Tidigare forskning pekar på att det kan finnas samband mellan vissa psykologiska faktorer och utveckling av depression och ångest. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka huruvida olika psykologiska faktorer påverkar risken att utveckla depression samt ångest vid en uppföljning efter tre år. Studien baserades på data som insamlats vid det första (T1) och det andra (T2) mättillfället i den longitudinella populationsbaserade Miljöhälsostudien i Västerbotten. Samplen i denna undersökning bestod av deltagare som inte hade ångest (n=1930), och deltagare som inte hade depression (n=2120) vid T1. I studien undersöktes i vilken utsträckning upplevelse av utmattning, insomni, känsla av hjälp- och hopplöshet, stress, självskattad ohälsa, ångest och depression vid T1 ökade risken för depression respektive ångest vid T2. Logistiska regressionsanalyser visade på en signifikant ökad risk för att utveckla depression vid T2 (Oddskvot; OK=1.99-3.64) för samtliga riskfaktorer. Riskfaktorerna depression, utmattning, hjälp- och hopplöshet och självskattad ohälsa ökade risken för att utveckla ångest vid T2 signifikant (OK=2.37-3.78). Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att riskfaktorerna indikerar en i varierande grad ökad risk för att utveckla depression och ångest. Kännedom om riskfaktorer kan vara ett betydelsefullt stöd för att i ett tidigt skede sätta in interventioner och därmed förhindra senare insjuknande i depression och ångest. / Previous research suggests that there may be a link between certain psychological factors and development of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate how different psychological factors affect the risk of developing depression and anxiety in a follow-up three years later. The study was based on data from baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) in the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study, a longitudinal population- based study. The sample consisted of participants who did not have anxiety (n = 1930), and participants who did not have depression (n = 2120) at T1. The study examined the extent to which experience of exhaustion, insomnia, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, stress, low self-rated health, anxiety and depression at T1 increased the risk of depression and anxiety at T2, respectively. Logistic regression analyses showed a significantly increased risk of developing depression at T2 (Odds ratio; OR = 1.99-3.64) for all risk factors. The risk factors depression, exhaustion, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness and low self-rated health significantly increased the risk of developing anxiety at T2 (OR = 2.37-3.78). In conclusion, the results show that the risk factors indicate a varying degree of increased risk of developing depression and anxiety. Knowledge of risk factors is important as support for initiating interventions at an early stage and thus preventing later onset of depression and anxiety.

Insomnia is one of the most common health issues, with occasional symptoms affecting up to 50% of the general population. Lack of sleep is associated with many negative health effects. A new evolutionary hypothesis has been proposed to explain the mechanism behind insomnia symptoms. The evolutionary-emotional hypothesis proposes that while acute insomnia might be advantageous from an evolutionary perspective, chronic insomnia is maladaptive and may follow from a failure or delay of fear extinction. The aim of the current thesis was to investigate which neural mechanisms might be at work if one is to consider the evolutionaryemotional hypothesis about the causes of insomnia plausible and to review studies from cognitive neuroscience to discover what support there might be for the hypothesis. Studies have found heightened activation in fear-related brain areas in insomnia patients. Delayed fear extinction and altered emotion regulation circuitry, among other things, were also observed for insomnia patients. However, few experimental studies on the effect of fear extinction on sleep in insomnia patients have been conducted. At this time, some emerging evidence lends support for the evolutionary-emotional hypothesis of insomnia, but more studies that directly assess fear conditioning and fear extinction processes in insomnia patients are needed to assess the explanatory power of the theory.

