MARTINS, Francisco Gomes. A lógica das entidades intencionais. 2012. 130f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-12T12:03:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-12T14:25:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-12T14:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A feature of the distinction between extensionalism and intensionalism, which has been widely taken as a criterion to separate the two positions, is that within an extensionalist logic, substitution is possible salva veritate (that is, without thereby changing the truth-value of the statement concerned) with respect to identical instances of some basic logical form – and in an intensionalist logic it is not. The different logical forms with respect to which such substitution might take place accounts for some of the variety of different extensionalisms on offer in the current philosophical landscape. So our starting-point is Frege’s puzzle. This question is frequently accepted as one of the foundations of modern semantics. To explain why a true sentence of the form “a = b” can be informative, unlike a sentence of the form “a = a”, Frege introduced an entity standing between an expression and the object denoted (bezeichnet) by the expression. He named this entity Sinn (sense) and explained the informative character of the true “a=b”-shaped sentences by saying that ‘a’ and ‘b’ denote one and the same object but differ in expressing (ausdrücken) distinct senses. The problem, though, is that Frege never defined sense. The conception of senses as procedures that is developed here has much in common with a number of other accounts that represent meanings, also, as structured objects of various kinds, though not necessarily as procedures. In the modern literature, this idea goes back to Rudolph Carnap’s (1947) notion of intensional isomorphism. Church in (1954) constructs an example of expressions that are intensionally isomorphic according to Carnap’s definition (i.e., expressions that share the same structure and whose parts are necessarily equivalent), but which fail to satisfy the principle of substitutability. The problem Church tackled is made possible by Carnap’s principle of tolerance (which itself is plausible). We are free to introduce into a language syntactically simple expressions which denote the same intension in different ways and thus fail to be synonymous. Tichý’s objectualist take on ‘operation-processes’ may be seen in part as linguistic structures transposed into an objectual key; operations, procedures, structures are not fundamentally and inherently syntactic items, but fully-fledged, non-linguistic entities, namely, constructions. / Um grave problema presente quando aplicamos semântica composicional, que atribui simples valores de verdade a frases, é que quando essas seqüências estão presentes em alguns contextos específicos, a substituição de certas expressões com a mesma referência pode cambiar o valor de verdade da frase maior ou então impedir que inferências válidas sejam realizadas. Por exemplo, da afirmação "Pedro acredita que Alexandre o Grande foi aluno de Aristóteles", não se pode inferir corretamente neste contexto de crença que a substituição de "Alexandre o grande" por "o vencedor da batalha de Arbela" seja válida porque eventualmente Pedro pode não saber que "Alexandre o Grande é o vencedor da batalha de Arbela" e por isso a verdade das premissas não garante a verdade da conclusão: "Pedro acredita que o vencedor da batalha de Arbela foi aluno de Aristóteles". A conclusão não se segue pois ela não depende da relação de identidade efetiva entre “Alexandre o Grande” e “O vencedor da Arbela”, e sim depende, de maneira contingente, do conjunto de crenças de Pedro; ou ainda, segundo Frege, depende do sentido que Pedro associa a descrição “Alexandre o Grande”. Em contextos intensionais a verdade da conclusão (após substituição) depende de uma maneira específica da maneira de conceber o nome em questão, por isso a substituição entre nomes cujo referente é o mesmo, mas que diferem em sentido, não funciona em todos os casos. O fato é que Frege nunca estabeleceu critérios de identidade para o sentido (Sinn), apenas reservou-se a declarar simplesmente que o sentido é o "modo de apresentação" da referência. Pretendemos apresentar critérios de identidade para o sentido em geral, e em contextos intensionais, em particular. Os sucessores de Frege, dentre eles o lógico Alonzo Church e o filósofo Rudolf Carnap foram os primeiros a estabelecer que duas expressões têm o mesmo sentido se e somente se são sinonimamente isomorfas e intensionalmente isomorfas, respectivamente. Tais critérios devem ser entendidos à luz dos pressupostos lógicos de Church em sua Lógica do Sentido e da Denotação (LSD) e das idéias de Carnap – muitas delas constituintes do programa filosófico do Positivismo lógico, em seu livro Meaning and Necessity. Mais recentemente, Pavel Tichý estabeleceu de maneira mais exata o que é o sentido e sua identidade através do Procedural isomorphism o qual constitui um dos fundamentos da Lógica Intensional Transparente (TIL).