viral cellular entry and targeted by host immune response, could play a role in HBsAg clearance. HBV chronically infected patients, treated by NUCs with HBsAg clearance (resolver) were matched with patients without HBsAg clearance (non resolver). Combined mutations sT125M/sP127T, associated with HBsAg persistence, displayed a lower predicted antigenicity. Ultra Deep Sequencing of S gene showed a higher variability in non resolver. Functional assays on viral particles including sT125M and sP127T mutations versus reference particles are in progress. As a conclusion, molecular features observed in non NR argue in favor of a different pattern in HBV S characteristics according to variable NUCs efficiency

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-09T11:58:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA SILVA SANTOS KROGH.pdf: 11659753 bytes, checksum: 86f9f5e903c8c2415e31bebd8d504018 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T11:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA SILVA SANTOS KROGH.pdf: 11659753 bytes, checksum: 86f9f5e903c8c2415e31bebd8d504018 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This research aims to investigate the debate about the city planning in Campinas, when, from the late 1920?s, the need to remodel the city was posed. The start point of the urban planning debate in Campinas is the year 1928, when Mayor Orosimbo Maia hired the engineers Jorge de Macedo Vieira and Carl A. Oelsnner to elaborate the Campinas city Cadastral Plan, delivered in 1929, which would be the basis for the technical work for a town-planning plan. In 1929, the councilman Waldemar Rangel Belfort de Mattos, resumed the debate in the City Hall, stating that the city should hire an urban planner to carry out a plan to remodel its urban area, indicating the renowned professor of urbanism at the Polythechnica School of S?o Paulo, Luiz I.R. de Anhaia Mello. After understanding between the mayor of Campinas, Orosimbo Maia and Anhaia Mello, the urban planner presented a report on October 12, 1929, published both in the local press and in the city of S?o Paulo. Anhaia Mello, although he presented an initial proposal, he did not elaborate a plan for the remodeling of Campinas. The political events of the period, with the coup of 1930, and the armed conflict of 1932, emptied the debate on city planning in the city. In 1933, a new proposal for road remodeling was presented by engineer Carlos W. Stevenson and in 1934, the engineer-architect Francisco Prestes Maia was contracted to prepare the plan, approved by the municipality in 1938, which was called Urban Improvement Plan. The approved plan was set up as a reduced version of the Anhaia Mello proposal, limited to a road plan, with the opening of major central avenues, and the destruction of the architectural heritage, whose implementation was coordinated by the Commission for Urban Improvements, represented by local technicians. These proposals are part of the international debate in the field of urban planning, as the references to the international ideology are present both in the Anhaia Mello Report of 1929 and in the proposals of Prestes Maia in 1934. It also presents a case study on the plan drawn up for the city of Marseille (France) in 1931, by the architect and professor of the Institute of Urbanism of the Paris University, Jacques Greber. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar e analisar o debate sobre o urbanismo em Campinas, quando, a partir do final da d?cada de 1920, foi colocada quest?o sobre a necessidade de remodela??o da cidade. O marco do in?cio do debate sobre o urbanismo em Campinas ? o ano de 1928, quando o prefeito Orosimbo Maia contratou os engenheiros Jorge de Macedo Vieira e Carl A. Oelsner para elaborar a Planta Cadastral de Campinas, entregue em 1929, que seria a base para os trabalhos t?cnicos para um plano de urbanismo. No ano de 1929, o ent?o vereador Waldemar Rangel Belfort de Mattos retomou o debate na C?mara Municipal, afirmando que a cidade deveria contratar um urbanista para realizar um plano de remodela??o de sua ?rea urbana, indicando o ent?o renomado professor de urbanismo da Escola Polythechnica de S?o Paulo, Luiz I. R. de Anhaia Mello. Ap?s entendimento entre o ent?o prefeito de Campinas, Orosimbo Maia e Anhaia Mello, o urbanista apresentou um relat?rio em 12 de outubro de 1929, veiculado tanto na imprensa local, como na paulistana. Anhaia Mello, embora tenha apresentado uma proposta inicial, n?o chegou a elaborar um plano para a remodela??o de Campinas. Os acontecimentos pol?ticos do per?odo, com o golpe de 1930, e o conflito armado de 1932, esvaziaram o debate sobre o urbanismo na cidade. Em 1933, uma nova proposta de remodela??o vi?ria foi apresentada pelo engenheiro Carlos W. Stevenson e, em 1934, decidiu-se pela contrata??o do engenheiro-arquiteto Francisco Prestes Maia para elabora??o do plano, aprovado pela municipalidade em 1938, o qual denominou-se Plano de Melhoramentos Urbanos. O plano aprovado configurou-se como uma vers?o reduzida da proposta de Anhaia Mello, limitando-se a um plano vi?rio, com a abertura de grandes avenidas centrais, e a destrui??o do patrim?nio arquitet?nico, cuja implanta??o foi coordenada pela Comiss?o de Melhoramentos Urbanos, representado pelos t?cnicos locais. Estas propostas se inserem no debate internacional no campo do urbanismo, na medida em que as refer?ncias ao ide?rio internacional est?o presentes tanto no Relat?rio Anhaia Mello, de 1929, e nas propostas de Prestes Maia, de 1934. Ainda, apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o plano elaborado para a cidade de Marselha (Fran?a) em 1931, pelo arquiteto e professor do Instituto de Urbanismo da Universidade de Paris, Jacques Greber.

