Bakgrund: Med ett ökande intresse för aktier söker fler efter tips och knep för att åstadkomma det alla investerare strävar efter, att överprestera marknaden. Investeringsstrategier som ämnar slå marknaden har länge studerats på en rad olika marknader och över olika tidsperioder, men få har utförts på Nasdaq First North. Tidigare studier har främst fokuserat på större aktiemarknader likt NYSE eller FTSE, medan svenska studier tenderar att undersöka Stockholmsbörsen. Därmed finns ett utrymme att undersöka huruvida en investeringsstrategi kan konstrueras som kan slå Nasdaq First North över tid. Strategierna som analyseras bygger på de multiplar som anses mest lämpade för de relativt unga och små bolagen på First North. Syfte: Studien ämnar analysera om investeringsstrategier baserade på multiplarna EV/Sales, EV/EBITDA, och P/B kan utnyttjas för att generera överavkastning i såväl absoluta som riskjusterade mått över en längre tid gentemot jämförelseindexet First North All-Share, som utgörs av samtliga värdepapper noterade på aktiemarknaden First North. Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsansats med ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Datan för samtliga bolag noterade på First North under tidsperioden 2010- 2021 har hämtats in för att skapa lågt respektive högt värderade portföljer för varje multipel. Dessa har sedan utvärderats utifrån årlig och ackumulerad avkastning samt riskjusterade mått i form av Jensens alfa, Treynorkvot och Sharpekvot. Resultat: Fem av sex portföljer genererade ackumulerad överavkastning gentemot index medan samtliga portföljer överavkastat index sett till riskjusterade mått över studiens elvaåriga tidsperiod. Högst absolut avkastning genererades av den lågt värderade EV/Sales portföljen, och lägst avkastning genererades av den högt värderade P/B portföljen. / Background: With an increasing interest in the stock market, more people are searching for simple tips and tricks in order to achieve what all investors strive for, beating the market. Several investment strategies have been studied on different markets and over different time periods, however few of these on Nasdaq First North. Previous studies have mainly focused on larger stock markets such as the NYSE or FTSE, whilst Swedish studies tend to analyse Nasdaq Stockholm. As a result, there is room for examining whether an investment strategy can be constructed which can beat Nasdaq First North over time. The strategies which are analysed are based on the multiples deemed most suitable for the relatively young and small companies listed on First North. Purpose: The study aims to analyse whether investment strategies based on the valuation multiples EV/Sales, EV/EBITDA and P/B can be exploited to generate excess returns in both absolute and risk adjusted terms against the benchmark index First North All-Share, which is comprised of all stocks listed on the stock market First North.  Method: The study applies a quantitative research approach. Data for all companies listed on First North over the time period 2010-2021 have been collected in order to create low and high valued portfolios for each multiple. These have in turn been evaluated based on yearly and accumulated returns as well as risk adjusted measures such as their Jensens alpha, Treynor index and Sharpe ratio.  Results: Five of six portfolios generated excess accumulated returns against the benchmark index and all six generated excess risk adjusted returns against the benchmark index over the eleven-year time period. The highest absolute return was generated by the low EV/Sales portfolio and the lowest absolute return was generated by the high P/B portfolio.

