The diploma thesis proposes new innovation strategy for The Brno Public Transport Authority (DPMB) tram vehicles. The thesis reviews different approaches to transport innovation strategy. Analyse current strategy in Transport Authority and finally is proposed original innovation strategy of DPMB tram vehicles. The proposal aims to serve as strategical document for the management and stakeholders in tramway fleet renewal.

ŠNAJDAROVÁ, Dagmar. Comparison of the region Střední Morava and the Swedish region Västra Götaland in area of information society development and regional innovation strategies. Prague, 2013-08-09. 89 p., 4 p. attachment. Diploma thesis (Mgr.). Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Information Studies and Librarianship. Abstract The main purpose of the master thesis is to highlight a development state of information society and innovation in Střední Morava region, to compare the Czech region to the Swedish Västra Götaland region, and to find factors influencing the regions development. A developed information society and a well functioning innovation environment are indicators of population wealth-fare in a region. Strategic documents, statistical data and projects are taken into account. The documents, the data and the projects are closely connected with development of information society and innovation environment in the chosen regions. Activities like regional innovation strategies and strategies for development of information society enforced on regional level allow better usage of local potential and specific region conditions. The efficiency of the strategic behaviour is based on collaboration of all regional parties, in effective human and financial resource allocation, and in...

The purpose of the study is to gain deeper knowledge in the conditions of integrating coopetition(collaboration with competitors) in the business model and how it can create value for high technology firms. The study has been delimited by studying the audiobook and podcast industry and has interviewed two audiobook companies, one podcast company and used external reports about the industry as a whole for the empirical data collection. Theories of co-opetition and business models have formed the basis for the study's analysis and motivated the study's conclusions. The results of the study show that there are good conditions for companies to integrate cooperation in their business models and that it can create value for them through three key factors: technological innovations, gaining resources and competitive advantages. How a specific coopetition should be integrated in this specific case remains to be researched further, but how the conditions look for a co-opetition to take place are positive. / Syftet med studien är att få djupare kunskap om förutsättningarna för att integrera co-opetition (samarbete med konkurrenter) i affärsmodellen och hur det kan skapa värde för högteknologiska företag. Studien har avgränsats genom att studera ljudboks- och podcastbranschen och har intervjuat två ljudboksföretag, ett podcastföretag och använt externa rapporter om branschen somhelhet för den empiriska datainsamlingen. Teorier om co-opetition och affärsmodellen har legat till grund för studiens analys och motivering till studiens slutsatser. Resultatet av studien visade att det finns goda förutsättningar för företag att integrera coopetition i sina affärsmodeller och att detta kan skapa värde för dem genom tre nyckelfaktorer: tekniska innovationer, att få resurser och skapa konkurrensfördelar. Hur en specifik co-opetitionska integreras i detta fall återstår att forska vidare på, men förutsättningarna att integrera en coopetition är positiva och visar på flera fördelar.