As zonas costeiras são áreas complexas que contemplam ambientes terrestres e marinhos que, além de possuírem enorme riqueza ambiental, também são áreas atrativas aos seres humanos por oferecer alimentos, lazer, negócios, transporte, entre outros. Algumas dificuldades de gerenciamento ocorrem pela complexidade, conflito de interesses e pelo fato de não haver padronização no levantamento de dados e disponibilização para a comunidade científica, órgãos públicos, etc. O uso de geotecnologias pode auxiliar na organização, padronização e compartilhamento destas informações em Atlas Web além de apoiar no planejamento e tomada de decisão pois agregam, em um único ambiente, diversos dados provenientes de fontes distintas. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial voltado à área ambiental, para ser utilizada em Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE) é exemplificada a partir da modelagem de um bioindicador, Macrobentos, de qualidade de sedimentos. Este trabalho apresenta as etapas necessárias para a construção de modelo de dados espacial de Macrobentos e emprega a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista como referência, além de ilustrar e discutir as principais dificuldades para organizar os dados não padronizados. Conclui-se que a estruturação do conhecimento quando se trabalha com dados ambientais em um modelo é essencial para sua posterior integração em IDE. Constatou-se no processo de modelagem que questões metodológicas relativas ao processo de coleta podem dificultar ou até mesmo inviabilizar a integração de dados provenientes de diferentes estudos. A construção de um modelo de dados espacial e sua posterior publicação via Geoportal, como o apresentado neste estudo, poderá ser utilizado como referência para novas pesquisas com objetivos semelhantes. / Coastal zones are complex areas that include marine and terrestrial environments. Besides its huge environmental importance, they also attract humans because they provide food, recreation, business, transportation, among others. Some difficulties to manage these areas are related with their complexity, diversity of interests and the absence of standardization to collect and share data to scientific community, public agencies, among others. The use of geo-technologies can be used in the organization, standardization and sharing of this information through Atlas Web and assists planning and decision making issues because it aggregates different files from distinct sources. The construction of a spatial database integrating the environmental business, to be used on Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is illustrated by a bioindicator, Macrobenthos, that indicates the quality of the sediments. This research shows the required steps to build Macrobenthos spatial database based on Santos Metropolitan Region as a reference. Besides, it tries to illustrate the problems related to organize non standardized data. It can be concluded, when working with environmental data, that the structuring of knowledge in a conceptual model is essential for their subsequent integration into the SDI. During the modeling process it can be noticed that methodological issues related to the collection process may obstruct or make impracticable the data integration from different studies of the same area. The development of a database model and its subsequent publication in a Geoportal can be used as a reference for further research with similar goals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdianaROG_DISSERT.pdf: 2182777 bytes, checksum: a6c802e96d340606dfb3cbb335b79787 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-01 / The present work investigated the cognitive operation of children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), accompanied at pediatric oncologic institutions at the city of Natal/RN. Had participated in this study twenty children, of both sexes, between six and twelve years old, with the ALL diagnostic, who were in treatment (n=10) and out of treatment for at least one year (n=10) and were submitted exclusively to chemotherapy as CNS prophylaxis. The utilized protocol of neuropsychological evaluation covered the following cognitive abilities: intellective capability, attentional and memory systems, and executive functions. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential measures, with the support of the Mann-Whitney U Test and T-test, considering the influence of the variables sex, age at diagnostic and the past time since the beginning of the treatment over children s performance. The intellective capability evaluation showed low score to the out-of-treatment groups, female and children under five years old to the diagnostic. In concern of attentional systems, groups showed the expected performance. In a relevant way, in the evaluation of executive functions, were found reduced scores within all groups, especially inside the in-treatment group. Memory evaluation pointed to reduced performance in items concerning to learning evolution and spontaneous evocation after interference to the several groups. It can be concluded, reffer to the occurrence of transitory and permanent impact associated to the intrusion of chemotherapic components during the maturational course of the CNS. It s expected that the present investigation and the development of similar studies enable major comprehension about the mode, extension and repercussion of these damages subsidizing the development of strategies which may minimize them and provide better xxiii life quality to this clinical subgroup / O presente trabalho investigou o funcionamento cognitivo de crian?as diagnosticadas com Leucemia Linf?ide Aguda (LLA) acompanhadas por institui??es oncol?gicas pedi?tricas no munic?pio de Natal/RN. Participaram deste estudo 20 crian?as diagnosticadas com LLA, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre seis e doze anos, que estavam em tratamento (n=10) e fora de tratamento h? pelo menos 1 ano (n=10), submetidas exclusivamente ? quimioterapia como profilaxia do SNC. O protocolo de avalia??o neuropsicol?gica utilizado contemplou as seguintes habilidades cognitivas: capacidade intelectiva, sistemas atencionais e de mem?ria e fun??es executivas. Os dados foram analisados atrav?s de medidas descritivas e inferenciais com o aux?lio do Teste U de Mann-Whitney e do Teste t, considerando-se a influ?ncia das vari?veis sexo, idade ao diagn?stico e tempo decorrido desde o in?cio do tratamento sobre o desempenho das crian?as. A avalia??o da capacidade intelectiva revelou baixas pontua??es para os grupos fora de tratamento, sexo feminino e crian?as menores de cinco anos ao diagn?stico. Quanto aos sistemas atencionais os grupos apresentaram desempenho dentro do esperado. De forma relevante, na avalia??o das fun??es executivas foram encontradas pontua??es reduzidas em todos os grupos, com destaque para o grupo em tratamento. A avalia??o da mem?ria indicou desempenho rebaixado em itens concernentes ? evolu??o da aprendizagem e evoca??o espont?nea ap?s interfer?ncia para os diversos grupos. Conclui-se que estas informa??es aludem ? ocorr?ncia de impactos transit?rios e permanentes associados ? intrus?o de componentes quimioter?picos no curso maturacional do SNC. Espera-se que a presente investiga??o e o desenvolvimento de estudos semelhantes possibilitem maior compreens?o acerca da modalidade, extens?o e repercuss?o de tais preju?zos, subsidiando o desenvolvimento de xxi estrat?gias que possam minimiz?-los e proporcionar maior qualidade de vida para este subgrupo cl?nico

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Maria Alice Fusco de Souza.pdf: 1870301 bytes, checksum: a5cdc0a6b5d34e7bd2f9f4705c4edc2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / It is recognized the role of prostaglandins in lowering de intraocular pressure, and more recently, the observation of constitutive expression of COX-2 in the healthy eyes and the absence of this isoenzyme in glaucomatous eyes. These discoveries bring the hypothesis that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs may cause, as unwanted effects, ocular hypertension through the inhibition of COX expression and the reduction of prostaglandins production. The increase of intraocular pressure, even in a transient way, is a risk factor for the development of the glaucoma. In order to observe a possible ocular hypertension associated with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, 28 beagle dogs were selected from the kennel of the Laboratory of Development of Parasiticide Products, Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. On day 0 (zero) the totality of animals had their intraocular pressure measured using applanation tonometry at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., for evaluation of intraocular pressure before treatment; on the following day 10 animals received meloxican, associated with wet feeding, on dosage of 0.2 mg Kg-1 and 0.1 mg weight on the remainder of the four days, nine dogs received prednisone, associated with wet feeding, on dosage of 1,0 mg Kg-1 during five days and nine dogs received only wet feeding. On the fifth day of treatment the totality of dogs had their intraocular pressure measured again using applanation tonometry at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. For all groups, including control-group, the highest average values of intraocular pressure were observed on day 5 (five). The difference between intra-ocular pressure mensurations of the 08 hours and of the 16 hours was significant, independent of treatment and of the considered day. The use of both steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory were not capable of causing ocular hypertension and some factors can be incriminated, such