Background: In recent years, the interest in investing has increased, and a growing number of people want to put their money into assets that are expected to increase in value. This is usually easier said than done, and it requires the investor to use a solid strategy. Because there are many methods of making an investment decision, this process can appear to be complicated. Multiple strategy is a well-known type of strategy that aims to build a portfolio based on different multiples. As a result, it is interesting to analyze what types of multiples perform best and worst when using a multiple strategy.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the multiples EV/S, EV/EBITDA and P/E as a basis for a multiple strategy for companies found in the index S&P 500 to see if these can generate excess returns.  Methodology: A quantitative method with a deductive approach was best suited to fulfill the purpose of the study. Based on a selection of 411 companies through the period 2003 – 2021 twelve portfolios have been created with the 20 highest and lowest EV/S, EV/EBITDA or P/E multiples, with holding periods of either three or twelve months before rebalancing.  Results: The study results show that all multiples managed to outperform the benchmark index over the study period. Six out of the twelve portfolios were also able to show a significant return. The portfolio with low EV/S multiples and 12-month holding period generated the highest risk-adjusted return. / Bakgrund: På senare år har investerarintresset ökat och allt fler vill in och placera sitt kapital i tillgångar som förväntas öka i värde. Detta är något som oftast är lättare sagt än gjort och det krävs att investeraren använder sig av en tydlig strategi. Att det finns många olika sätt att komma fram till ett investeringsbeslut gör att denna process kan uppfattas som mycket komplicerad. En känd typ av strategi är multipelstrategi, som ämnar att bygga portföljen utifrån bolagens olika multiplar. Vilket gör det intressant att analysera vilka typer av multiplar som fungerar bättre respektive sämre vid användning av en multipelstrategi. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera multiplarna EV/S, EV/EBITDA och P/E som grund till en multipelstrategi för bolag som återfinns i indexet S&P 500 för att se om dessa kan generera överavkastning. Metod: En kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats var bäst lämpad för att uppnå studiens syfte. Utifrån ett urval av 411 bolag under perioden 2003 – 2021 har 12 portföljer skapats med de 20 högsta respektive lägsta EV/S-, EV/EBITDA- och P/E-multiplarna med innehavsperioder på antingen 3 eller 12 månader innan rebalansering. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar på att samtliga multiplar lyckades överavkasta jämförelseindexet över studiens period. 6 av 12 portföljer visade på en statistiskt signifikant avkastning. Portföljen med låga EV/S-multiplar och 12 månaders innehavsperiod genererade högst riskjusterad avkastning.

Over the past decade, the Swedish pension funds AP1, AP2, AP3, and AP4 have significantly increased their capital allocation towards unlisted real estate. This study explores the investment strategies of these AP funds, examining the methods used in asset class investments, risk mitigation measures, responses to macroeconomic threats, and investment returns. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates semi-structured interviews with fund representatives and statistical analysis of data from annual reports.  Findings indicate that the AP funds have capitalized on post-financial crisis real estate market dynamics, particularly evident in investments initiated in the years after the crisis. Notably, AP1, AP3, and AP4 have gained good returns through sector diversification, contrasting with AP2’s less successful geographic diversification. Investments are primarily direct or joint ventures in unlisted real estate firms, avoiding PERE-funds due to their shorter holding periods and high costs. Risk is mitigated through extended holding periods, strategic partner selection, board involvement, and analysis of megatrends. The low risk-free rate environment that has been in Sweden for the last decade has significantly supported the unrealized returns from the investments. Future capital allocation should focus on non-competing sectors, reinvestments in existing assets, and identification of new trends to enhance sector investability. / Under det senaste decenniet har de svenska pensionsfonderna AP1, AP2, AP3 och AP4 ökat sin tillgångsallokering avsevärt i onoterade fastigheter. Denna studie utforskar investeringsstrategierna för dessa AP-fonder och granskar de metoder som används i investeringarna i tillgångsklassen, vilka åtgärder som görs för riskminimering samt hur makroekonomiska hot minimeras och vilka avkastningarna investeringarna gett. Genom att använda en blandad metod använder studien semistrukturerade intervjuer med fondrepresentanter och statistisk analys av data från årsredovisningar. Resultaten visar att AP-fonderna har kapitaliserat på dynamiken på fastighetsmarknaden efter finanskrisen, särskilt tydligt i investeringar som initierades åren efter krisen. Noterbart är att AP1, AP3 och AP4 har uppnått betydande avkastningar genom sektordiversifiering, i kontrast till AP2:s mindre framgångsrika geografiska diversifiering. Investeringarna sker främst direkt eller via klubbstrukturer i onoterade fastighetsföretag, där PERE-fonder undviks på grund av deras kortare hållperioder och oproportionerliga kostnader. Riskminimering uppnås genom långa investeringshorisonter, strategiskt partnerurval, styrelseengagemang och analys av megatrender. Den låga riskfria räntemiljön som varit i Sverige det senaste decenniet har avsevärt stöttat de orealiserade avkastningarna från investeringarna. Framtida kapitalallokeringar bör fokusera på icke-konkurrerande sektorer, återinvesteringar i befintliga bolag och identifiering av nya trender för att hitta sektorer som blivit investerbara.