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Jose Ribeiro de Carvalho.pdf: 508933 bytes, checksum: 35f5bc3268f8eb84a3d4d15678926b51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / This study seeks to understand the utilization of EBITDA by Brazilian market professionals. EBITDA, which emerged in the 1970s in the United States as a tool to measure the operating performance of companies with heavy capital investments and / or highly leveraged companies, due to its success quickly spread throughout the world as an important proxy for cash flows. However, over the years the academic and professional community, as well as regulators and standard-setting bodies, raised a number of criticisms and warnings on its use, possibly greater than its virtues. Thus, was born the motivation of this work: why and how highly skilled and qualified professionals continue utilizing EBITDA in their daily work, despite its conceptual weaknesses? Additionally, there was the motivation to discuss an issue lacking depth in Brazil. This is a qualitative and exploratory study, conducted through interviews with a sample of professionals selected by convenience and the data analyzed by the content analysis technique, with ATLAS.ti software support. The results show that the professionals of the sample continue using EBITDA mainly for ease of use and calculation, and deem it a good measure of operating performance. However, in addition to several criticisms, also showed us that they continue to utilize EBITDA due to the lack of a good proxy for cash flow that has a similar cost-benefit relation. Finally, we identified that one of the probable reasons for its mass utilization lies in Mimetic Isomorphism, as analyzed by the New Institutional Sociology, or Neo-institutionalism. / Este trabalho buscou entender a utilização do EBITDA por profissionais atuantes no mercado profissional brasileiro. O EBITDA, que despontou na década de 1970 nos Estados Unidos da América como uma ferramenta para medir o desempenho operacional de empresas com pesados investimentos em capital intensivo e/ou empresas altamente alavancadas, devido ao seu sucesso rapidamente se disseminou por todo o mundo como uma importante proxy para fluxos de caixa. No entanto, ao longo dos anos a comunidade acadêmica e profissional, assim como órgãos reguladores e normatizadores, levantaram uma série de críticas e ponderações quanto ao seu uso, possivelmente maiores que suas virtudes. Assim, nasceu a motivação deste trabalho: por que e como profissionais tão gabaritados continuam utilizando o EBITDA em seu dia a dia, apesar de suas fragilidades conceituais? Também teve-se a motivação de discutir um tema pouco aprofundado no Brasil. Trata-se de um trabalho de cunho qualitativo e exploratório, realizado através de entrevista com amostra de profissionais selecionados por conveniência e com os dados analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, com suporte do software ATLAS.ti. Os resultados apontaram que os profissionais da amostra continuam utilizando o EBITDA principalmente pela facilidade de uso e de cálculo, além de entenderem ser uma boa medida de desempenho operacional. No entanto, além das diversas críticas tecidas, apontam também que o utilizam devido a falta de uma boa proxy para fluxo de caixa que tenha custo benefício de utilização semelhante. Por fim, identificamos que uma das razões para sua utilização reside no Isomorfismo Mimético, conforme analisado pela Nova Sociologia Institucional, ou Neo-institucionalismo.

Inledning: Agila metoder är ett etablerat arbetssätt inom IT och systemutveckling som nu tagit sig in i andra sammanhang, däribland i HR-funktioner där det benämns agil HR. För att förklara hur idéer förändras när de landar i olika sammanhang brukar begreppet översättning införas, där översättning av en idé kan ta olika form beroende på det sammanhang som det hamnar i. Fält förklaras inom nyinstitutionell teori som ett område eller interaktioner inom en specifik domän. En allt vanligare företeelse idag är att fält tenderar att interagera varpå nya praktiker uppstår. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett nyinstitutionellt perspektiv öka förståelsen för fältinteraktioners uppkomst och deras påverkan på idéers översättning. Metod: Studien har ett nyinstitutionellt samt hermeneutisk perspektiv och har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. En fallstudie har utförts där intervjuer har varit den primära datainsamlingsmetoden med totalt tolv medverkande. Tillsammans täcker de diskursen kring agil HR, där även sekundärdata i form av bloggar och hemsidor har använts. Slutsats: Studien visar att agil HR har uppkommit genom fältinteraktioner hos fältet IT och fältet HR. Inom denna fältinteraktion kan två arenor urskiljas vilka har olika beroenden till fältet IT, som resulterat i olika översättningar av agil HR. Olikheterna förklaras av institutionella och situationsspecifika drivkrafter i omgivningen vilka skapar olika beroenden samt maktobalanser inom arenorna. Beroendet skapas antingen via en integrationsmekanism eller som en kedjereaktion av redan existerande beroenden. / Background: Agile methods is an established approach within IT and software development that has recently appeared in other contexts, in HR-functions named Agile HR. To explain how ideas travel and land in different situations, the concept of translation is usually introduced. Translation of an idea means that an idea can take different appearance depending on the situation. Fields are explained in institutional theory as an area, or interactions within a specific domain. An increasingly common phenomena today is that fields interact and when so, new practices can emerge. Aim: The aim of the study is to, from an institutional perspective, increase the understanding of the emergence of field interaction and its impact on the translation of ideas. Methodology: The study has taken an institutional and hermeneutic perspective and has been conducted with a qualitative method. A case study has been completed where interviews have been the primary method of data collection, with twelve participants in total. Together they cover the discourse about Agile HR. Secondary data from blogs and webpages have also been used. Conclusion: The study conclude that Agile HR emerge from interactions between the field IT and the field HR. Within the field interaction two arenas being identified with different dependence to the interacting field IT. This generates different translations of Agile HR. The differences are being explained by institutional and contingency factors within the environment that create power asymmetries. The dependence emerge from an integration mechanism or from a chain reaction of already existing dependence.

