Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-09-30T22:59:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cintia_x_mello_ipec_pesquisaclinicadi_0002_2011.pdf: 6418751 bytes, checksum: 25c0176616e7ab31ae6bd91f77c3fd69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-30T22:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintia_x_mello_ipec_pesquisaclinicadi_0002_2011.pdf: 6418751 bytes, checksum: 25c0176616e7ab31ae6bd91f77c3fd69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) é uma doença infecciosa, causada por parasitas do gênero Leishmania, que apresenta características complexas em diferentes aspectos. O diagnóstico, sempre que possível, deve ser feito com base em evidências epidemiológicas, aspecto clínico e exames laboratoriais. Para pesquisa direta do parasito, são utilizados os procedimentos de escarificação e “imprint”, sendo a escarificação o método mais rápido, de menor custo e de fácil execução. Baseado nas características dos exames diretos para a confirmação dos casos de LTA, o Ministério da Saúde tem incentivado a implantação do procedimento de escarificação em todos os laboratórios centrais de saúde pública, sendo importantes tanto o conhecimento dos parâmetros de acurácia deste método quanto a padronização relacionada a forma de coleta e leitura, para que possa ser aplicado de forma uniformizada em todo o Brasil. Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar a sensibilidade dos métodos diretos (“imprint”e escarificação), comparados com o teste padrão de referência (cultura). Além disso, buscamos estabelecer critérios de coleta e leitura com fins de uniformização do método para propor sua aplicação em diferentes regiões brasileiras. A população do estudo foi constituída de 110 pacientes com suspeita clínica de LTA que foram atendidos no Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses (VigiLeish/IPEC/Fiocruz) para avaliação clínica e coleta das amostras. Dentre os 110 pacientes analisados 40 foram confirmados com LTA. O “imprint” foi positivo em 28 pacientes conferindo sensibilidade de 70%, a escarificação realizada em borda externa foi positiva em 17 pacientes e em borda interna em 25 alcançando sensibilidade de 42,5% e 62,5% respectivamente. Além de mais sensível o material obtido da borda interna da lesão apresentou uma maior quantidade de células brancas e menos hemácias facilitando a leitura da lâmina. Os parâmetros de acurácia encontrados para os métodos diretos foram satisfatórios demonstrando que essas metodologias podem ser implantadas em todo o Brasil para o diagnóstico da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. / American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which has complex characteristics in different aspects. The diagnosis, whenever possible, should be based on epidemiological evidence, clinical aspect and laboratory tests. Imprint and scraping procedures are used for direct detection of the parasite. Scraping is the quickest, low-cost and easy to conduct. Based on the characteristics of direct examination for the confirmation of ATL cases, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has encouraged the implementation of the scraping procedure in all Central public health laboratories. Thus the knowledge of the accuracy parameters of this procedure and the standardization of collection and reading methods are important for its application in a uniform manner throughout Brazil. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of direct methods (imprint and scraping), compared with the reference standard test (culture). Besides, we sought to establish collection and reading criteria with the purpose of standardizing the method to propose its application in different Brazilian regions. The study population comprised 110 patients with clinical suspicion of ATL who were treated at the Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Surveillance (VigiLeish/IPEC/Fiocruz) for clinical evaluation and sample collection. Among the 110 patients studied, 40 were confirmed with ATL. The imprint was positive in 28 patients granting sensitivity of 70%, scraping conducted in the outer edge was positive in 17 patients and in the inner edge in 25, reaching sensitivity of 42.5% and 62.5% respectively. The material obtained from the inner edge of the lesion was more sensitive and presented a larger amount of white cells and lesser red cells, favoring slide reading. Accuracy parameters found for the direct methods were satisfactory showing that they may be implemented in all Brazilian regions for the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis.

The current trend in pushing photo lithography to smaller and smaller resolutions is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive. Extreme ultra-violet lithography is an alternate method that has the potential to provide feature sizes down to 30 nm, however, it will come at an even greater cost. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is another lithographic technique which is promising to provide very high resolutions at a relatively low cost. Imprinting works by using a mold with a surface patterned with the required nano structures and pressing it into a substrate coated with a deformable polymer. Due to its direct pattern replication technique, it is very capable of reproducing three-dimensional structures, however limited research has been performed on this to date. In this study, investigations have been performed into developing a reliable process for creating SiN molds with sub-100 nm structures with variable height control. The process relies on a negative tone electron beam resist which can be patterned to various thicknesses by varying the exposure dosage. This allows for the creation of complex multi-layer structures in a single electron beam lithography step. These patterns then have been transferred into the SiN substrate by a single reactive ion etch. From here the mold is ready for use in imprinting. Study has also been performed into imprinting process as well. This includes the development of an imprint press, the manner in which NIL works. Investigations have been performed into the imprinting performance of 3D molds. Thermal expansion issues have been found and addressed, as have adhesion problems. Some other aspects of 3D NIL which have not been addressed in this study have been outlined in future work for further investigation.