L’anxiété et l’insomnie représentent des affections parmi les plus répandues, avec plusieurs conséquences négatives pour les personnes qui en souffrent, leur famille et la société en général. Parmi les solutions les plus communément utilisées pour la prise en charge de l’anxiété et de l’insomnie, nous avons l’option pharmacologique qui, malgré une certaine efficacité initiale présente plusieurs conséquences à long terme comme la présence d’effets indésirables et l’installation progressive du phénomène de tolérance. Une autre possibilité thérapeutique est la psychothérapie et dans cette catégorie, le traitement de choix recommandé pour la solution à long terme de ces troubles est représenté par la thérapie cognitivo- comportementale. Mais, malheureusement, les ressources pour l’administrer sont limitées et couteuses et les temps d’attente sont souvent longs. Il a été alors question de trouver des alternatives pour permettre à plus de personnes souffrant d’anxiété et d’insomnie d’avoir accès rapidement à des solutions pour leur problème. C’est ainsi que notre réflexion s’est tournée vers les nouvelles technologies qui se sont répandues à grande échelle dans la population et qui montrent progressivement leur utilité pour remédier à la difficulté d’accès à certaines ressources traditionnelles dans la prise en charge de problématiques reliées à la santé mentale. Notre équipe, déjà impliquée dans le développement de plusieurs approches thérapeutiques par internet, a pris l’initiative de tester l’efficacité de l’application Muzzz, conçue pour réduire l’anxiété et améliorer le sommeil et qui consiste en l’écoute de suggestions positives inspirées du training autogène de Schultz. Ces suggestions ont la particularité d’être progressivement masquées par une musique relaxante et deviennent donc préconscientes. Muzzz est une dérivée du programme APAP (Augmentation de la Psychothérapie Par Amorçage Préconscient) dont le concept, basé sur l’écoute de suggestions positives personnalisées masquées par de la musique relaxante, a été évalué positivement en termes de validité et de faisabilité dans l’étude de Borgeat et collaborateurs réalisée en 2013 [augmentation des cognitions positives (d = 0,53) et diminution des cognitions négatives (d = 0,73) au Test d’Auto-Évaluation des Pensées en Interaction Sociale (TAPIS)]. Pour évaluer l’efficacité de l’application, 20 personnes (parmi lesquelles 10 hommes et 10 femmes, qui avaient un âge moyen de 41,25 ans, variant de 20 à 67 ans avec écart-type de 15,82) ont été recrutées dans les CLSC (centre local de services communautaires) Saint-Michel et Rosemont de la région de Montréal et ont été invitées à utiliser l’application pendant 4 semaines, dans un contexte de psychoéducation. Les effets ont été mesurés en les soumettant à l’index d’anxiété de Beck (mesure principale) ainsi qu’à l’index de sévérité de l’Insomnie et au questionnaire pour les inquiétudes du Penn State (mesures secondaires), respectivement au début de l’étude, puis après 2 et 4 semaines. L’anxiété, l’insomnie et les inquiétudes ont aussi été mesurées quotidiennement avec l’application Emax qui sert à recueillir les données en temps réel. Nous avons aussi évalué les processus cognitifs avec la mesure idiosyncratique de la conviction dans les pensées au début et à la fin de l’étude. Les résultats ont montré une réduction statistiquement significative de l’anxiété (d=0,78) au terme de la période d’intervention. Le même résultat a été observé avec les autres variables avec une amélioration de la qualité du sommeil (d=0,78) et une réduction des inquiétudes (d=0,77) toutes deux significatives. Une amélioration des cognitions, reflétée par la diminution significative des valeurs de la mesure idiosyncratique de la conviction dans les pensées (d=1,59), a aussi été observée. L’utilisation de l’application Muzzz dans un contexte de psychoéducation a montré son utilité pour soulager temporairement les symptômes de personnes souffrant d’anxiété et d’insomnie, dans l’attente de consulter un professionnel de la santé. Notre étude ne disposait que d’une faible taille d’échantillon. Ces résultats devraient donc être confirmés par d’autres études futures de plus grande ampleur. / Anxiety and insomnia are among the most common mental health disorders with negative consequences for patients, their families and society as a whole. Pharmacological treatment options with initial efficacy are available but are associated with unwanted side effects and tolerance in the longer term. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a treatment of choice that provides an effective and longer-term solution, but availability is limited with long waiting-lists. Alternative effective options are needed to address the needs of all those suffering from anxiety and insomnia in a cost effective and timely manner. In particular, the development of new applications of technologies that are already widely used in the general population hold the potential to address the lack of access to traditional resources for those with mental health problems. Our team took the initiative to evaluate the efficacy of the Muzzz app, which consists of listening to positive suggestions inspired by Schultz's autogenic training., and is designed to reduce anxiety and to improve sleep These suggestions are masked by relaxing music and delivered in a subliminal format as a derivative of the APAP (Augmentation of Psychotherapy through Alternative Preconscious Priming) program. The APAP program developed by Borgeat et al. (2013) consists of listening of positive personalized suggestions masked by relaxing music, which has previously shown effectiveness in increasing positive cognitions (d = 0.53) and decreasing negative cognitions (d = 0.73). To assess the effectiveness of the Muzzz app and its application among those with anxiety and insomnia a total of 20 participants (10 men and 10 women were recruited at the Saint-Michel and Rosemont CLSCs (local community service centers) and invited to use the app for 4 weeks in a psychoeducational context. To measure the effects of the app they were administered the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Insomnia Severity Index and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire at the beginning of the study and then at 2 and 4 weeks respectively. Anxiety, insomnia and worry was also assessed with the Emax app which is used to collect data in real time. In addition, change in cognitions were assessed with the Idiosyncratic Measure of Convictions in Thoughts at the beginning and at the end of the study. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety (d=0.78) at the end of the intervention period. In addition, there was a significant improvement in the quality of sleep (d=0.78) and reduction in worries (d=0.77). Finally, a significant improvement in cognitions was observed with the decrease in negative cognitions as assessed by the Idiosyncratic Measure of Convictions in Thoughts (d=1.59). We can therefore conclude that the use of the Muzzz app in a psychoeducational context is effective for temporarily relieving symptoms of people with anxiety and insomnia, while they are on waiting-list to see a healthcare professional. Results are limited by a relatively small size and await confirmation in future larger-scale studies.

博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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Insomni är ett vanligt problem och det finns behov av ökad tillgänglighet till kostnadseffektiva behandlingar. Syftet var att undersöka om en enkomponentsbehandling (EK), bestående av sömnrestriktion/sömnkomprimering, var non-inferior till en multikomponent (MK) KBT- behandling vid insomni och om det fanns en skillnad i symtomreduktion. Gränsvärden för non- inferiority var d = 0.8, utifrån tidigare forskning, respektive en strängare gräns d = 0.4. Data från en forskningsstudie där deltagarna erhöll EK (n = 193) jämfördes mot en riktlinje i form av en KBT-behandling i reguljärvården, MK (n = 289). Båda grupper erhöll behandling via samma internetplattform, och Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) användes som utfallsmått. Resultaten visade att EK inte kunde bekräftas som non-inferior till MK direkt efter behandling eller vid 1-årsuppföljning när en sträng gräns användes. När en liberal gräns användes kunde EK bekräftas som non-inferior direkt efter behandling men inte ett år senare. Direkt efter behandling och vid 1-årsuppföljningen visade båda grupperna en signifikant minskning av insomnisymtom, men vid 1-årsuppföljningen visade MK en större minskning. Ett stort bortfall vid 1-årsuppföljning och mer terapeutstöd för MK kan ha påverkat resultaten. Fler RCT-studier med långtidsuppföljningar behövs inom området, och även studier på andra populationer. MK är att föredra, men vid begränsade resurser kan EK erbjudas med god effekt på både kort och lång sikt. / Insomnia is a common problem and there is a need for increased accessibility to cost-effective treatments. The purpose was to examine if an one-component treatment (EK), consisting of sleep-restriction/sleep-compression, were non-inferior to a multi-component (MK) CBT treatment for insomnia and if there was a difference in symptom reduction. The prestated margins for non-inferiority were d = 0.8, based on previous research, and a stricter margin of d = 0.4. Data from a research study where participants received EK (n = 193) was compared to a benchmark consisting of a CBT treatment in regular health care (MK) (n = 289). Both groups received treatment at the same Internet platform, and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used as outcome measurement. The results showed that EK could not be confirmed as non-inferior to MK directly after treatment or at the one-year follow up when using a strict limit. When a liberal limit was used, EK could be confirmed as non-inferior directly after treatment but not one year later. Directly after treatment and at the one-year follow up both groups showed a significant symptom reduction, but at the one-year follow up MK showed a greater reduction. A large number of missing data at the one-year follow up and more therapeutic support in MK may have affected the results. More RCT-studies with longterm follow ups are needed in the area, and also studies of other populations. MK is preferable, but with limited resources EK can be offered with good effect both short term and long term.