The increased customer demand for innovative and sustainable solutions implies that companies need to seek knowledge, and insights, beyond their traditional business models. This by opening up barriers and collaborating with other stakeholders. Using this approach is referred to in the literature as practicing open innovation. There is however a lack of research on open innovation concerning radical innovation and collaboration. The purpose of this report is to fill this research gap by investigating how a large incumbent company can set up radical collaboration in an open innovation space. The gap will be filled by conducting a qualitative and explorative cross-case analysis with the hosting company of this study, IKEA, and the research questions presented in this report aims to assist IKEA in the set of radical collaboration. The research question and related results were divided into four parts; Strategy implications, partner selection criteria, challenges and success factors. Regarding the first sub-research question, the strategy of the OIS should be aligned to the long-term goals of the parent firm but the short-term targets should not be controlled. This in order to give the OIS mandate to come up with unexpected and radical solutions. Moreover, in the partner selection process, important criteria to consider for radical collaboration are shared values, culture, and commitment to the project. Concerning challenges with radical collaboration, these are: Clear expectations, Contracts, Identifying focus areas, Implementation of the innovations, Innovation strategy renewal, Introduction of a new concept, NDA’s, Outsourcing and Organizational behavior. Lastly, the findings show that autonomy, self-control, communication, and structure are important success factors. The related recommendation of this thesis is that large established companies, looking to pursue radical collaboration in an open innovation format, should consider these insights to be successful. It should however be made clear that radical innovation practices tend to be more complex and time-consuming. Thus, KPIs for success may need to be revisited in firms traditionally seeking incremental innovations with in-house innovation practices. / Med en ökande efterfrågan från kunder på innovativa och hållbara lösningar behöver företag söka kunskap och resurser utanför sina traditionella affärsmodeller. Detta genom att öppna upp sina interna processer och samarbeta med andra. Att använda detta tillvägagångssätt hänvisas till i litteraturen som att utöva “öppen innovation”. Det saknas dock forskning i ämnet som rör radikal innovation och samarbete. Syftet med denna rapport är att fylla detta forskningsgap genom att undersöka hur ett stort etablerat företag kan starta upp radikala samarbeten i ett öppet innovationslandskap. Gapet kommer att fyllas genom att utföra en kvalitativ och explorativ flerfallsstudie med ett värdföretag, IKEA, och forskningsfrågorna som presenteras i denna rapport har som mål att skapa ett ramverk för att hjälpa IKEA introducera radikala samarbeten. Forskningsfrågan och relaterade resultat delades in i fyra delar; Strategi implikationer, partnervalskriterier, utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer. När det gäller den första forskarfrågan bör innovationsstrategin anpassas till moderföretagets långsiktiga mål, men de kortsiktiga målen bör inte kontrolleras. Detta för att ge initiativet mandatet att komma med oväntade och radikala lösningar. Dessutom är viktiga kriterier att ta hänsyn till, för radikala samarbeten i urvalsprocessen av partners, att de samarbetande parterna delar värderingar, kultur och engagemang för projektet. Vad gäller utmaningar för radikalt samarbete är dessa de mest kritiska: Tydliga förväntningar, Kontrakt, Identifiera fokusområden, Implementering av innovationer, Förnyelse av Innovationsstrategi, Introduktion av ett nytt koncept, Sekretessavtal, Outsourcing och Organisatoriskt beteende. Slutligen visar resultaten att autonomi, självkontroll, kommunikation och struktur är viktiga framgångsfaktorer. Den avslutande uppmaningen är att stora etablerade företag, som vill sträva efter radikalt samarbete i ett öppet innovationslandskap, bör ha dessa insikter i beaktning för att initiativet ska bli framgångsrikt. Det bör dock klargöras att radikala innovationsmetoder tenderar att vara mer komplexa och tidskrävande. Därför kan KPI:er för framgång behöva ses över hos företag som traditionellt söker inkrementell innovation med interna innovationsmetoder.

Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hur svenska organisationer arbetar med öppen innovation, i vilka former de gör det och vilken typ av innovationer de producerar. Uppsatsen definierar även uttryckligen begreppet "dolda problem" inom organisationer och kopplar sedan det till innovationsteori. Definitionen av öppen innovation har utvecklats tillsammans med förståelsen för begreppet, vilket i sig utgör en övertygande teori för både organisationer och forskare i strävan efter teknisk utveckling. De befintliga modeller som beskriver öppen innovation är emellertid inte förenliga med hur definitionen av termen har utvecklats. Genom att kartlägga nuvarande litteratur och innovationsteori, föreslås i denna uppsats en förening av två befintliga öppna innovationsmodeller som bättre passar den nuvarande definitionen. I uppsatsen föreslås också att syntetisk innovation - ett begrepp beskrivet i denna avhandling - är den primära typen av innovation som produceras inom en öppen innovationsram. Resultaten, analysen och diskussionerna baseras på en litteraturstudie, en handlingsstudie och fyra fallstudier av innovationsinitiativ i Sverige. Analyserade genom den föreslagna ramen visar resultaten att resurstypen som delas mellan firmor i ett öppet samarbete är mer empiriskt viktig än indikerat från befintliga innovationsmodeller. Det indikeras också att företagens permeabilitet förändrar vilken typ av innovation de producerar. Arbetet indikerar också att dolda problem empiriskt löses genom syntetisk innovation som särskilt kan uppnås i en öppen innovationsmiljö. / The primary purpose of this thesis is to analyze how Swedish organizations work with Open Innovation, in what forms they do so, and what type of innovations they produce.  Secondarily, it explicitly defines the notion of "hidden problems" within organizations and subsequently links it to innovation theory. The definition of Open Innovation has evolved alongside the understanding of Open Innovation itself, and it constitutes a compelling theory for organizations and researchers alike in the pursuit of technological advancement. The incumbent models that describe Open Innovation, however, are not compliant with the definition of the term. By surveying the current literature on Open Innovation, and Innovation theory, this thesis proposes a unification of two incumbent Open Innovation models that better fit with the definition of Open Innovation itself. It also suggests that Synthetic Innovation as defined in this thesis is the primary type of innovation produced under an Open Innovation framework. The results, analysis, and discussions are based on a literature review, an action study, and four case studies of innovation initiatives in Sweden. Analyzed through the proposed framework, the results from this thesis indicate that resource type is more empirically important than evident from incumbent innovation models. It also suggests that the permeability of firms, created in an Open Innovation environment, alters the type of innovation they produce. The research shows a need to update the early, yet fashionable, models of Open Innovation to better map against the current definitions. It also indicates that hidden problems result in a particular type of Synthetic Innovation that is especially achievable through Open Innovation.