L’impression répétée d’une image – sceau – ou d’un stūpa en trois dimensions sur un morceau d’argile est une pratique bouddhique pour obtenir du mérite, dont en témoigne la quantité importante retrouvée en Asie du Sud-Est. Ces objets comportent des images représentant un ou plusieurs dieux et stūpas, parfois accompagnées d’un texte, ou bien un texte seul. Jusqu’à présent, seules des études régionales se sont intéressées à ce sujet et aucune n’a prêté attention aux moules utilisés pour leur production. La présence de moules en terre-cuite et en bronze est attestée entre le VIIème et le XIIIème siècle, ces derniers présentant une iconographie raffinée et une technique élaborée. Nous postulons que leur utilisation était propre à certaines cultures et nous mettons en avant trois groupes de moules en bronze, correspondant aux régions du centre du Myanmar, à la Thaïlande et au Cambodge, ainsi qu’à l’Indonésie occidentale et à la péninsule malaise.Centrée sur le catalogue des moules en bronze, cette étude explore leurs liens avec les objets imprimés sous les angles de la production, de l’archéologie, de l’iconographie et de la stylistique, fournissant ainsi une vue d’ensemble synthétique des sceaux et stūpas. Premièrement, la constitution d’une typologie, à la fois des produits et des outils de reproduction, permet de comprendre quelles techniques étaient utilisées pour leur fabrication, et conduit à distinguer l’existence de différents ateliers et usages. Deuxièmement, le recensement des contextes archéologiques connus clarifie les intentions de la production au-delà de l’obtention de mérite, et questionne la valeur religieuse des moules. Finalement, l’analyse des images examine leurs caractéristiques locales, régionales ou inter-régionales, ainsi que leur degré de correspondance avec le répertoire connu des impressions. La nature petite et mobile des sceaux, stūpas et de leurs moules a permis leur diffusion, mais est aussi probablement responsable de leur disparition, à cause de leur fragilité ou de la réutilisation du métal. Cette étude ne sera donc jamais complète. Toutefois, l’approche transversale de ces témoignages de l’art bouddhique apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les différents liens culturels, politiques et religieux qui prévalaient en Asie du Sud-Est. / The repeated impression of an image or of a three-dimensional stūpa on a piece of clay is a Buddhist practice to obtain merit, well attested in Southeast Asia by the vast amount of seals and stūpas discovered. The images depict a single or several deities and stūpas, sometimes accompanied by a text, or they bear text alone. Until now, only regional studies have focused on these artefacts and none have looked at the moulds used for their production. During the 7th to the 13th century CE, we find evidence of terracotta and bronze moulds, the latter demonstrating a refined iconography and an elaborate technical expertise. We postulate that their use was specific to some cultures and bring forward three groups of bronze moulds, corresponding to the areas of central Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia, and western Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. Centred on the catalogue of the bronze moulds, this study explores their connection to the printed objects through their production, archaeology, iconography and stylistics; thereby, also providing a selective overview of the seals and stūpas. First, the establishment of a typology, both of the products and of the reproduction tools, helps to understand which techniques were resorted to during the manufacture, and lead to distinguish the existence of different workshops and developments. Secondly, the survey of the known archaeological contexts clarifies the intentions of the production beyond merit making, and questions the religious value of the mould. Finally, the analysis of the images examines their local, regional or inter-regional features, and the extent of their match with the repertoire of known imprints. The small and movable nature of the seals, stūpas and their moulds resulted in their diffusion but also most probably in their disappearance because of their fragility or due to the reutilization of the metal. This study will hence never be complete. Nevertheless, the transverse approach to these evidences of Buddhist art sheds new light on the different connections—cultural, political and religious—that prevailed in Southeast Asia.

