This thesis aims to expand knowledge about the management of domestic water consumption. Among the various factors that influence water consumption, price and other economic variables have already been addressed by much research on this topic, obviously because of their implications for demand management. However, other factors such as the dominant urban model, the demographic structure and certain social values may also play a very important mediating role. This thesis aims to explore the factors (demographic, regional, socioeconomic, cultural, etc.) that influence domestic water consumption in two different but complementary scales: a local scale (municipalities in the Girona counties of Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany and Selva) and a household scale (in suburban areas in the municipalities of Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres and Vilobí d’Onyar) / La present tesi té com a objectiu principal ampliar els coneixements la gestió de l’aigua per a usos domèstics. Entre els diferents factors que influeixen en el consum d’aigua, els preus i altres variables econòmiques han estat objecte de bona part de les investigacions sobre el tema. No obstant això, altres factors com, per exemple, el model d’ocupació urbana dominant, l’estructura demogràfica o certs valors socials, poden tenir també un rol molt rellevant. En aquesta tesi es proposa aprofundir sobre els factors (demogràfics, territorials, socioeconòmics, culturals, etc.) que incideixen en la demanda d’aigua per a usos domèstics, a dues escales diferents però complementàries: la municipal (municipis de les comarques gironines de l’Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany i La Selva) i la llar (urbanitzacions dels municipis de Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres i Vilobí d’Onyar)

La present tesi doctoral analitza l’etapa de transició econòmica des de l’Antic Règim al Capitalisme durant els segles XVIII i XIX a la regió catalana de l’Ebre. Per un costat, posant atenció en l’evolució de les activitats industrials i comercials i, per altre, en el procés de la modernització de les infraestructures de transport i l’urbanisme de la ciutat de Tortosa. La falta de competitivitat de la indústria local i els conflictes bèl•lics del tombant de segle acabaren per exhaurir el vell sector secundari de la regió, que entrà en un procés d’agrarització generalitzada. El sector logístic i dels transports sobrevisqueren uns anys més. Durant el s. XVIII el mercat dels arrendaments senyorials havia dinamitzat el sector, però, arribats a finals de segle, també s’afeblí degut a l’ofec de les càrregues fiscals de Tortosa i la creixent atracció del mercat del Camp. La contracció econòmica i l’endarreriment en el creixement demogràfic que experimentà Tortosa féu que perdés l’autonomia administrativa, encara que l’elit continuaria tenint contacte directe amb l’estat central. Malgrat tot, a partir dels anys 40 del s. XIX, la situació canvià: es produí un repunt demogràfic després de les guerres carlines, i l’extensió i intensificació agrària del delta i de les planes interiors. Amb tot es reactivà la demanda interna. Al mateix temps, malgrat el fracàs de la renovació de la navegació fluvial a vapor, amb la Reial Companyia de Canalització de l’Ebre, l’arribada de capital inversor afavorí la creació d’empreses de serveis complementaris. Finalment, amb l’arribada del ferrocarril, va irrompre la nova indústria de transformació alimentària dirigida a l’exportació. El nou context social, demogràfic i econòmic acabaria per desencallar la qüestió urbanística precipitant la construcció de l’eixample urbà al 1886. / La presente tesis doctoral analiza la etapa de transición económica desde el Antiguo Régimen al Capitalismo durante los siglos XVIII y XIX en la región catalana del Ebro. Por un lado, fijando la atención en la evolución de las actividades industriales y comerciales y, por otro, en el proceso de la modernización de las infraestructuras de transporte y el urbanismo de la ciudad de Tortosa. La falta de competitividad de la industria local y los conflictos bélicos del cambio de siglo agotaron el viejo sector secundario de la región, que entró en