Bakgrund: Antalet aktieägare i Sverige har ökat markant de senaste åren vilket innebär att inflödet av kapital på Stockholmsbörsen ökat markant. De alla investerare strävar efter att åstadkomma är att överprestera marknaden och således har flertalet investeringsstrategier presenterats genom åren. Två av de mest frekvent använda är värde- samt tillväxtstrategin som studerats under flertalet tidsperioder samt på en rad olika marknader. Däremot har tidigare studier genomgående definierat värde- samt tillväxtbolag utifrån värderingsmultiplar och ej beaktat att de båda strategierna möjligtvis kan definieras och identifieras utifrån andra finansiella nyckeltal.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera huruvida vilken av de två populära investeringsstrategierna värde- respektive tillväxtstrategi som har genererat högst riskjusterad avkastning under perioden 2014–2024.  Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvantitativ forskningsansats med ett deduktivt tillvägagångsätt tillämpats. Två portföljer har konstruerats med årlig rebalansering baserat på de uppsatta kriterierna för värde samt tillväxtbolag. Dessa två portföljer har sammansatts baserat på konsensus erhållet från aktörer på den svenska aktiemarknaden som insamlats med hjälp av intervjuer. De båda portföljerna har sedan utvärderats utifrån årlig och ackumulerad avkastning samt riskjusterade mått i form av Sharpekvot, Treynorkvot och Jensens alpha.  Resultat: Både tillväxt- samt värdeportföljen genererade ackumulerad överavkastning gentemot index, respektive portfölj har även överavkastat index sett till riskjusterade mått över studiens tioåriga tidsperiod. Högst absolut avkastning samt avkastning justerad för risk genererade tillväxtportföljen. / Background: The number of shareholders in Sweden has significantly increased in recent years, leading to a substantial influx in the Stockholm stock market. All investors aim to outperform the market, and as a result, several investment strategies have been proposed over the years. Two of the most frequently used strategies are value and growth strategies, which have been studied across various time periods and markets. However, previous studies have consistently defined value and growth companies based on valuation multiples, without considering that these strategies may also be defined and identified using other financial metrics.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze which of the two popular investment strategies – value and growth – has generated the highest risk-adjusted returns during the period from 2014 to 2024.  Methodology: To achieve the study’s objective, a quantitative research approach with a deductive methodology has been applied. Two portfolios were constructed with annual rebalancing based on predefined criteria for value and growth companies. These portfolios were assembled based on consensus obtained from stakeholders in the Swedish stock market, collected through interviews. The performance of both portfolios was evaluated in terms of annual and cumulative returns, as well as risk-adjusted measures such as the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen’s alpha.  Results: Both the growth and value portfolios generated cumulative excess returns compared to the market index. Furthermore, both portfolios outperformed the index in terms of risk-adjusted measures over the ten-year study period. The growth portfolio exhibited the highest absolute return and risk-adjusted return.