L'émergence d'un nouveau médium ne laisse jamais intacts les médias qui l'ont précédé (McLuhan, Debray). Cette logique n'échappe pas au paradigme actuel, théâtre d'un bousculement majeur depuis l'apparition des technologies numériques. C'est ainsi qu'à l'heure du post-lnternet, le médium imprimé demeure telle une épave échouée sur la rive du progrès. Du fait de cet état, les mécanismes de ce médium s'offrent dans leur plus simple appareil à l'imagination des artistes contemporains qui, par l'usage de stratégies diverses, en développent de singuliers emplois - réveillant ce médium à l'instar d'un zombie (Parikka & Hertz). Cette thèse entreprend de présenter quelques-unes de ces nouvelles affordances (Norman) du médium imprimé développées depuis les années 2000 par une sélection d'artistes internationaux et par l'auteur, en solo et en collectif, à partir desquelles il s'agira de répondre à la question suivante : pourquoi imprimons-nous (nous, les artistes) encore ? Pour ce faire, l'auteur a forgé trois concepts : « ur-imprimo », « nouvel impressionnisme » et « exo-digital ». Au contact de ces derniers, l'auteur entend déplacer le centre de gravité des analyses médiatiques du médium imprimé en art des questions de reproductibilité (Benjamin), de mécanisation, d'uniformité et de fixité (McLuhan), vers les notions d'empreinte (Didi-Huberman), de trace (Derrida), de pratique vivante et de bricolage (Lévi-Strauss). Subséquemment à cette reprogrammation, l'estampe fait place au « printwork » (Cramer) et la figure du graveur à celle de l'artiste-imprimeur. / The emergence of a new medium never leaves intact the media which preceded it (McLuhan, Debray). Being the scene of a radical shift since the advent of new technologies, the actual paradigm is obviously not immune to this logic. That is why, in these limes of post-digital printed matter remains like a wreck on the shores of progress. As a result, the medium's mechanisms are offered to contemporary artists' imagination who, through the use of various strategies, develop singular new functions within it - awakening this medium like a zombie (Parikka & Hertz). This essay undertakes to present some of the new affordances (Norman) of the printed medium developed since the 2000's by a selection of international artists and by the author, alone or as a collective, from which the intent will be to answer the following question: why do we (artists) still print? ln order to do so, the author has forged three concepts: "ur-imprimo", "nouvel impressionnisme" and "exo-digital". With these concepts, the author thus intends to shift the center of gravity of the mediatic analysis of the printed medium in art from the question of replication (Benjamin), mechanization, uniformity and steadiness (McLuhan) towards the notions of imprint (Didi-Huberman), trace (Derrida), living artistic practice and do-it-yourself (Lévi-Strauss). Subsequently to this reprogramming, etching makes room for "printwork" (Cramer) and the printmaker becomes the artist-printer.

This dissertation constitutes two major sections. In the first major section, a kinetic analysis was established to investigate the electromigration (EM), enhanced intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and void formation for Sn-based Pb-free solder joints to Cu under bump metallization (UBM). The model takes into account the interfacial intermetallic reaction, Cu-Sn interdiffusion, and current stressing. A new approach was developed to derive atomic diffusivities and effective charge numbers based on Simulated Annealing (SA) in conjunction with the kinetic model. The finite difference (FD) kinetic model based on this approach accurately predicted the intermetallic compound growth when compared to empirical observation. The ultimate electromigration failure of the solder joints was caused by extensive void formation at the intermetallic interface. The void formation mechanism was analyzed by modeling the vacancy transport under electromigration. The effects of current density and Cu diffusivity in Sn solder were also investigated with the kinetic model. The second major section describes the integration of Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL®) into an industry standard Cu/low-k dual damascene process. The yield on a Back End Of the Line (BEOL) test vehicle that contains standard test structures such as via chains with 120 nm vias was established by electrical tests. S-FIL shows promise as a cost effective solution to patterning sub 45 nm features and is capable of simultaneously patterning two levels of interconnect structures, which provides a low cost BEOL process. The critical processing step in the integration is the reactive ion etching (RIE) process that transfers the multilevel patterns to the inter-level dielectrics (ILD). An in-situ, multistep etch process was developed that gives excellent pattern structures in two industry standard Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) low-k dielectrics. The etch process showed excellent pattern fidelity and a wide process window. Electrical testing was conducted on the test vehicle to show that this process renders high yield and consistent via resistance. Discussions of the failure behaviors that are characteristic to the use of S-FIL are provided. / text