After numerous renewals and reignitions since the initiation of the "War on Cancer" more than five decades ago, the recent reignition of "Moonshot to Cure Cancer" points to the systemic persistence of cancer as a major cause of loss of life and livelihood. Literature points to the diminishing returns of cancer research through time, as well as heterogeneities in cancer research centers' innovation strategies. This dissertation focuses on the strategic decision by cancer research centers to invest their resources in conducting early phases of clinical trials on new candidate drugs/treatments (resembling exploration) or late phases of clinical trials that push established candidates towards acquiring FDA approvals (resembling exploitation). The extensive clinical trials data suggests that cancer research centers are not only different in their emphasis on exploratory trials, but also in how their emphasis is changing over time. This research studies the dynamics of this heterogeneity in cancer research centers' innovation strategies, how experiential learning and capability development interact to cause dynamics of divergence among learning agents, and how the heterogeneity among cancer research centers' innovation strategies is affected by the dynamics of learning from experience and capability development. The findings of this dissertation shows that endogenous heterogeneities can arise from the process of learning from experience and accumulation of capabilities. It is also shown that depending on the sensitivity of the outcome of decisions to the accumulated capabilities, such endogenous heterogeneities can be value-creating and thus, justified. Empirical analysis of cancer clinical trials data shows that cancer research centers learn from success and failure of their previous trials to adopt more/less explorative tendencies. It also demonstrates that cancer research centers with a history of preferring exploratory or FDA trials have the tendency to increase their preference and become more specialized in one specific type (endogenous specialization). These behavioral aspects of the cancer research centers' innovation strategies provide some of the tools necessary to model the behavior of the cancer research efforts from a holistic viewpoint. / Doctor of Philosophy / The "Moonshot to Cure Cancer" was renewed most recently in September 2022. However, renewal and reignition of this national collective effort is nothing new; this effort started as "War on Cancer" in 1971 and has been reignited numerous times. After more than 50 years of our collective battle to cure cancer, it claims almost 600,000 lives annually and remains as the second leading cause of death in the US. There are a wide variety of cancer research centers from all around the world contributing to this collective effort and they make considerably different decisions regarding their investment in research. There is evidence suggesting that some of the research centers' investment decisions are not optimal and can be improved. It has been shown that systems such as patent regulations can be revised to encourage such improved decisions among cancer research centers. This dissertation focuses on the process of clinical trials for new drugs/treatments for cancer. New drugs/treatments have to pass different phases of trials to ensure that they are safe and effective before they can acquire FDA approvals. Cancer research centers decide whether to invest in early phases of clinical trials for new drug/treatment candidates or invest in late phases of trials for candidates that have already passed the early phases. The clinical trials data show that there has been a sharp rise in number of early phases of trials on new drugs/treatments; however, the same rise cannot be seen in the late phases of trials resulting in approvals. It can also be seen that different research centers put different levels of emphasis on initiating early phases of trials for new drugs/treatments (exploration). In this dissertation, the hypothesis is that this ongoing dilemma that cancer research centers face to invest on how much emphasis to put on exploration in their clinical trials is affected by learning from experience. To test this hypothesis, a mathematical model is used to show differences in decisions can be causes solely by learning from experience, when the decision maker is learning "what to do" from success/failure of previous efforts and learning "how to do it" from practicing and accumulating the required skills. Then, the hypothesis is formally tested using the clinical trials data. The results show that cancer research centers learn from the success and failure of their previous exploratory trials when deciding on their emphasis on exploration. Also, they accumulate skills, resources, and capabilities relevant to the type of research the conduct more often and specialize in either of late- or early-phases of trials. The findings of this dissertation show that learning from experience can cause in differences in decisions. It also finds evidence that cancer research centers learn to place different levels of emphasis on exploration in their clinical trials. These findings can later be used in models of the cancer research ecosystem to study how funding structures and policies can be changed to improve the outcomes of our collective effort to cure cancer.

