The purpose of this study was to explore how racial bias affects perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV). Public perceptions of IPV have been studied under numerous contexts to ascertain how characteristics of victim and the offender can affect these attitudes. A portion of this body of research has been dedicated to understanding the role of race in perceptions of IPV and a large portion of the findings have been mixed due to the interaction of biases and attitudes about race and IPV. Very few studies have looked at multiple forms of IPV in comparison with one another while also studying the sole effect of racial bias on these attitudes. This study aimed to explore how racial bias affects perceptions of multiple forms of IPV. Through a survey design that utilized vignettes to present three forms of IPV, participants were randomly assigned to one of four racial dyads for the offender and victim in the vignette and then asked a series of questions about the vignette that measured perceptions of seriousness of the scenario, offender and victim culpability, and punitiveness of punishment. Participants’ attitudes towards domestic violence, racial bias, and violence in general were also measured using known attitudinal scales. The final sample consisted of 401 participants who were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed the online survey. Findings from this study suggested a role of racial bias on the sample’s perceptions of the seriousness of the scenario, offender culpability, and labeling the vignette a violation of the law.

The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the extent to which rape myth acceptance (RMA) varies according to four key contextual factors—race, the victim–perpetrator relationship, resistance strategies, and the decision to report—among those embedded within college and military cultures. Although sexual assault in a university context has been thoroughly investigated, it is typically in comparison to the general population that may not share the same high-risk elements that promote the environment for sexual assault. Therefore, comparisons of college, military, and a general population were sampled to better understand the attitudes that maintain RMA in these high risk environments. Consistent with previous research aimed at understanding attitudes associated with RMA (Carroll et al., 2016; McMahon, 2010), findings from this study indicated that although individuals hold relatively low RMA overall, individuals tend to endorse other rape myths that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. Specifically, race, resistance strategies, and the decision to report all influenced how likely individuals were to attribute some blame to the victim in the vignette.

Våld riktat mot kvinnor, som mest sker i form av våld i nära relationer, är en avspegling av ojämn maktstruktur mellan män och kvinnor. Därmed anses våld mot kvinnor som en maktutövning, där kvinnors rättigheter och grundläggande friheter utsätts för kränkning. Våld kan innehålla dolda former, vilket sker när dessa former inte namnges eller definieras. Dessa former involveras sällan under det fysiska våldet och därför förblir de osynliga. Syftet med denna uppsats är, att öka kunskapen om hur kvinnor med olika bakgrund resonerar kring och definierar de dolda våldsformerna, det vill säga psykiskt, kontrollerande och sexuellt våld. Dessutom vill vi undersöka om socialisationsprocessen kan påverka kvinnors inställning till våldets olika former. Det empiriska materialet består av individuella intervjuer med sex kvinnor med olika bakgrund. Utifrån feministiska- och familjevåldsperspektivet som utgör centrala perspektiv för denna uppsats, samt med hjälp av hermeneutiska och tematisk analysmetoden har vi analyserat studiens empiriska data. Resultaten visar, att kvinnornas socialisation i förhållande till män, kan påverkas av både det sociala arvet och den sociala inlärningen. Det framkommer även att kvinnorna i vissa avseenden har definitionssvårigheter när det gäller en del våldsformer. Utöver det visar det sig att kvinnornas inställning till olika våldsformer påverkas av ett antal faktorer, inte minst det sociala arvet, som är ett återkommande tema i det empiriska materialet. / Violence directed against women, most of which occurs in the form of violence in close relationships, is a reflection of uneven power structure between men and women. Thus violence against women is considered a power exercise, where women's rights and fundamental freedoms are subjected to violation. Violence may contain hidden forms, which occurs when these forms are not named or defined. These forms are rarely involved in physical violence and therefore they remain invisible. The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge about how women of different backgrounds resonate and define the hidden forms of violence, namely psychological, controlling and sexual violence. In addition, we want to investigate whether the socialization process can affect women's attitude towards the various forms of violence. The empirical material consists of individual interviews with six women with different backgrounds. Based on the radical phenomenon and family violence perspective, which constitutes central perspective for this paper, as well as the hermeneutic and thematic analysis method, we have analyzed the empirical data of the study. The results show that women's socialization relative to men can be influenced by both the social heritage and social learning. It also appears that the women in some respects have definitional difficulties in some forms of violence. In addition, it appears that women's attitude to different forms of violence is influenced by a number of factors, not least the social heritage, which is a recurring theme in the empirical material.

Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka kvinnors utsatthet i våldsamma relationer och vilka konsekvenser som uppkommit till följd av dessa. Uppsatsen belyser varför en kvinna stannar i en våldsam relation, vad som får henne att lämna den samt hur hennes självidentitet har påverkats efter att hon lämnat mannen och den våldsamma relationen. Metoden som har tillämpats har haft en kvalitativ utgångspunkt med semistrukturerade intervjuer av fem kvinnor som utsatts för våld i en nära relation. Med hjälp av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna, becoming an ex: the process of rote exit, våldets dynamik och normaliseringsprocessen samt social kapital har det varit möjligt att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar som nämnts ovan. Resultaten visar att våldets normalisering under relationen är en betydande bidragande faktor till att en kvinna stannar i en relation där hon är utsatt för våld. Uppsatsens resultat visar att en bidragande faktor till varför kvinnan väljer att lämna en våldsam relation är finnandet av en symbolisk mening till att inte kunna stanna kvar.  En symbolisk mening kan vara att barnen far illa samt instinkten att mannen inte kommer ändra sitt beteende.  Studiens resultat påvisar en tydlig förändring i självidentitet hos samtliga kvinnor som medverkat. Nyckelord: Kvinna, intervjuer, våld i nära relation, våldsutsatt, separation, normalisering / This study aims to investigate how five women have been affected by intimate partner violence and what consequences it has brought upon them. It also clarifies why women stay in violent relationships and what it takes to leave it at the end. The study also explores the effects on women’s self-esteem after leaving a violent relationship.    The methodology used for this study has a qualitative approach and is processed through semi-structured interviews with five women who have experienced intimate partner violence. The theoretical theories that have been used and applied to this study are, “Becoming an example: the process of rotating the exit”, “The dynamics of violence and normalization” and “Social capital”.   The results of the study show that the normalization of intimate partner violence is a major (contributing) factor to why women stay in violent relationships. The contributing factor to why women choose to leave violent relationships is finding of a purpose and a symbolic meaning to not participate in these types of relationships. Examples of these purposes and meanings are the potential harm to children, if children are involved in the situation, or realization of that there are no signs of behavioral change. All five women who participated in this study show a significant change in regards of identity.   Keywords: Woman, interviews, intimate partner violence, victim of violence, separation, normalization.

Magister Artium - MA / Domestic violence has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Every year, 275 million children globally are exposed to domestic violence. Witnessing domestic violence during childhood has been linked to various risks such as potential health risks, unemployment, deviant behavior, susceptibility to other subsets of family violence, various psychopathologies, as well as potential perpetration and revictimization. Boys are twice as likely to become perpetrators of abuse in adulthood if they have witnessed domestic violence in comparison to boys from nonviolent homes. Girls exposed to domestic violence were shown to be more accepting of abusive married life than girls from non-violent homes. The aim of the study was to describe the perceptions of childhood exposure to domestic violence as a predisposing factor for revictimization in adulthood. The study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional correlational design. The sample consisted of 77 female participants from shelters across Cape Town, Western Cape. The study employed an adapted version of The Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) Scale. The questionnaire was divided into three sections, namely demographic details, types of exposure to domestic violence the adult may have experienced as a child, and lastly current adult experiences of domestic violence. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences V21 (SPSS). Results suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between past perceived experiences of domestic violence and present perceived experiences of domestic violence. Limitations and recommendations are stipulated for proposed intervention strategies and further study expansion on this topic

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This study explored the relationship between child sexual abuse and its impact on foster children's social development as measured by attachment constructs. The study addressed issues relating to direct practice with children who have been sexually abused and are receiving services in the foster care system. The study used a positivist paradigm with a quasi-experimental approach and a qualitative component, and surveyed foster parents' perceptions of their foster child's attachment.