as route of administration, dosage and duration of therapy chosen, besides genetic inheritance and absence of glaucomatous disorder between the selected dogs. / ? reconhecido o papel hipotensor ocular das prostaglandinas e mais recentemente, a observa??o da express?o de COX-2 constitutiva em olhos saud?veis e aus?ncia desta isoenzima em olhos glaucomatosos. Estas descobertas geram a hip?tese de que o uso de antiinflamat?rios apresente como efeito colateral, a hipertens?o ocular pela inibi??o da express?o da COX e diminui??o da produ??o de prostaglandinas. O aumento de press?o intra-ocular, mesmo que transit?rio, ? um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do glaucoma. Para poss?vel observa??o da hipertens?o ocular com o uso de antiinflamat?rios, foram selecionados 28 c?es da ra?a beagle pertencentes ao Canil do Laborat?rio de Desenvolvimento de Produtos Parasiticidas do Departamento de Parasitologia Animal do Instituto de Veterin?ria da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. No dia 0 (zero) todos os animais tiveram a press?o intra-ocular mensurada com o uso do ton?metro de aplana??o ?s 08 horas e ?s 16 horas, para avalia??o da press?o intra-ocular antes do tratamento; no dia seguinte dez c?es receberam meloxicam, junto ? por??o de ra??o ?mida, na dosagem de 0,2 mg/Kg e 0,1mg/Kg nos restantes quatro dias, nove c?es receberam prednisona, junto ? por??o de ra??o ?mida, na dosagem de 1,0 mg/Kg durante cinco dias e nove c?es receberam somente a por??o de ra??o ?mida. No quinto dia do tratamento todos os animais tiveram novamente a press?o intra-ocular mensurada com o uso do ton?metro de aplana??o ?s 08 horas e ?s 16 horas. Em todos os grupos, incluindo o grupo-controle, as maiores m?dias de press?o intra-ocular foram observadas no dia 5 (cinco). A diferen?a dos valores de press?o intra-ocular observada entre as medi??es das 08 horas e das 16 horas foi significativa, independente do tratamento e do dia considerado. O uso dos antiinflamat?rios esteroidal e n?o-esteroidal n?o foi capaz de causar hipertens?o ocular e alguns fatores podem ser incriminados, como via de administra??o, dosagem e dura??o do tratamento utiliz ados, al?m da heran?a gen?tica e aus?ncia de doen?a glaucomatosa nos c?es selecionados.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-09-20T13:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Priscila das merces de sena.pdf: 7709054 bytes, checksum: f76077cb7fca550b09f80cf277852e82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T13:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Priscila das merces de sena.pdf: 7709054 bytes, checksum: f76077cb7fca550b09f80cf277852e82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-31 / The Spotrhrix schenckii is widely dispersed in nature, especially in temperate and tropical climates. Sporotrichosis is the most common human subcutaneousmycosis in Latin America. In domestic feline, tissues can be found with a abundance of this parasite, fact that it is not usual in other species, so becoming a significantzoonoticagent. The objective in this study was to evaluate the regressiontimeoftheclinical disease, the side effects with Potassium Iodide (KI) administration, in dosis of 10 and 20mg/kg of weight, also evaluation the total T4 hormone concentrations, as well as the possible alterations of hemogram, and renal and hepatic serum biochemistrybyusingthismedication. Were used in this experimentation 14 domestic cats (Felis catusdomesticus), 11 males and three females, with indefinite race, and a mean age of 3.7 years old and average weight of 3.9 kg, with the disease sporotrichosis, all from Rio de Janeiro city. The animal selection was done through the confirmation of the sporotrichosis disease, by collecting material and conducting to mycological culture procedure. The animals were divided into two groups randomly: group I (10 mg of KI/ kg of weight), and group II (20 mg of KI/ kg of weight). Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed in all cats in the study. Besides the total T4, the following laboratory tests were performed: hemogram, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase. All tests were repeated every 15 days, and clinical evaluation was performed daily. This study concluded after comparison between the two groups that weren?t significant alterations in time regression of disease, as well as in that laboratorial analysis, but there were differences in side effects, so, dosis of 10 mg / kg of weight, once daily was the most right treatment of feline sporotrichosis / O Spotrhrix schenckii, agente etiol?gico da esporotricose,? amplamente disperso na natureza, especialmente em ambientes de climas temperados e tropicais. A esporotricose ? a micose subcut?nea humana mais comum na Am?rica Latina, e o felino tem potencial zoon?tico significativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de regress?o da doen?a cl?nica e as fun??es hep?tica, renal e tiroideana, com uso do iodeto de pot?ssio (IK) nas doses de 10 ou 20 mg/kg de peso, para tratamento da micose. Foram utilizados 14 felinos dom?sticos (Felis catus domesticus), sendo 11 machos e tr?s f?meas, ra?a indefinida, com idade m?dia de 3,7 anos e peso m?dio 3,9 kg, portadores da doen?a e provenientes do Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. A sele??o dos animais foi realizada atrav?s da confirma??o da doen?a, por meio da coleta de material e realiza??o de cultura micol?gica. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma aleat?ria: grupo I (dose de 10 mg de IK/kg de peso) e grupo II (dose de 20 mg de IK/kg de peso), com m?dia do tempo de tratamento de 63 dias. Avalia??o cl?nica e laboratorial foi realizada em todos os gatos do estudo. Al?m do T4 total, os seguintes exames laboratoriais foram realizados: hemograma, ur?ia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina, alanina-aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase, aspartato-aminotransferase. Todos os exames foram repetidos a cada 15 dias, do in?cio ao final dotratamento e avalia??o cl?nica foi realizada diariamente. Este estudo concluiu, comparando-se os dois grupos, que n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa no tempo de regress?o da doen?a, mas houve diferen?as nos efeitos colaterais. Os animais do grupo I que apresentaram v?mitos e diarr?ia foram em n?mero de dois e os animais do grupo II apresentaram efeits colaterais cmo v?mitos, diarr?ia, prostra??o, anorexia, desidrata??o, febre, saliva??o, pelagem seca.Sendo a dose de 10 mg/kg, uma vez ao dia, a mais adequada para o tratamento de esporotircose felina, pois n?o provocou altera??es cl?nicas, laboratoriais e hormonais significativas

Cette thèse porte sur les stratégies d’internationalisation des firmes chinoises, particulièrement celles qui s’implantent en Europe. À travers une série d’études empiriques nous visons à traiter plusieurs aspects au regard des stratégies employées par ces firmes chinoises. À travers une première étude de cas, nous avons identifié différents parcours internationaux adoptés par les firmes chinoises en référence avec les théories existantes. Par la suite, nous avons conduit à travers une deuxième étude de cas, une analyse comparative de deux cadres théoriques distincts (modèle OLI et LLL). Cela nous a permis de souligner le pouvoir explicatif important de ces deux théories durant des périodes et des contextes différents dans lesquels les firmes chinoises se sont situées. Troisièmement, nous avons visé plus spécifiquement les partenariats entre les multinationales chinoises et les PME françaises. Ce travail a souligné comment ces deux types de firmes, par la combinaison de leurs asymétries réciproques, peuvent surmonter diverses difficultés de leur développement respectif. Au final, selon le concept de distance psychique proposé par le modèle d’Uppsala, nous avons analysé l’impact de la distance psychique dans le cas des multinationales chinoises. Sur la base d’une étude quantitative, cette fois-ci, nous avons proposé qu’en raison de diverses évolutions sociétales (avancement des technologies d’information ; amélioration des moyens de transport, etc.) et de certaines capacités de ces firmes chinoises, les difficultés liées à la distance psychique rencontrée par ces firmes sont inférieures à celles envisagées par le modèle d’Uppsala. / This PhD focuses on the internationalization strategies of Chinese companies, specifically those that are setting up in Europe. Through a series of empirical studies, we aim to treat several aspects with regard to the strategies employed by these Chinese companies. In our first case study, we have identified various international development paths adopted by Chinese firms in reference to existing theories. Subsequently, we conducted, through a second case study, a comparative analysis of two distinct theoretical frameworks (OLI and LLL model). This allowed us to highlight the important explanatory potential of these two theories during different times and contexts in which Chinese firms are embedded. Thirdly, we focused more specifically on partnerships between Chinese multinationals and French SMEs. This work revealed how these two types of firms may overcome various difficulties in combining their reciprocal asymmetries. In the end, according to the concept of psychic distance proposed by the Uppsala model, we addressed the impact of psychic distance in the case of Chinese multinationals. Through a quantitative study, we proposed that due to various societal evolution (advancement of information technologies, improvement of the transport, etc.)and to certain capabilities of Chinese multinationals, the psychic distance related difficulties faced by Chinese multinationals are less than those presumed by the Uppsala model.

