La préférence homosexuelle masculine (PHM) est considérée comme un paradoxe darwinien car c'est un trait partiellement héritable, induisant une baisse de succès reproducteur, ayant une fréquence (en Occident) entre 2 et 6 % et qui semble propre à l'espèce humaine (en excluant les espèces domestiquées). La sélection de parentèle, ou bien un facteur pléiotrope antagoniste sont classiquement proposés, bien que l'essentiel des données proviennent de sociétés occidentales. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle hypothèse, basée sur la stratification sociale et permettant d'expliquer la spécificité humaine, dans laquelle la migration sexe-dépendante de type hypergyne amplifie la sélection d'un gène antagoniste. La plausibilité de cette hypothèse est confirmée par des modèles théoriques d'ESS et des modélisations individu-centrés. De plus, une analyse comparative basée sur données anthropologiques a permis de montrer un lien entre le niveau de stratification d'une société et la probabilité que la PHM soit connue dans cette société. La sélection de parentèle, mesurée dans une société non-occidentale (Indonésie), semble participer à la compensation du coût reproductif de la PHM, mais insuffisamment pour en expliquer le maintien. Les principales caractéristiques familiales associées à la PHM, l'excès de grands frères, et la fécondité accrue dans certaines classe d'apparentés, se retrouvent également en Indonésie. Toutefois, en Indonésie, les classes d'apparentés concernées différent en partie des résultats obtenus en occident et ne correspondent pas aux attendues de l'hypothèse de sélection sexuellement antagoniste portée par le chromosome X. La prise en compte de l'interaction entre facteurs sociaux et biologiques ainsi que l'acquisition de données hors des sociétés occidentales ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de compréhension de ce paradoxe darwinien. / Male homosexual preference (MHP) is considered as a Darwinian paradox, as it is partially heritable, induces a reproductive cost, has a prevalence estimated (in western countries) between 2 and 6%, and seems to be specific to humans (excluding domesticated species). Kin selection or sexually antagonistic factors have been proposed as possible explanations, although most data come from western countries. Here, we proposed a new hypothesis, based on social stratification, able to explain the specificity of human MHP, in which hypergyny (up-migration of the women) enhances the selection of a sexually antagonistic gene. This hypothesis is supported by theoretical models (ESS) and individual-based modelling. Furthermore, a comparative analysis based on anthropological data showed that the level of social stratification predicts the probability for MHP to be known in a society. Kin selection was tested in a non-western society (Indonesia), and seems to contribute to the compensation of the reproductive costs associated with MHP, although this effect alone was insufficient to explain the maintenance of MHP. The main biodemographic features associated with MHP, an excess of older brother and an increased fecundity of some classes of relatives, were also found in Indonesia. However, the classes of relatives affected by this increased fecundity differ from the classes affected in western populations, and differ from the predictions of the sexually antagonistic genetic factor hypothesis displayed on an X chromosome. Taking into account the interaction between social and biological factors, together with the acquisition of new data in non-western populations, open new perspectives in our understanding of this Darwinian paradox.

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård definieras som hälso- och sjukvård i syfte att lindra lidande och främja livskvaliteten för patienter med progressiv, obotlig sjukdom eller skada. Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) uppskattar att 40 miljoner människor runt om i världen är i behov av palliativ vård varje år. Närstående har en betydelsefull roll i den palliativa hemsjukvården och kan vara en stor tillgång för patienten men också för sjuksköterskans arbete. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att belysa närståendes upplevelser av palliativ vård i hemmet. Metod: En litteraturstudie grundad på tio kvalitativa empiriska studier genomfördes och resultatet sammanställdes genom manifest innehållsanalys. Sökningarna har gjorts i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet genererade tre kategorier; En omvälvande period i livet, En värdefull relation och En vårdande roll. Ur dessa genererades fyra underkategorier; En emotionell chock, Hemmet som en trygghet, Ansvar och Delaktighet. Konklusion: De närstående handskades med mycket känslor under hela vårdförloppet, men även efter döden. Behovet av stöd var stort och relationen med sjuksköterskan var en viktig komponent för att den palliativa vården i hemmet skulle fungera väl. Känna delaktighet, bli sedd samt att få tillräcklig och adekvat information var väsentligt för att uppleva relationen som god. Kunskap om hur närstående upplever palliativ vård i hemmet underlättar för sjuksköterskans arbete med att skapa och bygga en relation, ge stöd men också kunna ta tillvara på den resurs som närstående kan vara i omvårdnaden av patienten. / Backgrund: Palliative care is defined as a holistic care. The purpose of which is not to cure but to give as good quality of life as possible by relieving suffering. The World Health Organization estimated that around 40 million people worldwide are in need of palliative care every year. The patient ́s next of kin has a significant role in palliative home care and can be a great asset for the patient but also for the nurse ́s job. Aim: The aim was to illuminate next of kins ́experiences of palliative care at home. Method: A literature review with 10 qualitative studies was conducted and the result was compiled through a manifest content analysis. The databases Cinahl and PubMed were used for the article search. Result: The result were compiled into three categories, A transformative period in life, A valuable relationship and A caring role. From these, four subcategories were generated, Emotional shock, The home as a security, Responsibility and Participation. Conclusion: The relatives dealt with a lot of emotions throughout the care process and also afterwards. The need for support was great and the relationship with the nurse was an important component for the palliative care at home to work well. Being seen, feeling involved and getting sufficient and adequate information was essential to experience the relationship as good. Knowledge of how next of kins ́ experience palliative care at home facilitates the nurse's work in creating and building a relationship, providing support but also being able to make use of the resource that next of kins ́ can be in the care of the patient.