Introduction: Women exposed to intimate partner violence is common and a major healthproblem globally. It is considered one of the biggest causes of illness in women, which can beof a physical, mental or psychosomatic nature. Identifying these women in health care istherefore of the utmost importance in order to be able to implement health-promotingmeasures from a person-centered perspective. Aim: The aim was to describe women's experiences of living with intimate partner violence. Method: A literature review based on 18 qualitative original articles from 2016-2021 viaPubMed and CINAHL that have been quality reviewed and analyzed with qualitative contentanalysis. Findings: After analysis, three themes were identified: Living under threat, Scarred for lifeand Sense of hope and six subcategories: Fear, Isolation, Physical illness, Mental illness,Hope for change and Hopelessness. Conclusion: Intimate partner violence occurs all over the world. The women feel threatened,which leads to fear and isolation from the outside world. Some have feelings of hope forchange, while others experience hopelessness. The injuries that occur as a result of violenceare not always visible, many women live with mental and psychosomatic disorders. / Introduktion: Kvinnor som utsätts för våld i nära relationer är vanligt förekommande och ettstort hälsoproblem globalt. Det räknas som en av de största orsakerna till ohälsa hos kvinnoroch kan vara av fysisk, psykisk eller psykosomatisk karaktär. Det är av största vikt attidentifiera dessa kvinnor i hälso- och sjukvården för att kunna sätta in hälsofrämjandeåtgärder ur ett personcentrerat perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva i en våldsnära relation.Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 18 kvalitativa originalartiklar från 2016-2021 viaPubMed och CINAHL som kvalitetsgranskats och analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Efter analys identifierades tre teman: Att leva under hot, Men för livet och Känslaav hopp samt sex underkategorier: Rädsla, Isolering, Fysisk ohälsa, Psykisk ohälsa, Hopp omförändring och Hopplöshet. Slutsats: Våld i nära relationer förekommer över hela världen där kvinnorna upplever sighotade, vilket leder till rädsla och isolering från omvärlden. Vissa har känslor av hopp omförändring, medan andra upplever hopplöshet. De skador som uppkommer till följd av våldetär inte alltid synliga, utan många kvinnor lever även med psykiska och psykosomatiskabesvär.

Bakgrund: Fysisk våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer är ett samhällsproblem. Kvinnor som varit med om våld är en vanlig patientgrupp hälso-och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården är de som först kommer i kontakt med den utsatta kvinnan. Våld i nära relation kan leda till att kvinnan upplever skuld och skam vilket leder till rädsla för att söka vård. Sjuksköterskans roll i vårdandet är att identifiera vårdbehov samt lindra kvinnans lidande. Syfte: beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda kvinnliga patienter som utsatts för fysiskt våld i nära relation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där datamaterialet baseras på sex kvalitativa samt tre kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Ur analysen identifieras tre teman; Känslomässiga utmaningar, förmåga att identifiera förekomst av våld och hinder i organisationen med sju underteman. Konklusion: Kvinnor som blivit utsatta för fysiskt våld i nära relation är en svår patientgrupp att möta. Tidsbrist, bristande arbetsmiljö samt brist på kunskap är tre faktorer som hindrar en god vårdrelation mellan parterna. / Background: Physical intimate partner violence against women is a society problem. Women who have experienced violence are a common group of patients in the health care system. Nurses in the emergency department are those who first encounter the women who have been exposed to violence. Physical violence involves beating, kicks and strangulation. Intimate partner violence can lead to woman experiencing guilt and shame which leads to fear of seeking care. The role of the nursingis to identify care needs and alleviate the woman's suffering. Purpose: Describe nurses' experiences of caring for female patients who have been subjected to physical intimate partner violence. Method: A literature review based on six qualitative and three quantitative articles. Findings: The analysis identifies three themes; Emotional challenges, ability to identify the occurrence of violence and obstacles in the organization with seven sub-themes. Conclusion: Women who have been exposed for physical intimate partner violence is a difficult patient group to deal with. Professional experience contributes to the emergency nurses can more easily identify and manage this patient group. Lack of time, bad work environment and lack of knowledge are three factors that impede a good care relationship between the parties.