近年來，許多學者將市價與會計資料的比值作為區分價值型與成長型股票的指標，並實證研究兩者的報酬是否有差異，結果顯示價值型股票的報酬表現確實比成長型股票要好，其中以價值型股票型股票為投資標的的策略就稱之為價值導向投資策略，而獲實證支持用來作為區分指標的比值則包括市價／盈餘比、市價／淨值比與市價／銷貨比。 就價值導向投資策略而言，投資人主要就是要找出價格被低估的股票進行投資以獲取利潤，以往使用的方法多是個別從三個指標中選出比值較低的股票，亦即價格相對偏低的股票形成投資組合，但是價格偏低的股票並不見得都是價值被低估的股票，其中不乏公司本質不好，潛藏危機造成的價格下降，而非價值被低估的股票，因此本研究試圖從雙重價值因素分類、公司營運面、財務結構面與市場流動性四方面來強化價值導向投資策略。 本文分兩部分進行研究，首先運用已獲國外實證支持的價值導向指標，針對國內市場進行模擬投資分析，其中將投資標的區分為所有公司、大型股與小型股，研究不同公司規模下，傳統價值導向投資策略的有效性；第二部份則針對傳統的價值型投資組合加入強化指標，研究強化的價值導向投資策略是否可以提昇原有組合的報酬表現，以提供國內投資人投資股票時參考的指標。 主要實證結果如下： (一)依據市價／盈餘比、市價／淨值比、市價／銷貨比(P/E、P/B、P/S)三個價格比率形成的投資組合中，不論投資期間長短、風險調整前或調整後的報酬率，市價／淨值比與市價／銷貨比的低比值組的表現都優於高比值組及市場組合，而市價／盈餘比的表現則是風險調整前後有所不同，在風險調整前，市價／盈餘比負值組的報酬表現最好，不過在風險調整後，由於負值組的報酬率波動很大，因此表現不再是最好，反而是原本平均報酬並不高的正的市價／盈餘比最低組，在風險調整報酬率的表現最好。 (二)價值導向投資策略在大型股與小型股的有效性有不一致的結果，在大型股中，以市價／淨值比區分時，比值最低組不論是在風險調整前或調整後，報酬表現都是最好；以市價／盈餘比區分時，正的市價／盈餘比最低組表現最好，負值組因為樣本過小，報酬的代表性較低；而市價／銷貨比的低比值組雖然也是優於高比值組與市場組合，但是並未達到顯著水準。另外在小型股中，低市價／淨值比的表現並未優於高比值組，而市價／盈餘比的表現則是長短期不同，在每年重組一次下，正的市價／盈餘比最低組表現是最好的，不過長期間仍以負值組的表現較好。至於市價／銷貨比的表現則並未十分突出。 (三)就三個價值導向投資指標來說，以所有公司為投資標的時，市價／銷貨比的績效最佳，因為銷貨無法窗飾，較能代表公司的營運狀況；以大型股為投資標的時，以市價／淨值比的績效最佳，因為市價／淨值比隱含了公司過去的營業表現，對已經進入成熟期的公司來說，較能正確區分出被低估的股票；以小型股為投資標的時，短期以正的市價／盈餘比最低組的績效最佳，長期則是市價／盈餘比負值組表現最好，因為小型股財務彈性小，發生虧損時，會有週轉不靈的危機，因此第一年報酬表現反映投資人的疑慮，若度過短期危機存活下來，公司營運好轉，長期的報酬會有不錯的表現。 (四)以雙重價值因素配對分類股票來強化價值導向投資策略時，除了低市價／銷貨比與市價／盈餘比為負值的配對分類結果優於單一因素的表現外，其他組合都無法有效的增加單一因素價值型投資組合的績效表現，不過由於樣本數過少的關係，代表性可能不高，因此嚴格來說，雙重價值因素並無法強化單一因素的價值導向投資策略。 (五)考量公司營運面的表現，分別在依據市價／盈餘比、市價／淨值比、市價／銷貨比形成的價值型投資組合中加入盈餘成長率、淨值報酬率、銷貨邊際利潤率等因素，剔除各比率的最低組以強化價值導向投資策略，結果發現只有在低市價／盈餘比之價值型投資組合中剔除盈餘成長率最低組可以提昇投資績效。 (六)考量財務結構面的影響，在價值型投資組合中剔除負債比率最高組後，結果發現只有市價／盈餘比負值組與市價／淨值比最低組在剔除負債比率最高組後，新組合的報酬表現優於原組合的表現，可以有效提昇投資績效。 (七)針對市場流動性的考量，由於週轉率高的股票代表流動性高，往往是投資人及分析師注意的焦點股，透過熱絡的交易，這類股票的股價多半已反應其真實價值，而週轉率低的股票代表流動性，較不受投資人注意，價值真正被低估機率增加，因此剔除價值型投資組合中週轉率最高組以增進投資績效，結果發現三種指標的價值型投資組合在剔除週轉率最高組後，都能有效地提昇原組合的報酬表現。 (八)實證結果顯示，在上述的四個強化指標中，負債比率與週轉率的表現較好，其中週轉率並非屬於長期因素，適合中短期投資人，負債比率則是長期表現較週轉率好，屬於基本面因素，投資人可依其投資期間的長短選擇適當的投資策略。 / Recently many scholars divide stocks into value and glamour stocks according to ratios of stock price and accounting data, and examine if there is difference between returns of two types. Their results show that value stocks outperform glamour stocks, and investment in value stocks is called value strategies. These value strategies call for buying stocks that have low prices relative to earnings, book value and sales. Value strategies means to invest in undervalued stocks, but not all the stocks with low ratio are undervalued stocks, it could be distress stock. In this article, I try to enhance value strategies through four aspects, including two value factors, operating side, financial structure side and market liquidity side. My results show that traditional value strategies succeed in all stocks and large stocks, but fail in small atocks. Besides, for enhanced value strategies, enhancement through financial structure side and market liquidity side can improve performance of traditional value strategies.