Les futures générations de réseaux sans fil posent beaucoup de défis pour la communauté de recherche. Notamment, ces réseaux doivent être en mesure de répondre, avec une certaine qualité de service, aux demandes d'un nombre important de personnes et d'objets connectés. Ce qui se traduit par des exigences assez importantes en termes de capacité. C'est dans ce cadre que les méthodes d'accès multiple non orthogonaux (NOMA) ont été introduit. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié et proposé une méthodes d'accès multiple basé sur la technique compute and forawrd et sur les réseaux de point (Lattice codes) tout en considérant différentes constructions de lattice. Nous avons également proposé des amélioration de l'algorithme de décodage de la méthode SCMA (Sparse code multiple access) basé sur les réseaux de points. Afin de simplifier les décodeurs multi-niveaux utilisés, nous avons proposé des expressions simplifiées de LLRs ainsi que des approximations. Finalement, nous avons étudié la construction D des lattices en utilisant les codes polaires. Cette thèse était en collaboration avec le centre de recherche de Huawei France. / Future generations of wireless networks pose many challenges for the research community. In particular, these networks must be able to respond, with a certain quality of service, to the demands of a large number of connected people and objects. This drives us into quite important requirements in terms of capacity. It is within this framework that non-orthogonal multiple access methods (NOMA) have been introduced. In this thesis, we have studied and proposed a multiple access method based on the compute and forward technique and on Lattice codes while considering different lattice constructions. We have also proposed improvements to the algorithm for decoding the Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) method based on Lattice codes. In order to simplify the multi-stage decoders used in here, we have proposed simplified expressions of LLRs as well as approximations. Finally, we studied the construction D of lattices using polar codes. This thesis was in collaboration with the research center of Huawei France.

Till följd av en växande medvetenhet om vikten av att agera hållbart, har det allmänna intresset för hållbarhet ökat över tid. Som en effekt av detta har företag drivits till att redovisa sitt arbete med hållbarhetsfrågor och sin påverkan på samhället, denna information sammanställs i så kallade hållbarhetsrapporter. Under år 2016 ändrades årsredovisningslagen (SFS 1995:1554) och kompletterandes med obligatorisk hållbarhetsrapportering för större företag (SFS 2016:947). Syftet med lagen var att ställa tydliga krav på vad en hållbarhetsrapport ska innehålla, vilket kan bidra till att innehållets variation minskar. Denna uppsats tar avstamp i ämnet hållbarhets-rapportering och berör den möjliga homogenitet som kan identifieras i bolags hållbar-hetsrapporter mellan åren 2008. 2015 och 2019. Företagen som uppsatsen utgår ifrån är SCA, Holmen och Sveaskog, vilka alla verkar inom den svenska skogsindustrin. Branschen har en betydande roll för Sveriges ekonomi och industrin har historiskt sett och än idag har en stor miljöpåverkan. Problemet angreps med hjälp av innehållsanalysen, vilken är en form av dokumentanalys som i det här sammanhanget hör till den kvalitativa metodologin. Vid analysen tillämpades teoretiska ramverk i form av legitimitetsskapande och institutionell teori för att stödja tolkningarna. Även ram- och regelverk, samt tidigare forskning inom ämne användes under analysprocessen. Granskningen av hållbarhetsrapporterna är avgränsat till avsnitten om miljömässigt-, socialt- och ekonomiskt ansvar, samt en mer övergripande bild över rapporterna. De teman som speciellt tagits i beaktning samman-ställdes i ett kodningsschema som går att finna i empirikapitlet. Slutsatserna