Forskning visar att sexuellt våld är särskilt svårt för både utsatta och behandlare att närma sig och de flesta får ingen professionell hjälp för sin utsatthet. Särskild brist på kunskap verkar prägla området sexuellt våld i parrelationer. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur behandlares känslomässiga upplevelser i arbetet med sexuellt våld påverkar behandlingsarbetet med personer som har utsatts för eller utövat våld i parrelationer. Genom intervjuer med behandlare som arbetar specifikt med våld i nära relationer, och därmed kan antas möta många som både utsätts för och utövar sexuellt våld i parrelationer, kan studien bidra till att belysa en del av de utmaningar och svårigheter som arbetet med sexuellt våld kan föra med sig. Studien visar att sexuellt våld är ett område som kan väcka negativa känslor hos behandlarna. De som arbetar med utsatta talar något mer om psykisk smärta och vanmakt, medan ilska och skam framför allt nämns av de som arbetar med förövarna. Det sexuella materialet skapar en känsla av intimitet i behandlingsrummet som behandlarna ibland är oroliga för ska upplevas som invaderande av klienterna. Behandlarna talar om vikten av att kunna härbärgera klienternas svåra upplevelser, men det framgår också att det ibland är särskilt svårt att härbärgera sexuellt våld. Behandlarna upplever ibland en svår balansgång i arbetet med sexuellt våld, som bland annat handlar om att aktivt lyfta material som kan väcka skam och känslomässig smärta och samtidigt upprätthålla allians. Trots många berättelser om ett gott arbete med det sexuella våldet leder dessa utmaningar ibland till situationer när behandlarna mer eller mindre medvetet undviker att arbeta aktivt med det sexuella våldet. Behandlarna kan vilja skydda sig själva eller sina klienter från de negativa känslor och den kontrollförlust som samtal om sexuellt våld kan innebära. Det kan också handla om att skydda behandlingsrelationen från det potentiella hot som skam och sexualitet kan innebära. / Studies shows that sexual violence is a particulary difficult subject for both victims and professionals to talk about, most victims do not get any professional help to work through the experience. There is a particular lack of knowledge och research regarding the area sexual violence in partner relationships. The aim of this study is to investigate if counsellors affective responses in working with sexual violence influences how they deal with sexual violence in treatment. Through interviewes with counsellors who work specifically with violence in partner relationships, and thereby can be assumed to meet many both victims and perpetrators of sexual violence, the study contributes to put light on some of the challenges and difficulties that the subject brings. The study shows that sexual violence is an area that can trigger negative affects in counsellors. Those who work with victims speaks somewhat more about psychic pain and powerlessness while anger and shame chiefly is mentioned by those who work with perpetrators. The sexual content contributes to a feeling of intimacy in treatment whitch the counsellors sometimes worry will be percieved as invading by klients. The counsellors talk about the importance to harbour the difficult experiences of the klients, but also about the sometimes added difficulty to harbour sexual violence. They also experience a sometimes hard balancing act between lifting material that can be shameful and painful on one hand, and keeping the alliance intact on the other. Those challanges sometimes contributes to situations where the counsellors, more or less deliberately, avoids workning actively with the sexual violence. The councellors sometimes want to protect themselves or their clients from the negative feelings or the sense of loss of control that the sexual and violent material may entail. It can also be a matter of protecting the treatment relationship from the threat that shame and sexuality may entail.