在台灣的高科技產業發展中，創投扮演了重要的角色，其所提供的資金與協助促進了新創事業的成長，造就了台灣資訊電子產業的躍居世界舞台與傲人的經濟成長。2000年人類基因圖譜的解出，似乎加快了基因技術的應用與相關產業的發展，進而成為全球經濟成長的新動力，因此我國創投的投資觸角也積極地延伸到生物技術產業上。 　　過去有關創投的相關研究多集中在投資評估準則的總體性研究，甚少針對某一產業的特性不同，來做進一步的研究，特別是在生物科技產業方面，因此，本研究將針對生物技術產業的特性與創投的股東背景、經營團隊與合作網路等組成因子，來探討其所產生的投資策略與行為。 　　本研究採用個案訪談之定性研究，選擇六家在生技產業投資比重較大的國內創投公司做訪談，再依據本研究架構進行分析整理，得到了以下之結論： 　　一、 生技產業的特性對投資策略與行為之影響 　　　1. 創投因看好生技產業的成長潛力而將提高此方面的投資比重，而生技產業的投資金額以美國為最高。 　　　2. 創投在生技產業的投資階段傾向涵蓋不同的階段。 　　　3. 創投在生技產業的投資以醫藥產業及其週邊之醫療器材為主，主要考量是醫藥產業是目前為止較高報酬的領域。 　　　4. 創投在生技產業的投資區域以美國為主，其中最重要的原因與該地區之產業群聚有關。 　　　5. 創投在生技產業的投資傾向以投資組合管理及聯合同業投資來降低投資風險。 　　　6. 創投在生技產業的投資傾向不聘任外部顧問，而傾向以經營團隊之專業評估為主，再以已投資公司與事業夥伴為諮詢對象。 　　　7. 創投在生技產業的投資回收策略為上市或購併，投資回收期間並不會因為生技產業的產品開發期長而延長。 　　　8. 創投在生技產業的投資評估，著重整體性評估（不會只看技術或智慧財產權），會因事業投資階段而有不同的評估重點，投資案愈偏早期，愈著重技術與人。投資案愈偏成熟期，所需評估的項目愈多。 　　　9. 生技產業的特性雖對創投的附加價值沒有影響，但創投對生技產業的投資案有提供附加價值，會因投資案事業發展階段之不同，而提供所需之協助，附加價值則以資訊蒐集與人脈介紹為主。 　　二、創投的組成對投資策略與行為之影響 　　　1. 創投的股東對外部顧問策略、投資案源與投資評估有影響，對投資金額、投資階段、投資領域、投資區域、風險控管、回收策略與附加價值沒有影響。 　　　2. 創投的經營團隊對投資金額、投資階段、投資領域、投資區域、風險控管、外部顧問、回收策略、投資評估與附加價值有明顯的影響，對投資案源則有些影響。 　　　3. 創投的合作網路對外部顧問、投資評估與附加價值有影響，對投資案源更是有明顯影響，而對投資金額、投資階段、投資領域、投資區域、風險控管與回收策略沒有影響。　 　　三、生技產業的特性對創投的組成之影響 　　　1. 生技產業的特性對創投董事會內的股東背景沒有影響。 　　　2. 生技產業的的特性影響到創投招募技術專業之經營團隊。 　　　3. 創投未因生技產業的特性而建構新的合作網路，而傾向運用集團中原有之合作網路，尤其是過去的已投資公司，為創投主要的諮詢者。 / Venture capital plays an important role in the development of high technological industries in Taiwan. It provides the essential fund and useful assistance to promote the growth of start-up companies. Because of it, the growth of economy in Taiwan dramatically increases and Taiwan has become the kingdom of information and communication industries around the world. In the year 2000, the complete sequence of human genome has enhanced the speed of the development in the field of biotech and its associated industries. In addition, the investment in biotech industry is expected to stimulate another trend of global economic growth. Therefore, venture capital in Taiwan also actively extends its influence in the field of biotech industries. 　　The majority of researches in venture capital seems to concentrate on the overall evaluation of the general criteria of investment, few studies focused on one particular industry, especially the biotech industry and its characteristics and aspects. Therefore, this study will aim at the characteristics of biotech industry and the constituent factors of venture capital to explore the strategies and behaviors of investment. 　　A qualitative research was conducted in six important venture capital firms in Taiwan using a method of intensive personal interview. The summaries of the research findings are as follows: 　　I. The impacts of the characteristics of biotech industry on the strategies and behaviors of investment: 　　　1. Venture capital firms will increase investment percentage in biotech area because of its potential of growth, and the majority amounts of venture capital seem to be invested in the United States. 　　　