L’intensification des relations commerciales entre la Chine et l’Afrique Sub-Saharienne (ASS) observée ces dernières décennies à des implications complexes et diversifiées sur l’économie du continent africain. Cette thèse a examiné trois questions majeures relevant de l’impact des relations commerciales sino-africaines sur les économies d’ASS : la croissance, la production et l’emploi manufacturier, et enfin les exportations intra-africaines. Après avoir analysé les différentes dimensions de la présence chinoise en Afrique (Chapitre 1), la thèse met en évidence un ensemble de résultats. Premièrement, le commerce et les IDE entre la Chine et l’Afrique ont un impact positif sur la croissance en Afrique à travers un accroissement de l’efficience technique des facteurs de production (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, la concurrence des produits manufacturiers chinois a eu un impact limité sur la production et l’emploi manufacturier en ASS (Chapitre 3). Troisièmement, l’effet d’éviction des exportations chinoises sur le commerce intra-africain reste limité à quelques pays et à certaines branches manufacturières (Chapitre 4). / The intensification of trade relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in recent decades lead to a complex and diverse implications on the economy of the African continent. This thesis examined three major issues relating to the impact of China-Africa trade relations on SSA economies: growth, production and manufacturing employment, and finally intra-African exports. After analyzing the different dimensions of the Chinese presence in Africa (Chapter 1), the thesis highlights a set of results. First, trade and FDI between China and Africa have a positive impact on African growth through increased technical efficiency of production factors (Chapter 2). Second, competition from Chinese manufactured goods has had a limited impact on production and manufacturing employment in SSA (Chapter 3). Third, the crowding-out effect of Chinese exports on intra-African trade remains limited to a few countries and few manufacturing sectors (Chapter 4).

Cette thèse est une contribution à l'analyse économique des institutions. Ces dernières années, de nombreux travaux ont permis de montrer que le retard des pays en développement (PED) en matière de développement économique, serait dû en particulier à l'inefficacité de leurs institutions. Il se dégage ainsi un consensus sur la nécessité de réformer les institutions dans les PED. Cependant, la littérature prend rarement en compte les coûts éventuels associés à l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions. De plus, on peut considérer que l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions peut induire des coûts à court terme, alors que ses bénéfices ne vont se matérialiser qu'à long terme. Ainsi, le décalage temporel des effets positifs de l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions pourrait réduire les incitations des PED à réformer leurs institutions. Par ailleurs, la littérature aborde très peu la question des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser la réforme des institutions dans les PED. Cette thèse tente d'apporter des éléments d'éclaircissement sur ces différents points et poursuit deux principaux objectifs. Notre premier objectif consiste à analyser la rationalité économique du choix d'une stratégie de développement économique basée sur l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions dans les PED. Autrement dit, en dépit d'un possible décalage temporel des effets positifs de l'amélioration de la qualité des institutions, nous cherchons à savoir s'il est économiquement justifié de réformer les institutions dans les PED. Notre second objectif consiste à analyser les facteurs susceptibles de favoriser la réforme des institutions dans les PED. Les principaux résultats issus d'analyses empiriques à base de données couvrant la période 1960-2005, confirment l'idée selon laquelle il est dans l'intérêt des PED de choisir une stratégie de développement économique basée sur la réforme de leurs institutions. De même, cette thèse montre qu'une combinaison efficace de facteurs internes -existence dans les PED d'institutions efficaces de contraintes sur l'exécutif- et de facteurs externes - participation des PED aux échanges internationaux d'investissements directs étrangers (IDE)- contribuerait à la réforme des institutions de droits de propriété privée dans les PED. En effet, nos analyses empiriques montrent que : (1) Une amélioration de la qualité des institutions démocratiques, des institutions de droits de propriété, et particulièrement des institutions de régulation est favorable à la soutenabilité de la croissance économique dans les PED. (2) L'amélioration de la qualité des institutions engendre des coûts à court terme et des bénéfices à long terme, mais les bénéfices de long terme l'emporteraient sur les coûts de court terme. Nous mettons en exergue un tel résultat à travers une comparaison des effets de court et de long terme des institutions démocratiques sur la croissance économique dans les PED. (3) La probabilité de réformer les institutions de droits de propriété privée augmente avec les flux entrants d'IDE dans les PED dotés d'institutions efficaces de contraintes sur l'exécutif.

<p>This project was held at London South Bank University in the UK, with corporation with staff from Linköping University in Sweden as Bachelor thesis.</p><p>This report will guide you through the used techniques in order to achieve a successful cooler/Fan project with a minimum budget and good energy saving methods.</p><p>The steps of setting the used software and components are supported with figures and diagrams. You will find full explanation of the used components and mathematics, in additional to a complete working code.</p>