Insomni och depression är två  psykiatriska tillstånd med hög prevalens. Prevalensen för insomni är ca 11% hos den svenska befolkningen och motsvarande siffror för depression är ca 5-8%. Komorbiditet mellan dessa två tillstånd är vanligt förekommande. Dessa två tillstånd är ofta teoretiskt sammankopplade med de två kognitiva processerna oro och ruminering. En behandlingsmetod som visat sig vara effektiv mot respektive tillstånd är kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT). I föreliggande studie har internetbaserad KBT (iKBT) där båda tillstånden behandlas simultant studerats. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte var att undersöka skillnaden i utfall mellan en behandlingsmetod och en kontrollbehandling samt dess långtidseffekter. Totalt inkluderades 124 deltagare som randomiserades till antingen kombinationsbehandling mot komorbid insomni och depression (n=63), eller kontrollbehandling mot depression med desensibilisering som placebo mot insomni (n=61). Resultatet visar att behandlingsgruppen har en statistiskt signifikant större sänkning av insomnisymtom mellan före- och eftermätning jämfört med kontrollbehandling. Statistiskt signifikanta samband förekom gällande förändring i insomnisymtom, depressionssymtom, oro och ruminering mellan två mättillfällen. Förändring i oro mellan före- och eftermätning kunde predicera utfall i förändringsvärde för insomnisymtom mellan föremätning och FU36. Förändring i oro mellan före- och eftermätning kunde predicera nivå av depressionssymtom vid FU36. Studiens resultat stärker hypotesen att insomni är ett tillstånd som kräver specifik behandling och att det finns ett samband mellan insomni och depression samt de kognitiva processerna oro och ruminering men att detta samband bör undersökas ytterligare. / Insomnia and depression are two psychiatric conditions with high prevalence in the general population. Insomnia occurs among around 11% of the Swedish population and the equivalence for depression is around 5-8%. These conditions frequently appear comorbidly. There has found to be a theoretical link between these two conditions and the cognitive processes labeled anxious worry and rumination. One treatment method which has shown itself to be effective in treating these respective conditions is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In the present study, internet-delivered CBT aiming to treat both conditions simultaneously have been studied with the purpose of evaluating two different methods and the long term effects of these methods. A total of 124 participants were included and randomized to either a combined treatment for insomnia or depression (n=63) or a control treatment consisting of treatment for depression and desensibilisation as placebo for insomnia (n=61). The results of the present study indicates a statistically significant effect on symptoms of insomnia between pre- and post measurements depending on treatment group. There was a statistically significant correlation between change in all the four domains, depression, insomnia, rumination and anxious worry between two separate measurements. A change in anxious worry between pre and post measurements was also found to predict the level of change in insomnia symptoms between pre and 36 month follow-up measurements. Change in anxious worry between pre and post measurements could also predict the level of depression observed at the measurement at the 36 month follow-up. The findings in this study corroborates the hypotheses that insomnia is a condition which require a specific treatment and that there is a relation between insomnia and depression and the cognitive processes anxious worry and rumination but that this relation needs to be further examined. / ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01663844 New Clinical Applications for Internet-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia and Depression