2. The venture capital firms’ investments in biotech tend to cover various stages. 　　　3. The fields venture capital firms invest in biotech appear to be focused on pharmaceuticals and medical devices, because the operating return from this area is higher than any others so far. 　　　4. The location of biotech companies venture capital invested are focused on the United States, which seem to have obvious phenomenon of clustering. 　　　5. Through portfolio management and co-investment, venture capital firms can reduce risk while investing in biotech. 　　　6. Instead of relying on outside consultant when invest in biotech, venture capital firms prefer to depend on inside management teams for due diligence. In addition, the past invested firms and partners are helpful while needed. 　　　7. The exit strategies of venture capital firms are initial public offering or merger & acquisition when invest in biotech companies, and the period of investment appears to be not correlated with the long product life cycle of biotech industry. 　　　8. Instead of emphasis on technologies or intellectual properties, venture capitalists emphasize all factors which evaluating biotech companies. Their decision criteria depend on venture development stages, the earlier stages these cases are, the more important technologies and management teams are, the later stages these cases are, the more factors are considered. 　　　9. Venture capitalists add values to the biotech companies they invested, not because of the characteristics of biotech industry, but differ from development stages of cases. Most of add values are information collection and networking. 　　II. The influences of the constituent factors of VC on the strategies and behaviors of investment: 　　　1. The stockholders of venture capital affect outside consultant strategy, deal flow, due diligence, but make no influence on investment amount, venture development stage, field, location, risk control, exit strategy and value-added. 　　　2. The management teams of venture capital obviously influence investment amount, venture development stage, field, location, outside consultant strategy, risk control, exit strategy, due diligence and value-added, and make a little influence on deal flow. 　　　3. The networking of venture capital make a little influence on outside consultant, due diligence and value-added, and make obvious influence on deal flow, but do not affect investment amount, venture development stage, field, location, risk control and exit strategy. 　　III. The influences of the characteristics of biotech industry on the components of venture capital: 　　　1. The characteristics of biotech industry don’t appear to affect the background of stockholders in the board. 　　　2. Venture capital firms recruit professional management teams because of the same particular characteristics of biotech industry. 　　　3. While investing in biotech industry, venture capital firms utilize networks, especially the past invest , as their main consultants.