Le développement industriel de la technologie FeRAM (assurant non volatilité, accès rapide et faible consommation) est aujourd'hui limité par la fiabilité du condensateur ferroélectrique intégré. Le travail de thèse, axé sur la compréhension de ses modes de défaillance, a consisté à associer des analyses électriques et microstructurales sur des condensateurs élémentaires, des véhicules de test et des composants. La dégradation des propriétés ferroélectriques de condensateurs élémentaires, sous stresses électriques, a été corrélée à leurs évolutions microstructurales. L'irradiation X s'est également avérée un facteur accélérateur de cette dégradation. Sur les objets technologiques avancés, les techniques synchrotron et la microscopie électronique, associées aux tests de fiabilité, ont permis de corréler les modes de défaillance à la nature du condensateur, à sa géométrie (planaire ou 3D) et aux étapes technologiques utilisées.

The efficiency of an organic photovoltaic cell depends mainly on its morphology where an exciton has to migrate to a p-n junction to create a photocurrent. Therefore the distance from the bulk of the cell to a junction interface should not exceed the diffusion length of the exciton. In this thesis, two novel lithographical methods, to produce specific polymer morphologies, were developed and evaluated. In the first method, called embedded annealing, self-assembled polystyrene colloids were embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and annealed under an electric field to produce a bi-polymer structure consisting of polymer columns in a thin film of PDMS. Polymer colloids were successfully assembled into two dimensional hexagonally close packed arrays. However, the annealing process was unsuccessful. The second method, imprint annealing, aimed to increase the aspect ratio (height/width) of thermally imprinted micrometer sized polystyrene features by annealing them in uniform electric fields. The results showed that the aspect ratio of imprinted features can be significantly increased, 21-fold, while maintaining the periodicity of the original imprint. This is in contrast to previous results where smooth polymer films annealed in uniform fields where the periodicity of the resulting structures cannot be independently controlled, and are highly sensitive to the electrode spacing. Feature sizes down to 1 µm and aspect ratios up to 4.5 were achieved using imprint annealing. / Verkningsgraden hos en hos en solcell beror, för givna material, framförallt på dess uppbyggnad. För att bidra till fotoströmmen måste en genererad exciton vandra till en pn-övergång. På grund av detta bör det längsta avståndet till närmaste pn-övergång i solcellen inte vara längre än excitonens diffusionslängd. I detta examensarbete testas två olika litografiska metoder för att åstadkomma en specifik filmgeometri lämpad för organiska solceller. Den första metoden, kallad embedded annealing, går ut på att bädda in spontant ordnade sfäriska polystyrenkolloider i en polydimetylsiloxan (PDMS) -film för att sedan vid förhöjd temperatur applicera ett elektiskt fält över filmen. Förhoppningen var att på detta sätt töja ut kolloiderna till pelare genom PDMS-filmen. I det första steget ordnades kolloiderna sponant i tätpackade hexagonala tvådimensionella gitter på kiselsubstrat. Experimenten lyckades inte med hjälp av elektriska fält töja ut kolloiderna. Den andra metoden, imprint annealing, syftar till att öka höjd/bredd -förhållandet och minska diametern hos präglade polystyrenstrukturer. Dessa ursprungliga topografiska stukturer skapas med hjälp av en tryckpressmetod kallad nanoimprinting. Dessa strukturer värmdes upp, och ett uniformt elekrisk fält applicerades över dem. Mina resultat visar att man med elektriska fält avsevärt kan öka höjd-breddförhållandet hos polymerstrukturer och samtidigt bevara periodiciteten hos de ursprungliga strukturerna. Detta står i kontrast mot tidigare resultat på släta filmer, där periodiciteten inte kan kontrolleras oberonde av andra parametrar. Med imprint annealing ökades höjd-breddförhållandet hos enskilda strukturer upp till 21 gånger. Diametrar ner till 1 µm och höjd/breddförhållanden upp till 4,5 uppnåddes.