INTRODUÇÃO: A insônia, distúrbio do início e/ou manutenção do sono, é a queixa mais freqüente na clínica pediátrica entre os distúrbios de sono dos bebês, embora só se revele como tal após ter provocado repercussões e dificuldades nos pais relativas à privação de sono. Sendo o ritmo de sono a primeira função fisiológica a ser submetida a uma organização a partir do nascimento, a insônia pode ser considerada o primeiro distúrbio funcional. Pode estar associada a problemas na constituição subjetiva do bebê, que se desenvolve tendo como base a relação mãe-filho. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a eficácia adaptativa de mães de bebês com insônia, sua qualidade de sono, sinais e sintomas depressivos; analisar hábitos relacionados ao sono e comparar estes dados aos obtidos das mães de bebês sem insônia. MÉTODO: Estudou-se 30 mães de crianças entre três e 24 meses com queixa de insônia de seus filhos, comparadas com 30 mães do grupocontrole, cujos bebês, com características semelhantes aos do grupoestudo, não apresentavam insônia. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada, questionário do Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, diário de sono da criança, Teste de Denver II e Classificação Econômica Brasil. RESULTADOS: A média diária de horas de sono dos bebês insones foi de 11h28min. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a eficácia adaptativa das mães do grupo-estudo e do grupo-controle, com eficácia adaptativa pior no grupo-estudo; as mães deste grupo apresentaram pior qualidade de sono e pior eficiência do sono em relação ao grupo-controle, assim como maiores níveis de sinais e sintomas depressivos. Dentre os hábitos relacionados ao sono, ressaltou-se que as mães dos bebês insones ofereciam alimentação durante a noite, e que esses bebês dormiam com alguma fonte de luz acesa; suas mães mais freqüentemente amamentavam ao seio e por mais tempo. CONCLUSÕES: A eficácia adaptativa das mães dos bebês insones foi pior que a das mães dos bebês sem insônia, principalmente no campo das relações afetivas. A qualidade e a eficiência do sono, sonolência diurna e depressão revelaram-se piores nas mães dos bebês insones. Entre os hábitos relacionados ao sono, nos bebês portadores de insônia houve maior incidência de alimentação noturna / INTRODUCTION: Insomnia, a disorder of initiating and / or maintaining sleep, is the most frequent complaint in Pediatrics concerning babys sleep, although it only becomes known after parents are suffering from symptoms of sleep deprivation. Since sleep rhythm is the first physiological function to undergo organization after birth, insomnia may rightly be considered the first functional disorder. It can be associated with problems in the babys subjective constitution, which develops on the mother-child relationship basis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the adaptive efficacy of insomniac babies mothers, their sleep quality, depressive signs and symptoms; to analyze sleep-related habits, and compare this data with that coming from mothers whose babies do not report insomnia. METHODS: 30 mothers reporting insomnia of their babies (aged 3 to 24 months) were compared with other 30 mothers whose babies from the same characteristics did not report sleep complaints. The instruments used were: Operationalised Adaptive Diagnosis Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, the babies sleep diary, Denver II Test, Brazil Economic Classification. RESULTS: The daily average hours sleep of insomniac babies was 11h28m. A statistically significant difference between adaptive efficacy in mothers from study group and control group was pointed out, with study-group mothers showing worse adaptive efficacy; mothers in this group had worse sleep quality and worse sleep efficiency than control-group mothers, along with higher levels of depressive signs and symptoms. Among sleep-related habits, it is worth mentioning that mothers of insomniac babies usually feed them at night, that babies slept near a source of light, and that mothers usually fed babies from the breast and for a longer time. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptive efficacy of insomniac babies mothers was worse than that of mothers whose babies were not insomniac, chiefly concerning affective relationships. Sleep quality and efficiency, daytime sleepiness and depression were worse in insomniac babies mothers. Among sleep-related habits, feeding insomniac babies at night stands out