This thesis presents an exploratory study into the development of digital societies and it examines public sector modernization and innovation from a technology management perspective. The study presents reasons why most city-wide or council-wide development of wireless broadband access networks currently end in failure or are unsustainable. It also suggests its links with wider problems of innovation management and the commercial failure of otherwise technically competent solutions It explores the modernisation of society, government, the underlying theories that influence it as well as the innovations triggered by its wake. The exercise reveals a myriad of innovations; firstly in the modernisation of the infrastructure of government and secondly in the development of societal infrastructure in the form of broadband networks.

In complex and fast-paced times, management of innovation is suggested to explain the success of an organization, making managing innovation an important topic in strategy, organization and innovation literature. At the same time, the demand for customized solutions is increasing and the customers are becoming more important. A current example of an industry under transformational pressure experiencing this is the materials manufacturing and packaging industry, which this study addresses.  The combined need of increased research within the areas of innovation capabilities, innovation in a low-to-medium technology context and customization makes it difficult to know what innovation strategy to use in order to support customization. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the process of product innovation in a fast-changing market can be managed in order to support customization. Data were collected through a qualitative single case study approach, where semi-structured interviews were conducted within the meal kit and online grocery industry, as well as from different areas within the packaging solutions division within a large incumbent materials and packaging manufacturing company.  The findings indicate that the more a manufacturing provider is able to integrate and coexist an innovation with individual customer's values and needs, the greater is the prospect for adoption. Involving customers also works to better handle fast changing markets and react to changing customer needs. There are possibilities for a manufacturing firm to charge premium prices for customized solutions if the perceived relative advantage is strong enough. Furthermore, the findings in this study indicate the importance of involving the production in an early stage of the product innovation process to ensure that the product is producible and diminish the risk that a new product will be unprofitable. Also, increasing the dialogue between the different functions could enable the organization to work proactively with complementing the current product portfolio with profitable products and counteract the negative consequences of customization. / I komplexa tider med snabba förändringar föreslås innovationsledning kunna förklara framgång för en organisation. Detta gör innovation till ett viktigt ämne inom strategi- , organisations- och innovationslitteratur. Samtidigt ökar efterfrågan på kundanpassade lösningar och kunderna blir allt viktigare. Ett aktuellt exempel på en industri under transformationstryck som upplever detta är materialtillverknings- och förpackningsindustrin, vilken denna studie behandlar.  Det kombinerade behovet av ökad forskning inom områdena innovationsförmåga, innovation för låg-till medelteknologiska företag samt kundanpassning gör det svårt att veta vilken innovationsstrategi som ska användas för att stödja kundanpassade lösningar. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att undersöka hur processen för produktinnovation i en snabbt föränderlig marknad kan hanteras för att stödja erbjudandet av kundanpassning. Data samlades in genom en kvalitativ fallstudie, där intervjuer genomfördes inom matkasse och den digitala livsmedelsindustrin samt från olika områden inom förpackningslösningsdivisionen inom ett stort tillverkningsföretag för material och förpackningar.  Resultaten visar att ju mer en tillverkare kan integrera och samexistera en innovation med enskilda kunders värderingar och behov, desto större är möjligheterna för användning av dessa lösningar. Att involvera kunder fungerar också för att bättre hantera föränderliga marknader och reagera på förändrade kundbehov. Det finns möjligheter för ett tillverkningsföretag att ta ut premiumpriser för skräddarsydda lösningar, om den upplevda relativa fördelen är tillräckligt stark. Vidare visar resultaten i denna studie vikten av att involvera produktionen i ett tidigt skede av produktinnovationsprocessen för att säkerställa att produkten är producerad och minska risken för att en ny produkt blir olönsam. Att öka dialogen mellan de olika funktionerna kan också göra det möjligt för organisationen att arbeta proaktivt med att komplettera den nuvarande produktportföljen med lönsamma produkter och motverka de negativa effekterna av kundanpassade lösningar.