This thesis is concerned with modeling geometric patterns. Specifically, a clear and practical definition for regular patterns is proposed. Based on this definition, this thesis proposes the following modeling setting to describe the semantic transfer of a model between various forms of pattern regularity: (1) recognition or identification of patterns in digital models of 3D assemblies and scenes, (2) pattern regularization, (3) pattern modification and editing by varying the repetition parameters, and (4) establishing exceptions (designed irregularities) in regular patterns. In line with this setting, this thesis describes a representation and approach for designing and editing hierarchical assemblies based on grouped, nested, and recursively nested patterns. Based on this representation, this thesis presents the OCTOR approach for specifying, recording, and producing exceptions in regular patterns. To support editing of free-form shape patterns on surfaces, this thesis also presents the imprint-mapping approach which can be used to identify, extract, process, and apply relief features on surfaces. Pattern regularization, modification, and exceptions are addressed for the case of relief features on surfaces.

" Because technology provides the tools and biology the problems, the two should enjoy a happy marriage ! "1 . Cette phrase resume parfaitement l'esprit du projet qui a motive ces travaux de these. En effet, le couplage des biotechnologies et des micro et nano technologies, resume sous le vocable < Nanobiotechnologies > est une activite en plein essor qui laisse presager de nombreuses applications en particulier dans le domaine de la biodetection. Lobjectif principal de ces travaux est dedie au developpement de strategies d'adressage de biomolecules a l'echelle nanometrique pour des applications de biodetection. Le premier aspect de ce travail est d'ordre technologique. Il concerne la fabrication de dispositifs d'adressage bases sur des reseaux de nanoelectrodes planaires. En utilisant un procede reposant sur lutilisation de la lithographie electronique haute resolution sur un microscope TEM/STEM, nous avons pu demontrer la fabrication de dispositifs a base de nanoelectrodes presentant des espaces inter-electrodes controlables entre 100 et 15nm. Une technique de lithographie alternative, la Nano-Impression est egalement presentee comme une solution possible a la replication de nanodispositifs fabriques par lithographie electronique. La deuxieme partie des travaux est dediee a la mise en place dun schema de detection de nanoparticules que nous avons developpe autour de dispositifs bases sur des reseaux delectrodes inter-digitees. Avant de nous interesser a l'utilisation de ces dispositifs pour une application biologique, nous avons etudie leur reponse electrique vis-a-vis de l'absorption de nanoparticules d'Or par interaction electrostatique. Les premiers resultats obtenus montrent que le schema de detection permet d'atteindre un niveau de sensibilite ultime au travers d'une mesure directe de la conductance des dispositifs. Certaines experiences montrent en effet la possibilite de mesurer electriquement l'adsorption d'une seule nanoparticule. Enfin, la derniere partie de ces travaux est dediee a l'adaptation de ce protocole pour la detection de biomolecules fonctionnalisees par des nanoparticules d'Or. Pour cela, nous avons employe une approche simple basee sur un systeme de reconnaissance entre une molecule cible et une molecule sonde. Ce schema a ete applique a la detection d'interaction antigene/anticorps et nous a permis de transcrire la selectivite de la reconnaissance entre les anticorps dans le depot des nanoparticules qui se traduit par une modification importante de la conductance du dispositif. Les possibilites d'integration ainsi que la compatibilite des dispositifs avec des systemes de microfluidique rendent ce schema de detection particulierement adapte pour le developpement d'un systeme integre de biodetection a tres haute sensibilite. 1 S. Fields, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol 98, pp 10051-10054 (2001)

Human food consumption has changed from the late 19th century to the turn of the millennium, and so has the need for resources to sustain this consumption. For the city of Linköping, situated in southeastern Sweden, the environmental imprint of an average inhabitant’s food consumption is studied from the year 1870 to the year 2000. The average consumer is the driving factor in this study, since changes in food consumption have a direct influence on the environmental imprint. This thesis analyses the environmental imprint of human food consumption from a historical perspective, by applying two different methods. An analysis of the average Swedish food consumption creates the basis for a material flow analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as a study of the spatial imprint. Emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus into the hydrosphere have decreased over this period for the system of food consumption and production for an average consumer, while the input via chemical fertilizer has increased significantly. The efficiency of this system could be increased if for instance more phosphorus in human excreta would be reused within the system instead of large deposition and losses into the hydrosphere. The spatial imprint of human food consumption shows, given the changing local preconditions, that less space would be needed for regional production of the consumed food. However, the share of today’s import and thus globally produced food doubles this spatial imprint. The results of this study show not only a strong influence of the consumption of meat and other animal products on the environmental imprint, but also great potential in the regional production of food. In the context of an increasing urban population, and thus additional billions of people who will live at an increasing distance from the agricultural production land, concern for the direct effects of our human food consumption can be of decisive importance for future sustainable food supply.