un proceso de agrarización generalizada. El sector logístico y de los transportes sobrevivieron unos años más. Durante el s. XVIII el mercado de los arrendamientos señoriales había dinamizado el sector, pero, llegados a finales de siglo, también se debilitó debido al ahogo de las cargas fiscales de Tortosa y la creciente atracción del mercado del Camp. La contracción económica y el retraso en el crecimiento demográfico que experimentó Tortosa hizo que perdiera su autonomía administrativa, aunque la élite continuaría teniendo contacto directo con el estado central. Sin embargo, a partir de los años 40 del s. XIX, la situación cambió: se produjo un repunte demográfico después de las guerras carlistas, y la extensión e intensificación agraria del delta y de las llanuras interiores. Se reactivó, entonces, la demanda interna. Al mismo tiempo, a pesar del fracaso de la renovación de la navegación fluvial a vapor, con la Real Compañía de Canalización del Ebro, la llegada de capital inversor favoreció la creación de empresas de servicios complementarios. Finalmente, con la llegada del ferrocarril, irrumpió la nueva industria de transformación alimentaria dirigida a la exportación. El nuevo contexto social, demográfico y económico acabaría por desatascar la cuestión urbanística precipitando la construcción del ensanche urbano en 1886. Finalmente, las principales conclusiones han sido comparadas con la historia de la ciudad inglesa de Norwich. / The current thesis analyses the transition period from Ancient Regime to Capitalism during the18th and 19th centuries in the Ebro Catalan region. On one hand, we focus the attention in industrial and trade activities, and on the other hand, in the improvement of transport infrastructures and Tortosa's urbanism. The lack of competitiveness of local workshops and the Napoleonic wars erased definitively the rest of the regional old secondary sector. The south of Catalonia began a process of general agrarisation. Logistic activities could survive a few years more. During the18th century, the leasing of manorial rents had energised business, but by the end of the century, this activity also was weakened by excessive Tortosa taxes and the increasing of Camp de Tarragona's commercial attraction. The economic contraction and the delay in demographic growth happened in the south of Catalonia meant that Tortosa lost its political status. Nevertheless, its polical elites continued having direct contact with the central state. However, as of the 40s of the19th century, the situation changed. There was demographic growth after the Carlist Wars and also the effects of agricultural intensification of Ebro Delta and inland plains, and therefore, internal demand was reactivated. At the same time, despite the failure of modernisation of steampowered river navigation, The Royal Company of Ebro Canalisation and its investment favoured an increase of the services sector. Finally, with the arrival of the railway, the food transformation industry, focused on exportation, arose. This new social, demographic and economic context unblocked any complications, permitting the city's urban expansion from 1886 onwards. Eventually, the main conclusions have been compared with the history of English city of Norwich.

Esta dissertação estuda as possibilidades do uso da vegetação nos projetos paisagísticos para áreas verdes públicas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Após um breve histórico do uso da vegetação nos centros urbanos, o trabalho é conduzido inicialmente para a definição dos elementos vegetais sob o olhar do arquiteto. São então formuladas diretrizes técnicas para orientação na execução dos projetos paisagísticos, embasadas na legislação municipal pertinente. A vegetação é então avaliada, do ponto de vista de suas características compositivas, relacionadas ao projeto, definidas a partir de uma análise formal das espécies escolhidas além do aproveitamento destas características nos projetos das áreas verdes públicas que são: os parques , as praças, e os verdes complementares, definidos como canteiros centrais e sobras de arruamento, pertencentes ao patrimônio da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre.