som undersökningen mynnade ut i visar sig vara att företagen i stor utsträckning tycks ta efter varandras sätt att formge hållbarhetsrapporter. Den homogenitet som identifierats utifrån de kategorier som har behandlats i denna uppsats är att företagen över tid valt att sammanfoga sina rapporter, samt att samtliga företag övergått till att applicera GRI standarderna på Core nivå. Hållbarhetsrapporterna har även successivt gått från att vara mer självkritiska, till att bli mindre självkritiska. Vad som också är gemensamt för de olika företagens rapporter är att liknande aktuella samhällsämnen beskrivs, vilket kan förklaras genom företagens syn på legitimitet. / As a result of a growing awareness of the importance of acting sustainably, the general interest in sustainability has increased over time. As an effect of this, companies have been driven to report their work on sustainability issues and its impact on society, this information is compiled in so-called sustainability reports. During 2016, the Annual Accounts Act (SFS 1995: 1554) was amended and supplemented with mandatory sustainability reporting for larger companies (SFS 2016: 947). The purpose of the law was to set clear requirements for what a sustainability report must contain, which can contribute to reducing the variation in the content. This essay is based on the subject of sustainability reporting and possible homogeneity in different companies’ sustainability reports. The companies used as examples are SCA, Holmen and Sveaskog, all of which operate in the Swedish forest industry. The industry can be considered suitable as the forest industry has a significant role for Sweden's economy, at the same time as the industry has historically and even today has a major environmental impact. The problem is tackled with the help of the content analysis, which is a form of document analysis that, in this context, belongs to the qualitative methodology. During the analysis, theoretical frameworks were applied in the form of legitimacy creation and institutional theory to support the interpretations. Frameworks and regulations, as well as previous research in the subject, were also of great importance during the analysis process. The review of the sustainability reports is limited to the sections on environ-mental, social, and economic responsibility, as well as a more comprehensive picture of the reports. The themes that were especially considered were compiled in a coding scheme that can be found at the end of the essay in the form of an appendix. The conclusions that the survey led turned out to be that the companies to a certain extent seem to follow each other's ways of shaping sustainability reports. The homogeneity identified on the basis of the categories addressed in this thesis are that over time, companies have chosen to merge their reports, and that all companies move to applying the GRI standards at Core level. The sustainability reports have also gradually gone from being more self-critical, to becoming less self-critical. What is also common to the various companies 'reports is that similar current social topics are described, which can be explained by the companies' views on legitimacy.

Tato práce shrnuje autorův výzkum v oblasti teorie kvaternionových algeber, jejich izomorfismů a maximálních řádů. Nový úhel pohledu na tuto problematiku je umožněn využitím pojmu diskrétní normy. Za hlavní výsledky práce je možná považovat důkaz jednoznačnosti diskrétní normy pro celá čísla, kvadratická rozšíření těles a řády kvaternionových algeber. Dále větu, která umožňuje mezi dvěma kvaternionovými algebrami konstruovat izomorfismy explicitně vyjádřené v maticovém tvaru. A v neposlední řadě důkaz existence nekonečně mnoha různých maximálních řádů kvaternionové algebry. Výsledky uvedené v této diplomové práci budou dále publikovány ve vědeckém článku.