Bakgrund: Målet med den palliativa vården är att lindra lidande och främja livskvalitet för patienter och närstående. Närstående har en mycket viktig roll i vårdandet vilket kan påverka deras hälsa, välbefinnande och livskvalité. Tidigare forskning har visat att om närstående får stöd från vården kan de vara bättre rustade för att stödja patienten. Det är därför viktigt att uppmärksammas och involveras i vården. Syfte: Att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av behov av stöd från sjuksköterskor. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har utförts med tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Databaserna CINAHL Complete och Pub Med har använts för insamling av resultatartiklar. Artiklarna som använts är publicerade mellan perioden 2007–2017. Data analyserades i enlighet med Fribergs (2012) metod där likheter och skillnader identifierades. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i: Upplevelse av behov av stöd från palliativa hemsjukvårdsteamet, upplevelse av behov av kommunikation och information, och upplevelse av ansvar. Närstående upplevde sig delaktiga i vården med hjälp och stöd från vårdpersonal, vilket medförde ökad trygghet för närstående. De upplevde oro, rädsla, stress och frustration när de fick bristfälligt stöd från sjuksköterskan. Det tunga ansvaret och bristande stöd från sjuksköterskorna bidrog till att de försummade sina egna behov, vilket ledde till minskat välbefinnande och ökad sårbarhet. Diskussion: Författarna diskuterar litteraturöversiktens svagheter och styrkor med utgångspunkt i Erikssons (2015) teori om människans lidande.  Den utgör en referensram i diskussionen av resultaten tillsammans med uppsatsens bakgrund, de vetenskapliga artiklarna; Diskussionen förs   utifrån kritiskt värderande argument. Det framkom att tydlig information och kommunikation gällande patientens hälsa var ett önskemål från närståendes perspektiv. Närstående önskade också  vara delaktiga i patientens omvårdnad och erbjudas stödjande samtal för att komma vidare i vårdandet och i sin egen sorgeprocess. / Background: The goal of the palliative care is to alleviate suffering and promote quality of life for patients and next of kin. Next of kin have a very significant role in caring, which can affect their health, well-being and quality of life. Previous research has shown that if next of kin receives support from the palliative home healthcare, they may be better equipped to support the patient, ensure that they are attentive and involved in care. Aim: To describe next of kins experiences of need of support from nurses in palliative homecare Method: A literature review was performed with ten qualitative scientific articles. The databases CINAHL Complete and Pub Med have been used for the collection of scientific articles. The articles used have been published between the period 2007-2017. Data were analysed in accordance with Friberg's (2012) method in which similarities and differences were identified. Results: The result is presented in: experience the need of support from the palliative home care team, experience of information, communication, and experience of responsibility. Next of kin felt that they participate in caring with the help and support from health professionals, which resulted in increased security for next of kins. They experienced concern, fear, stress and frustration when they received poor support from the nurse. The heavy responsibility and lack of support from nurses contributed to neglecting their own needs, resulting in reduced well-being and increased vulnerability. Discussion: The authors discussed the weaknesses and strengths of the literature review based on Eriksson's (2015) description on theory about human being, suffering theory as a theoretical framework, related to the background and scientific articles based on critically-evaluating arguments. Clear need of information and communication regarding the patient's health was a wish from the relatives' perspective. They also wanted to be involved in the patient's responsibility and supportive talks to process their care process.