台灣半導體業自1970年代發展至今，垂直分工完整，從上游的IC設計、製造，到下游的封測與配銷，都有眾多企業投入。本研究著眼於台灣半導體產業中，最上游的IC設計公司之競爭策略與經營模式，主要有幾個原因： 1.台灣有超過300間IC設計公司，吸納了眾多理工相關人才。 2.在全球範圍內，近年的產業結構劇變導致IC設計公司消長迅速。 3.IC設計可靠著正確的產品崛起，但也容易後續乏力，是高風險高獲利的產業。 4.經20餘年發展，世界前20大IC設計公司中，台灣企業已佔到5席。此時回顧IC設計公司的發展歷程，探究其成長策略，當可做為未來其他新進業者參考。 企業成長的策略模式是多樣化的，本研究整理相關文獻與個案發展歷程，針對四家台灣不同領域的IC設計公司所做分析，提出IC設計公司成長策略的擬定，可以由「市場面」、「技術面」，和「策略面」出發。目的在於，探討台灣IC設計業在成長過程中，面對外部競爭環境如何擬定競爭策略以建立、維持競爭優勢。 本研究實證結果摘要以下幾點： 1.技術面：新創IC設計公司資源不足，專攻特定技術可盡速累積經驗與未來發展資源。為了補足資源缺口，可以考慮緊跟產業標準制定者，進行產品規劃。 2.市場面：透過挑選指標型客戶，建立穩定的訂單來源，以及市場聲譽。 3.策略面：引進重要客戶或業界龍頭入股，加深合作關係。 關鍵字：IC設計、競爭模式、創新策略、成長策略、競爭優勢。 / Since 1970s, the semiconductor industry in Taiwan has formed a complete vertical specialized system which consisted of numerous companies from the upstream IC design, manufacturing, assembly & testing to the downstream IC distribution. The reasons why this study focused on the competitive patterns and business models of IC design includes: 1.There are more than 300 fabless IC design house in Taiwan and the whole industry attracted lots of young engineering talents and became remarkable to Taiwan economy. 2.Significant structural transformations changed the whole industry recently. 3.IC design house can rise rapidly by just one right product and fall even faster if they missed the right timing. So the industry is about high operation risks with high return on investments. 4.To learn the successful stories of Taiwanese IC design could be reference classes for the coming start-ups. The growth strategies of corporations are quite diversified, therefore, this study induced the related documents and generalized the history of four case companies to find how they develop growth strategies. This study proposed the growth strategies could be formulated out of three dimensions: the market orientation, the technology orientation and the strategy orientation as below: 1.Technology orientation: In order to accumulate necessary resources for future growth, IC design start-ups may concentrate on core technologies and keep in step with the industry standard setters to plan their product line. 2.Market orientation: Collaborate with key clients to gain stable purchasing orders and reputations. 3.Strategy orientation: Leverage key clients or industry leaders to do market development. Keywords: Fabless IC Design, Competitive Patterns, Innovation Strategy, Growth Strategy, Competitive Advantage.

本研究目的為探討突破性創新之影響因素，採用兩階段法進行實證分析，第一階段探討產業特性、廠商特性與產品創新之關係；第二階段則探討廠商進行突破性創新之影響因素，包括產業特性、廠商特性與廠商創新策略，希望透過兩階段的比較，釐清外在環境與內在條件如何分別影響廠商進行產品創新與突破性創新之決策。本研究利用國科會企劃處2007年「台灣地區第二次產業創新活動調查研究」資料庫，選擇台灣地區製造業廠商為研究對象，第一階段採用Logit迴歸模型進行實證分析，第二階段則以Logit模型以及Heckman模型進行實證，希望透過Heckman二階段模型修正「樣本自我選擇偏誤」(self-selection bias)發生之可能性，實證結果發現： 一、產品加值鏈區段、廠商規模、市場廣度對廠商進行產品創新有正向影響，B2C型態廠商對廠商進行產品創新有負向影響。廠齡與高科技產業廠商對於廠商進行產品創新則無顯著影響。 二、產品加值鏈區段、廠商規模對廠商進行突破性創新有正向影響 三、具有以下創新策略的廠商較可能進行突破性創新：1.自有品牌廠商 2.有新產品的行銷活動 3.追求拓展產品線 4.與供應商協同創新 5.追求先行者優勢 四、與顧客協同創新、追求既有市場佔有率的廠商對於突破性創新有負向影響 / The main purpose of this research is to explore the factors or determinants of product innovation and disruptive innovation for the manufacturer firms in Taiwan. In this empirical studies, we use Logit model and Heckman selection model to demonstrate the factors affect a firm adopting product innovation and disruptive innovation separately. By analyzing the data from 2007 Taiwan Technological Innovation Survey, it shows： 1.The position of value added chain, firm size, market scope have positive correlation with product innovation. B2C firms has negative correlation with product innovation. Firm age and Hi-tech industry firms don’t have significant correlation with product innovation. 2. The position of value added chain, firm size have positive correlation with disruptive innovation. 3.Firms have innovation strategy as followed tend to adopt disruptive innovation：(i)Brand manufacturer (ii)Engage in marketing activity of the innovative product (iii)Pursue the extension of product line (iv)Collaborative innovation with suppliers (v)Pursue first mover advantage 4. Firms have innovation strategy as followed tend not to adopt disruptive innovation：(i)Collaborative with customers (ii)Pursue the market share of existing product