Le domaine de la modélisation du trafic routier vise à comprendre son évolution. Dans les dernières années, plusieurs modèles du trafic ont été proposés dans l’objectif de géolocaliser les embouteillages au sein du trafic, détecter des motifs dans le trafic routier, estimer l’état du trafic etc. La plupart des modèles proposés considèrent le trafic routier en termes de ses constituants ou comme une entité agrégée en fonction de l’échelle choisie et expliquent l’évolution du trafic quantitativement en tenant compte des relations entre les variables de trafic comme le flot, la densité et la vitesse. Ces modèles décrivent le trafic en utilisant des données très précises acquises par différents capteurs. La précision des données rend son calcul coûteux en termes de ressources requises. Une des solutions à ce problème est la représentation qualitative du trafic routier qui réduit le nombre de ressources de traitement nécessaires. Puisque le trafic routier est un phénomène spatio-temporel, les modèles proposés pour représenter ce type de phénomène pourraient être appliqués dans le cas du trafic routier. Les modèles spatio-temporels, proposés par la communauté de l’Analyse Spatio-Temporelle, ont comme objectif la représentation d’un phénomène tant du point de vue qualitatif que quantitatif. Certains de ces modèles proposent une discrétisation des phénomènes modélisés en considérant un phénomène comme constitué d’entités. Appliquée au trafic routier, cette notion permet d’identifier différentes entités, comme les véhicules, les piétons, les bâtiments etc., qui le constituent. Ces entités influent sur l’évolution du trafic. Les modèles spatio-temporels qualitatifs définissent l’effet des différentes entités les unes sur les autres en terme de relations spatiales. L’évolution spatio-temporelle du phénomène modélisé est représenté par la variation temporelle de ces relations. La prise en compte des entités du trafic et des relations spatiales formalise une structure qui peut être représentée en utilisant un graphe, où les nœuds modélisent des entités et les arcs des relations spatiales. Par conséquent, l’évolution du trafic, modélisée via ce graphe, devient l’évolution du graphe et peut être représenté en terme de la variation de la structure du graphe ainsi que celle des attributs de ses nœuds et de ses arcs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une modélisation du trafic routier de ce type basée sur la théorie des graphes. Une des applications à la modélisation du trafic routier est la détection des motifs pertinents au sein du trafic. Dans les modèles du trafic existants, les motifs détectés sont statistiques et sont représentés en utilisant des caractéristiques numériques. Le modèle que nous pro posons dans cette thèse met en avant la structure représentant le trafic routier et peut donc être utilisé pour définir des motifs structurels du trafic qui prennent en compte des différentes entités du trafic et leurs relations. Ces motifs structurels sont sous-jacents à une modélisation sous forme de graphe dynamique. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour détecter ces motifs structurels du trafic dans le graphe spatio-temporel représentant le trafic routier. Ce problème est formalisé comme celui de l’isomorphisme de sous-graphe pour des graphes dynamiques. L’algorithme proposé est évalué en fonction desdifférents paramètres de graphes. / For past several decades, researchers have been interested in understanding traffic evolution, hence, have proposed various traffic models to identify bottleneck locations where traffic congestion occurs, to detect traffic patterns, to predict traffic states etc. Most of the existing models consider traffic as many-particle system, describe it using different scales of representation and explain its evolution quantitatively by deducing relations between traffic variables like flow, density and speed. Such models are mainly focused on computing precise information about traffic using acquired traffic data. However, computation of such precise information requires more processing resources. A way to remedy this problem is to consider traffic evolution in qualitative terms which reduces the required number of processing resources. Since traffic is spatio-temporal in nature, the models which deal with spatio-temporal phenomenon can be applied in case of traffic. Such models represent spatio-temporal phenomenon from qualitative as well as quantitative standpoints. Depending on the intended application, some models are able to differentiate between various entities taking part in the phenomenon, which proves useful in case of traffic since different objects like vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, bicycles etc., directly affecting traffic evolution, can be included in traffic models. Qualitative spatio-temporal models consider the effects of different entities on each other in terms of spatial relations between them and spatio-temporal evolution of the modeled phenomenon is described in terms of variation in such relations over time. Considering different traffic constituents and spatial relations between them leads to the formation of a structure which can be abstracted using graph, whose nodes represent individual constituents and edges represent the corresponding spatial relations. As a result, the evolution of traffic, represented using graph, is described in terms of evolution of the graph itself, i. e. change in graph structure and attributes of nodes and edges, with time. In this thesis, we propose such a graph model to represent traffic. As mentioned above, one of the applications of existing traffic models is in detecting traffic patterns. However, since such models consider traffic quantitatively, in terms of acquired traffic data, the patterns detected using such models are statistical (a term employed by Pattern Recognition researchers) in the sense that they are represented using numerical description. Since graph-based traffic model proposed in this thesis represents the structure of traffic, it can be employed to redefine the meaning of traffic patterns from statistical to structural (also a term from Pattern Recognition community). Structural traffic patterns include different traffic constituents and their inter-links and are represented using time-varying graphs. An algorithm to detect a given structural traffic pattern in the spatio-temporal graph representing traffic is proposed in this thesis. It formalizes this problem as subgraph isomorphism for time-varying graphs. In the end, the performance of the algorithm is tested using various graph parameters.

