Diss.--Munich. / Bibliography: p. 185-188.

Diss.--Munich. / Bibliography: p. 185-188.

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-207) and index.

The writings of Kant and other philosophers of the Aufklärung, highlighted the importance of that political-intellectual movement to education, making clear the relationship between knowledge and freedom, placing it as both the means and the end of developing knowledge and of an ethical life. This kind of pedagogy focuses on moral education, and on research supports a conceptual ideal of human autonomy. However, the Kant s critical instruments, among them the concept of autonomy were seen as a threat to their own Enlightenment, converted, using any predetermined historical processes, a deceit of the people . This argument was showed in Adorno s (and Horkheimer s) critical technical reason: the Dialectic of Enlightenment. According to Adorno, the development of society from the Enlightenment, that reinforced the role of education and the cultural formation (Bildung), that searched the emancipation of the man, led, inexorably, to its opposite: to the barbarity, to the conformation and to the half-formation . However, in his intervention in the pedagogical discourse, it is observed the development of a concept of education/formation yet based in the idea of emancipation, a concept necessarily debtor to the Kant s idea of autonomy. Thus, through a conceptual analysis, the same time a philosophical, historical and pedagogical s analysis, it will be demonstrated how points and moments such concepts of autonomy and emancipation which approach and move away in their particular intellectuals contexts. In his way one can trace a possible parallel between Adorno s pedagogical thought concerning to Kant s pedagogical thought. / Os escritos de Kant, assim como de outros filósofos da Aufklärung, evidenciaram a importância que tal movimento político-intelectual dava à Educação, deixando clara a relação entre conhecimento e liberdade, situando-a, simultaneamente, como fim e meio do desenvolvimento do saber e da vida ética. A pedagogia que emana deste contexto tem como finalidade uma educação moral, sustentada na investigação conceitual de um ideal de autonomia humana. Contudo, os instrumentos de crítica kantianos, dentre eles o conceito de autonomia, foram vistos como sendo eles próprios uma ameaça ao Esclarecimento, convertidos, segundo determinados processos históricos, num engodo das massas . Esse argumento foi apresentado na crítica da razão técnica de Adorno (juntamente com Horkheimer), a Dialética do Esclarecimento. Segundo o pensador frankfurtiano, o desenvolvimento da sociedade a partir do Iluminismo, no qual se enfatizou o papel da educação e da formação cultural (Bildung) em busca da emancipação do homem, conduziu, inexoravelmente, ao seu contrário: à barbárie, à acomodação e à semiformação . Entretanto, em sua intervenção no discurso pedagógico, percebemos a elaboração de uma concepção de educação/formação ainda pautada na ideia de emancipação, conceito necessariamente devedor da ideia kantiana de autonomia. Desta forma, através de uma análise conceitual, ao mesmo tempo filosófica, histórica e pedagógica, demonstraremos em que pontos e momentos tais conceitos de autonomia e de emancipação se aproximam e se distanciam em seus determinados contextos intelectuais, traçando, assim, um paralelo possível entre o pensamento pedagógico de Adorno com relação ao de Kant.

This thesis entitled "Discipline and Sociability: Foundations of Moral Education of Children in Kant" has as its object of study the Critical Philosophy and, in particular, the booklet Kant on Education (Über Pädagogik) compiled by Friedrich Theodor Rink, a disciple of Immanuel Kant, from notes taken in lessons of pedagogy taught by the philosopher in the courses of 1776/77, 1783/84 and 1786/87, at the University of Königsberg. In Kant's lectures we find the most complete picture of what the philosopher thought about pedagogy, and in this text are contained a number of quotations about childhood. The objective of the research was to develop a detailed study of the booklet, performing its comparison with several works of the critical system, in order to identify the foundations that constitute a Moral Pedagogy of Childhood in Kant. It started from the following thesis: There is a childhood pedagogy in Kant and the foundations for morality are based on two pillars: discipline and sociability. Three guiding questions were elaborated and answered during the course: How are disciplines, sociability and autonomy related to each other and to the whole of critical philosophy? How do they become pillars around which morality develops, from childhood? How can a project of cosmopolitan education contribute to this moral formation? The results point to the confirmation of the thesis and indicate that the Kantian pedagogy is backed up in the critical philosophy characterizing itself as a transcendental pedagogy and contemplating the character of a Kantian Philosophy of History. / La presente tesis intitulada “Disciplina y Sociabilidad: Fundamentos de una Pedagogía Moral de la Infancia en Kant” tiene como objeto de estudio la Filosofía Crítica y, en especial, el opúsculo Pedagogía (Über Pädagogik) compilado por Friedrich Theodoro Rink, discípulo de Immanuel Kant, a partir de las notas tomadas en las lecciones de pedagogía ministradas por el filósofo en los cursos de 1776/77, 1783/84 y 1786/87, en la Universidad de Königsberg. En las prelecciones de Kant se encuentra el panorama más completo de aquello que el filósofo pensaba acerca de la Pedagogía y, en este texto, están contenidas varias citaciones sobre la infancia. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar un estudio profundizado del opúsculo, realizando su cotejamiento con diversas obras del sistema crítico, con la finalidad de identificar los fundamentos que constituyen una Pedagogía Moral de la Infancia en Kant. Se partió de la siguiente tesis: Hay una pedagogía de la infancia en Kant y los fundamentos para la moralidad se asientan en dos pilares: disciplina y sociabilidad. Tres cuestiones orientadoras fueron elaboradas y respondidas durante el recorrido: ¿Cómo están disciplina, sociabilidad y autonomía relacionadas entre si y en el conjunto de la filosofía crítica? ¿Cómo se vuelven pilares en torno de los cuales se desarrollada la moralidad, desde la Infancia ? ¿Cómo un proyecto de educación cosmopolita puede venir a contribuir para esa formación moral? Los resultados apuntan para la confirmación de la tesis e indican que la pedagogía kantiana se encuentra respaldada en la filosofía crítica caracterizándose como una pedagogía transcendental y contemplando el carácter de una Filosofía de la Historia kantiana. / A presente tese intitulada “Disciplina e Sociabilidade: Fundamentos de uma Pedagogia Moral da Infância em Kant” tem como objeto de estudo a Filosofia Crítica e, em especial, o opúsculo Sobre a Pedagogia (Über Pädagogik) compilado por Friedrich Theodoro Rink, discípulo de Immanuel Kant, a partir das notas tomadas nas lições de pedagogia ministradas pelo filósofo nos cursos de 1776/77, 1783/84 e 1786/87, na Universidade de Königsberg. Nas preleções de Kant encontra-se o panorama mais completo daquilo que o filósofo pensava acerca da pedagogia e, neste texto, estão contidas várias citações sobre a infância. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver um estudo aprofundado do opúsculo, realizando seu cotejamento com diversas obras do sistema crítico, com a finalidade de identificar os fundamentos que constituem uma Pedagogia Moral da Infância em Kant. Partiu-se da seguinte tese: Há uma pedagogia da infância em Kant e os fundamentos para a moralidade se assentam em dois pilares: disciplina e sociabilidade. Três questões norteadoras foram elaboradas e respondidas durante o percurso: Como disciplina, sociabilidade e autonomia estão relacionadas entre si e no conjunto da filosofia crítica? Como se tornam pilares em torno dos quais se desenvolve a moralidade, desde a infância? Como um projeto de educação cosmopolita pode vir a contribuir para essa formação moral? Os resultados apontam para a confirmação da tese e indicam que a pedagogia kantiana se encontra respaldada na filosofia crítica caracterizando-se como uma pedagogia transcendental e contemplando o caráter de uma Filosofia da História kantiana.