Esta dissertação estuda as possibilidades do uso da vegetação nos projetos paisagísticos para áreas verdes públicas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Após um breve histórico do uso da vegetação nos centros urbanos, o trabalho é conduzido inicialmente para a definição dos elementos vegetais sob o olhar do arquiteto. São então formuladas diretrizes técnicas para orientação na execução dos projetos paisagísticos, embasadas na legislação municipal pertinente. A vegetação é então avaliada, do ponto de vista de suas características compositivas, relacionadas ao projeto, definidas a partir de uma análise formal das espécies escolhidas além do aproveitamento destas características nos projetos das áreas verdes públicas que são: os parques , as praças, e os verdes complementares, definidos como canteiros centrais e sobras de arruamento, pertencentes ao patrimônio da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabanaspedro_cc_me_ia.pdf: 5295856 bytes, checksum: a8c9a5039b8aa9967830938958a1f32a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho concentra-se no estudo de um conjunto específico de obras da artista Niki de Saint Phalle, analisados sob o viés da arquitetura espontânea. Esse termo, bastante, desconhecido, é empregado para definir obras quer, pela sua escala e forma podem ser compreendidas como construções arquitetônicas diferenciadas, produzidas por “não-arquitetos”. Essa produção é geralmente associada à produção de artistas outsiders , aproximando-se mais da arte e da fantasia. Essas construções vão surgindo gradualmente na obra do artista Niki de Saint Phalle, que são destacadas uma a uma nesta investigação. Para maior embasamento foi feito o levantamento de de outras manifestações da arquitetura espontânea, compreendendo o trabalho construtivo de artistas e arquitetos espontâneos. Esses esforços criativos podem ser encontrados em várias partes do mundo, principalmente na Europa e América. A segunda parte da dissertação é dedicada inteiramente ao Jardim de Tarô, parque de esculturas projetado e construído por Niki, na Toscana, Itália. O jardim recebeu a influência do Park Guell do arquiteto Gaudi e é construido por esculturas monumentais que representam as cartas do tarô. A escolha do foco da segunda parte da dissertação neste jardim justifica-se por ele concentrar a maior quantidade de exemplos da arquitetura e espontânea na obra da artista. / The present work is concentrated on the study of a set specify of works of the artist Niki de Saint Phalle, analised under the slant of the spontaneous architecture. This term quite unknown, is employed in order that define works that , by the scale and form there can be understood how differential architectural constructions produced by non-architets This producation is generally associate to the outsider's artist production bringing near more near more than the art and the fantasy. These constructions are appearing gradually in the work of the artist Niki de Saint Phalle, that I detach one to one in this investigation. For bigger foundation, I do the lifting of other demonstrations of the spontaneous architecture, understanding the constructive work of these artists and spontaneous architects. These creative efforts can be found in several parts of the world, mainly in Europe and America. The second part of the work is dedicated completely to the Tarot Garden, park of sculptures projected and built bu Niki, in Tuscay, Italy. The garden received great influence of the Park Guell of the architect Gaudi, and it is constituted by monumental sculputures represented by letters of the tarot. I chose to focus the second part of the dissertation on this garden because it concentrats the biggest quantity of examples of the spontaneous architecture in the work of the artist.

Esta dissertação estuda as possibilidades do uso da vegetação nos projetos paisagísticos para áreas verdes públicas da cidade de Porto Alegre. Após um breve histórico do uso da vegetação nos centros urbanos, o trabalho é conduzido inicialmente para a definição dos elementos vegetais sob o olhar do arquiteto. São então formuladas diretrizes técnicas para orientação na execução dos projetos paisagísticos, embasadas na legislação municipal pertinente. A vegetação é então avaliada, do ponto de vista de suas características compositivas, relacionadas ao projeto, definidas a partir de uma análise formal das espécies escolhidas além do aproveitamento destas características nos projetos das áreas verdes públicas que são: os parques , as praças, e os verdes complementares, definidos como canteiros centrais e sobras de arruamento, pertencentes ao patrimônio da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre.