Modern financial asset pricing theory is a broad, and at times, complex field. The literature review in this study covers many of the asset pricing techniques including factor models, random walk models, correlation models, Bayesian methods, autoregressive models, moment-matching models, stochastic jumps and mean reversion models. An important topic in finance is portfolio opti-misation with respect to risk and reward such as the mean variance optimisation introduced by Markowitz (1952). This study covers optimisation techniques such as single period mean variance optimisation, optimisation with risk aversion, multi-period stochastic programs, two-fund separa- tion theory, downside optimisation techniques and multi-period optimisation such as the Bellman dynamic programming model. The question asked in this study is, in the context of investing for South African individuals in a multi-asset portfolio, whether an active investment strategy is signi cantly di erent from a passive investment strategy. The passive strategy is built using stochastic programming with moment matching methods for non-Gaussian asset class distributions. The strategy is optimised in a framework using a downside risk metric, the conditional variance at risk. The active strategy is built with forward forecasts for asset classes using the time-varying transitional-probability Markov regime switching model. The active portfolio is finalised by a dynamic optimisation using a two-stage stochastic programme with recourse, which is solved as a large linear program. A hypothesis test is used to establish whether the results of two strategies are statistically different. The performance of the strategies are also reviewed relative to multi-asset peer rankings. Lastly, we consider whether the findings reveal information on the degree of effi ciency in the market place for multi-asset investments for the South African investor. / Operations Management / M. Sc. (Operations Research)

This diplomwork occupies with appraisal of financial position in concrete company and its sequence for capital decision making. At the beginning is this work aimed at introduction of the company and its work. After that includes analyses of the company from the point of profitability, liquidity, activity and debt. The goal of this work is with utilization of financial and decision analyses evaluate the intent of the company to extension of its activity and propose, whether the investment is practicable

Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из трёх глав и заключения. Объем работы составляет 123 страница. Темой диссертационной работы «Факторы повышения конкурентоспособности международных компаний в современных условиях». Исследование является актуальным, так как энергетика находится на этапе всеобщего перехода к возобновляемым источникам энергии. Enel глобализирует распространение новых технологий и нуждаются в иностранных инвестициях стран потенциального будущего присутствия. Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является разработка рекомендаций для компании, находящейся в стадии подготовки к привлечению иностранных инвесторов. Объектом научно-исследовательской работы является итальянская энергетическая компания Enel s.p.a. Предметом – особенности стратегического планирования компании энергетической отрасли. Проведена оценка энергетической отрасли в ситуации пандемии COVID-19. Высказаны предположения по поводу последствий влияния пандемии на рынок энергетики. Описаны особенности деятельности компании-объекта, организационная структура, а также риски и корпоративное управление. Проведена оценка основных производственноэкономических показателей̆компании, а также оценка стоимости компании. Далее проведен анализ рынка конкурентов путем оценки результатов деятельности четырех основных конкурентов. Проведена оценка позиции Enel S.P.A на энергетическом рынке на основании положения крупнейших конкурентов. Разработана стратегия повышения инвестиционного потенциала международной энергетической компании. Проанализирована эффективность деятельности компании путем выявления рисков. Привлечены такие методы, как «Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability», The 3A Framework», SWOT анализ. Далее проведена оценка глобальной деятельности компании путем вычисления Индекса транснациональности. Выявлены аспекты ключевой стратегии Enel. Завершающей частью работы стало разработка рекомендаций для повышения возможности трансформации внутренней̆ среды Enel S.P.A. в целях повышения привлекательности общества в свете интересов иностранных инвесторов. / The study is relevant, as the energy sector is at the stage of universal transition to renewable energy sources. Enel is globalizing the spread of new technologies and needs foreign investment from countries with a potential future presence. The purpose of the final qualification work is to develop recommendations