The purpose of this study is to explore and interpret the different meanings and consequences of diversity and its associated practices for the police organization in Sweden. By highlighting possible discourses on the concept of diversity within the police organization and how the police organization presents the concept of diversity, based on that, contribute to an increased understanding of the police organization’s diversity work. Our study is based on a qualitative method, discourse analysis, which has helped us collect the empirical material. The purpose with discourse analysis is to interpret what is written, therefore this study is based on our own interpretations of the empirical material. The empirical material that consists of the police policy documents has in turn been analyzed based on Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be-approach” (WPR-approach) and the neo-institutional theory where concepts such as isomorphism and loosely coupled occur. When studying the police organization, the concept of diversity is seen to be common. The police highlights the importance of having diversity within their organization, which can be seen to have emerged over time. The result of this study indicates that the police organization works actively to make equal treatment a natural part of the organization today. This includes wanting to reflect society and they believe that diversity entails different skills which they want to utilize within the organization. The study also describes three different problem representations which we have identified in the empirical material. These problem representations have in turn helped us to highlight different discourses about the concept of diversity, which has contributed to an increased understanding of the police organization’s diversity work.

Cette thèse est consacrée à une classe de groupes, appelés groupes de Kac-Moody, qui généralise de façon naturelle les groupes de Lie semi-simples, ou plus précisément, les groupes algébriques réductifs, dans un contexte infini-dimensionnel. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement au problème d'isomorphismes pour ces groupes, en vue d'obtenir un analogue infini-dimensionnel de la célèbre théorie des homomorphismes 'abstraits' de groupes algébriques simples, due à Armand Borel et Jacques Tits.<p><p>Le problème d'isomorphismes qu'on étudie s'avère être un cas particulier d'un problème plus général, qui consiste à caractériser les homomorphismes de groupes algébriques vers les groupes de Kac-Moody, dont l'image est bornée. Ce problème peut à son tour s'énoncer comme un problème de rigidité pour les actions de groupes algébriques sur les immeubles, via l'action naturelle d'un groupe de Kac-Moody sur une paire d'immeubles jumelés. Les résultats partiels, relatifs à ce problème de rigidité, que nous obtenons, nous permettent d'apporter une solution complète au problème d'isomorphismes pour les groupes de Kac-Moody déployés.<p>En particulier, on obtient un résultat de dévissage pour les automorphismes de ces objets. Celui-ci fournit à son tour une description complète de la structure du groupe d'automorphismes d'un groupe de Kac-Moody déployé sur un corps de caractéristique~$0$.<p><p>Nos arguments permettent également de traiter de façon analogue certaines formes anisotropes de groupes de Kac-Moody complexes, appelées formes unitaires. On montre en particulier que la topologie Hausdorff naturelle que portent ces formes est un invariant de leur structure de groupe abstrait. Ceci généralise un résultat bien connu de H. Freudenthal pour les groupes de Lie compacts.<p><p>Enfin, l'on s'intéresse aux homomorphismes de groupes de Kac-Moody à image fini-dimensionnelle, et l'on démontre la non-existence de tels homomorphismes à noyau central, lorsque le domaine est un groupe de Kac-Moody de type indéfini sur un corps infini. Ceci réduit un problème ouvert, dit problème de linéarité pour les groupes de Kac-Moody, au cas de corps de base finis. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation mathématiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Act No. 108/2006 Coll., on social services and bureaucratization of the activities of NGOs This thesis deals with the Social Services Act (No. 108/2006 Coll.) in the context of the bureaucratization of the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that are providers of social services. The first order of business is to answer the question whether the law contains elements of the bureaucracy, which the law establishes in the activities of social services providers. A second related objective is to determine whether NGO consider the elements of bureaucracy contained in the Act on Social Services as the main obstacles for the way they operate and whether in connection with their introduction observe within their organization typical dysfunctions associated with the process of bureaucratization. Theoretical background and set of research tools are based on R.H. Hall's research in the field of dimensional analysis of elements present in the structure of bureaucratic organizations. As a research method to achieve the first objective is used quantitative content analysis. The results of the analysis confirm that the Social Services Act contains elements that bureaucratise activities of social services providers. As a research method to achieve the second objective of the thesis is a quantitative...