Le microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des fourmis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) est connu pour avoir un rôle défensif chez ces insectes sociaux, notamment chez les fourmis attines (Formicidae : Attini) grâce l’utilisation de molécules antimicrobiennes produites par des actinobactéries cuticulaires. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le microbiote bactérien des fourmis de Guyane en utilisant différentes approches en chimie des produits naturels et en écologie moléculaire. Le premier chapitre décrit l’isolement, l’identification, la culture et l’évaluation biologique de 43 actinobactéries cuticulaires de fourmis de Guyane. Les tests d’antagonismes des souches isolées et l’activité antibiotique des extraits de culture contre des micro-organismes pathogènes humains sont présentés ainsi que l’identification d’un dipeptide cyclique (Cyclo(LPro-LPhe)) antimicrobien qui a été isolé à partir d’une souche proche de Streptomyces thioluteus. Par ailleurs, la mise en œuvre de réseaux moléculaires appliqués à une analyse par UPLC/MS/MS de cocultures d’actinobactéries a permis d’explorer la diversité des métabolites produits dans ces conditions. Le deuxième chapitre présente une étude méthodologique pour comparer quatre méthodes d’extraction d’ADN, en termes de richesse et de composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire, par séquençage haut débit à partir des espèces Atta cephalotes et Pseudomyrmex penetrator. Les résultats du métabarcoding ADN mettent en lumière deux méthodes d’extraction et révèlent des différences inter- et intraspécifiques dans la composition des communautés bactériennes cuticulaires. Enfin, le chapitre trois décrit la composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des espèces Camponotus femoratus et Crematogaster levior dans les jardins de fourmis. Les résultats soulignent l’acquisition d’une partie du microbiote dans l’environnement. En parallèle l’analyse métabolomique des cuticules montre à contrario une plus grande spécificité liée à l’espèce de fourmi. Les recherches futures axées sur les stratégies d’analyses statistiques combinant le métabarcoding et la métabolomique sont discutées. / The bacterial microbiota of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is known to have a defensive role in social insects, particularly for leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) due to the use of antimicrobial molecules produced by cuticular actinobacteria. In this thesis, we studied the bacterial microbiota of ants in French Guyana using different approaches based on natural products chemistry and molecular ecology. The first chapter describes the isolation, identification, culture and biological evaluations of 43 cuticular actinobacteria. Antagonism bioassays of isolated strains and antibiotic activities of the culture extracts against human pathogens are presented as well as the identification of an antimicrobial cyclic dipeptide (Cyclo (LPro-LPhe)) isolated from a strain close to Streptomyces thioluteus. Moreover, the implementation of molecular networks applied to UPLC/MS/MS analysis of actinobacterial cocultures allowed us to explore the diversity of metabolites produced under these conditions. The second chapter presents a methodological study to evaluate the capacity of four DNA extraction methods, in terms of richness and composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota, in high-throughput sequencing from Atta cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex penetrator. The results of metabarcoding highlight two methods of extraction and reveal inter- and intraspecific differences in the composition of cuticular bacterial communities. Finally, chapter three describes the composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in ant garden and the results reveal the acquisition in the environment of a part of the microbiota. In parallel, metabolomic analyses of ant’s cuticle show, on the contrary, a greater specificity related to the ant species. Future researches focusing on statistical analysis strategies combining metabarcoding and metabolomics data are discussed.

Les jardins associatifs (p.ex. familiaux) connaissent aujourd’hui un regain d’intérêt en France et sont souvent associés à de nombreuses fonctionnalités et services au sein des systèmes urbains (p.ex. alimentation, support de biodiversité). A ce titre, les sols de jardins représentent un enjeu majeur et leur caractérisation, aussi bien physicochimique que biologique nécessite d’être mieux appréhendée. Quelle est la relation entre les caractéristiques physicochimiques et les pratiques de jardinage ? Quelle est l’influence de ces propriétés sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle et taxonomique ? Pour répondre à ces questions, des investigations ont été menées au sein de jardins potagers choisis pour être représentatifs de la variabilité de ces systèmes sur le territoire national français. Les travaux ont porté sur les propriétés agronomiques et toxiques des terres de surface. La végétation et les microarthropodes du sol ont aussi été caractérisés. A l’aide de plusieurs bases de données, des comparaisons avec d’autres usages de sols ont permis de replacer les sols de jardins étudiés au sein de la couverture pédologique française. Ainsi, en dépit de teneurs totales élevées en métaux, les sols de jardins présentent une fertilité physicochimique indéniable et sont