The goal of this paper is to provide classroom teachers a more unified theory of cognition. The current cognitive theories of information processing, schema theory, and constructivism exhibit limitations and a lack of cohesion that make their implications for teachers unclear. This paper will be presented in five sections. 1) The first describes problems with current cognitive theories and the need for a unified theory of cognition 2) The second provides a review of the literature of current cognitive theories. 3) The third section consists of research in the history of cognitive theory both in philosophy and psychology. 4) The fourth describes how a fresh look at the philosophy of Immanuel Kant can provide a more unified cognitive theory to educational psychology. 5) Finally, the paper offers specific implications for instruction under these headings: Teachers should describe the concept to be taught as a rule. Teachers should introduce the concept rule by experience or by example. Teachers should use the concept rule as a framework for effective questioning. Teachers should describe the rule with abstract language only after students have understood the rule.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis examines a group of German intellectuals and politicians who, during World War I, formulated and proposed a democratic ideology based on their interpretation of the German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant and integrated his ideas with those of Karl Marx, the father of modern socialism. Their theory was an attempt to legitimize democracy in Germany at a time when democratic reforms came to the forefront of German politics. These thinkers advocated a non-revolutionary foundation for social democracy by emphasizing the role of human reason and agency in the process of democratization. Because they had abandoned the need for revolution, which most early nineteenth-century socialists believed was socialism’s ‘final goal,’ these thinkers were known as revisionists. The revisionists’ primary medium through which they espoused their views of social democracy was the journal Sozialistische Monatshefte, which ran from 1893 until 1933. The timeframe on which this argument focuses is the last two years of World War I, when Germany’s failure achieve a victor’s peace opened new avenues for the center-left of the political spectrum to achieve democratic reform. The revisionists sought to carry forward the process of democratization, and by doing so, reconnected with the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Alchemical imagery and ideology is present in many Romantic works of literature, but it has largely been overlooked by literary historians in their contextualization of the time period. The same can be said for mysticism in general, of which alchemy is a subset. This project accounts for alchemy in the works of transcendental philosophers and writers as it contributes to some of the most important conversations of the Romantic time period, particularly the reaction against empirical philosophy and the articulation of creative processes. The transcendental conversation is a transnational one, encompassing Germany, Britain, and America, with its use of alchemy also following this transnational progression. The German idealists developed an epistemology that took from alchemical precepts that in turn informed their spiritual models of genius and the creative process. German idealism largely influenced Romantic conceptions of art and creativity, which then contributed to the Romantic ideal of a poet-prophet. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Nathaniel Hawthorne further developed their own models of the creative process by incorporating alchemy as an image of the transformation from vision into art. I examine Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" and Hawthorne's "The Artist of the Beautiful" for their alchemical imagery that articulates such a genius ideal. I also found, however, that these two Romantic works express an awareness of artistic limitations and frustration in the face of this ideal, which illustrates the ambiguity these two writers are known for. But alchemy, as a discourse of contradictions and their negotiation, is a site that accommodates the tension between a posited ideal and the reality of actual experience. As such, alchemy, as an underlying ideology to the poet-prophet, allows for flexibility in an artist's identity. Furthermore, as a deeply personal philosophy of transformation, alchemy's image as a work of art suggests the artist's personal investment in the creative process, which is necessary to art's viability in an increasingly materialistic world.

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