for a company that is in the process of preparing to attract foreign investors. The object of the research work is the Italian energy company Enel s. p.a. The subject is the peculiarities of strategic planning of the company in the energy industry. An assessment of the energy industry in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic was carried out. Suggestions have been made about the impact of the pandemic on the energy market. The features of the target company's activity, organizational structure, as well as risks and corporate governance are described. The assessment of the main production and economic indicators of the company, as well as the assessment of the company's value, was carried out. Further, the analysis of the competitors ' market is carried out by evaluating the performance of the four main competitors. The assessment of Enel S. P. A's position in the energy market is based on the position of its largest competitors. A strategy has been developed to increase the investment potential of an international energy company. The effectiveness of the company's activities is analyzed by identifying risks. Methods such as "Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability", The 3A Framework", SWOT analysis are involved. Further, the assessment of the global activity of the company is carried out by calculating the Index of transnationality. Aspects of Enel's key strategy are identified. The final part of the work was the development of recommendations to increase the possibility of transforming the internal environment of Enel S. P. A. in order to increase the attractiveness of the company in the light of the interests of foreign investors.

This thesis brings together two responses to the question ‘how can the law extend the timeframe for environmentally relevant decision-making?’ The first response is drawn from the context of institutional investment, and addresses the timeframe and breadth of environmental considerations in pension fund investment decision-making. The second response is related to the context of public environmental decision-making by legislators, the judiciary, and administrators. Three themes underlie and bind the thesis: the challenges to decision-making posed by the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of environmental problems, the existence and effects of short-termism in a variety of contexts, and the legal notion of the trust as a means for analysing and addressing problems of a long-term or intergenerational nature. These themes are borne out in each of the four substantive chapters. Chapter III sets out to demonstrate the theoretical potential of pension funds to drive the reduction of firms’ environmental impact, and, focusing particularly on the notion of fiduciary duty, explores the barriers that stand in their way. Chapter IV provides a practical application of the theoretical recommendations outlined in its predecessor. It provides a framework outlining how pension funds might implement a longer term, more sustainable approach to investing. The second half of the thesis, operating in the context of public environmental decision-making, is centred upon a particularly poignant legal notion with respect to the environment and time: the concept of intergenerational equity. Just as the first half of the thesis deals with the timeframes relevant to investment decision-making by pension funds within the bounds of fiduciary duty, largely a private law affair with public implications, the second half of the thesis is concerned with the principle of intergenerational equity as a means for extending the decision-making timeframe of legislative, judicial and administrative decision-makers. As previous analyses of the concept of intergenerational equity provide little insight into its practical implications when applied to particular factual situation, Chapter V sets out the structure of the principle of intergenerational equity as revealed by case law. Chapter VI brings together the issues from the first three papers by conceptualising intergenerational equity in resource management as an issue of long-term investment. Long-term environmental decision-making faces many obstacles. Individual behavioural biases, short-term financial incentive structures, the myopic pressures of the electoral cycle and the tendency of the common law to reinforce the (often shorttermist) status quo all present significant barriers to the capacity of both private and public decision-makers to act in ways that favour the longer term interests of the environment. Nonetheless, this thesis argues that there is reason for hope: drawing upon the three themes that underlie all of the substantive Chapters, it articulates potential legislative changes and recommends the adoption of particular governance structures to overcome barriers to long-term environmental decision-making.