le support d’une biodiversité du sol élevée. En revanche, pour la végétation, une homogénéisation biotique croissante au sein des villes est observable avec la sélection d'espèces ayant des traits adaptés au milieu urbain. Les sols de jardins, pourtant situés dans un contexte urbain fortement anthropisé, ne doivent donc pas être considérés comme des écosystèmes dégradés, mais au contraire comme une ressource à préserver / Community gardens (e.g. allotments, shared gardens) currently experience a renewed interest among the French and are often associated with many functions and services within urban ecosystems (vegetable supply, biodiversity). As such, garden soils are a major concern and their characteristics (physico-chemical as well as biological ones) need to be better understood. What connection is there between the functional quality of garden soils and the alteration of their physico-chemical characteristics by gardening practices? What influence do these properties in garden soils have on functional and taxonomic biodiversity? In order to answer these questions, investigations were conducted in vegetable gardens chosen as representative of the ecosystemic variability within French territory. On one hand work was done on the topsoil's agronomical properties and toxicity. On the other hand these soils were characterised using several biological indicators, such as vegetal species and soil microarthropods. With the help of several databases, we were able to place these garden soils among other french topsoils by comparing them to other land uses. Despite having high total metallic contents garden soils show an undeniable physico-chemical fertility, and support a high level of soil biodiversity. In contrast, an increasing plant biotic homogenisation can be observed within cities. Indeed, there is a selection of species with traits that are particularly adapted to urban environments. In conclusion, even though garden soils exist in a highly anthropised urban context they are not degraded ecosystems, but rather a precious resource

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La recherche qui suit porte sur l’expérience du jardinage communautaire à Montréal à partir de l’exemple de l’un des arrondissements. Au cours des dernières années, à l’échelle globale, la popularité des jardins communautaires est allée en grandissant. Comment interpréter cela à partir du point de vue des participants? Quelle est l’expérience vécue par les jardiniers communautaires et quelle signification accordent-ils à ces pratiques sociales? Afin de répondre à ces questions, j’ai fait appel à une démarche qualitative, combinant l’observation et entretiens en profondeur avec des participants. Les résultats de l’étude découlent de 30 entretiens semi-directifs. Des participants avec des profils sociaux divers ont été recrutés. En faisant appel à la théorie ancrée, la recherche met en lumière des contextes spécifiques à partir desquels les jardiniers communautaires fournissent des significations à leur engagement dans ce type de jardinage. Considérée à partir de trois dimensions – économique, sociale et culturelle – cette étude met en lumière le fait que les significations que les acteurs accordent à leurs pratiques dépendent du contexte, mais découlent aussi de leur subjectivité. Ressort aussi l’importance de la dimension émotionnelle. Le jardinage communautaire est décrit sous l’angle d’une pratique transformatrice – en convergence avec d’autres formes d’action collective – qui permet aux citoyens en tant que jardiniers de mieux faire face aux défis de la vie quotidienne, que ce soit sur le plan financier, social, culturel ou environnemental. Par le biais du jardinage, les participants soutiennent qu’ils approfondissent leur identité personnelle, tout en construisant de nouvelles relations avec les autres ainsi qu’avec la nature. La recherche confirme qu’en ce qui concerne l’expérience subjective de jardinage, les participants parlent de retombées positives. / The present research addresses the subjectivity of the community gardening experience in the case of a Montreal borough. Community gardens have regained popularity worldwide. How to interpret this phenomenon from the perspective of participants? And how do they experience (community) gardening and make sense of their social practices? To answer these questions, this study takes a qualitative approach that combines observations and in-depth interviews. The findings drawn from this study are based mainly on 30 semi-structured interviews. Participants from diverse social strata were recruited. Guided by grounded theory, this research stresses the specific contexts under which community gardeners generate meanings from their community gardening experience. Examined from three dimensions – economic, social, and cultural – this study reveals that meanings and significance are context-sensitive, personalized, and fluid. The emotional dimension emerges as of particular importance. Community gardening is viewed as a transformative practice – converging with diverse forms of collective action – that allows citizen gardeners to address everyday life challenges, whether financial, social, cultural, or environmental. Through gardening, participants claim that they are reconnecting with themselves, with other people, and with nature. This research confirms that with respect to the subjective experience of gardening, participants generally claim positive outcomes.