Bakgrund: En intensivvårdsavdelning vårdar de allra sjukaste patienterna, som på grund av sjukdomens svårighetsgrad inte kan vårdas på en vårdavdelning. Den avancerade och högteknologiska miljön är för många människor främmande och skrämmande och kan i kombination med att behöva bekanta sig med tanken på att patienten kan avlida kan upplevas påfrestande för närstående. Med närstående menas de personer som patienten uppger som sina närmaste. I Sverige tillämpas nationellt vårdprogram utvecklat av Socialstyrelsen, där närståendestöd utgör en viktig del.  I och med covid19-pandemin har ett behov uppstått att vårda i livets slut, särskilt inom intensivvård där många svårt sjuka i Covid-19 vårdas. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan ska kunna bemöta sorg, ge stöd samt delge närstående information om vård i livets slut. Syfte: Att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av vård i livets slut på en intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats. Den insamlade datan har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat genererade fyra kategorier: Kommunikation, Viljan att få vara delaktig, Att få rätt stöd i en svår situation samt En vårdmiljö som påverkar. Slutsats: Närståendes upplevelser av vård i livets slut handlar om den högteknologiska miljön som deras närstående vårdas i, men också om kommunikation och stöd från vårdpersonal samt sin egen delaktighet. Närstående önskar tydlig och ärlig kommunikation, erbjudas att vara delaktiga i beslut och omvårdnad, förstå den högteknologiska miljön samt erbjudas stöttning både andligt och emotionellt. / Background: An intensive care unit cares for the most ill patients, who due to the severity of the disease cannot be cared for in a regular hospital ward. The advanced and high-tech environment is foreign and sometimes frightening to many people and in combination with getting aware of the fact that the patient may die can be experienced as stressful for the next of kin. By next of kin means the persons whom the patient states as their nearest and dearest. In Sweden, a national care program developed by the National Board of Health and Welfare is applied, where support for the next of kin is an important part. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, a need to provide care at the end-of-life has increased, especially in intensive care units where many seriously ill people in Covid-19 are cared for. The intensive care nurse must be able to respond to grief, provide support and provide next of kin with information about care at the end of life. Aim: To describe next of kin’s experiences of end-of-life care in an intensive care unit.  Method: Systematic literature review with an inductive approach. The collected data of this study has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: This study generated four categories: Communication, willingly to participate, To get support in a demanding situation and A caring environment that effects. Conclusion: Relatives' experiences of end-of-life care are about the high-tech environment in which their relatives are cared for, but also about communication, support from caring staff and family members own participation. Relatives want clear and honest communication. Family members wants to be offered to be involved in decisions and care, understand the high-tech environment and are offered support both spiritually and emotionally.

Ungefär 15 % av världens befolkning har en funktionsnedsättning, en del av dessa är i behov av stöd i sin vardag. För att ge ett gott stöd behövs insikt i individernas upplevelser. Syftet med studien är att beskriva kunskapsläget inom befintlig forskning gällande upplevelser av att leva i ett hushåll där en person till följd av fysisk funktionsnedsättning har personlig assistans, samt hur detta kan förstås utifrån person- och familjecentrering. En litteraturstudie har genomförts med sökning i 2 vetenskapliga databaser där 17 kvalitativa studier identifierats. Tematisk analys användes i bearbetandet av materialet. 3 huvudteman och 8 subteman togs fram. Dessa teman handlar om roller och relationer, hur assistansen kan bidra till en normal tillvaro samt att assistansen ibland kan bli till ett hinder. Resultatet visar att person- och familjecentrering kan öka tillfredsställelsen med assistansen. / About 15% of the population in the world have a disability, some of whom need support in their daily lives. To provide good support, insight into the individuals' experiences is needed. The purpose of the study is to describe the state of knowledge in existing research regarding experiences of living in a household where a person due to physical disability requires personal assistance, and how this can be understood based on person- and family centering. A literature review was conducted with a search in 2 scientific databases. 17 qualitative studies were identified. Thematic analysis was used in the processing of the material. 3 main themes and 8 sub-themes were developed. These themes involve roles and relationships, how assistance can contribute to a normal life and that assistance can become an obstacle. The results show that person- and family centering can increase satisfaction with the assistance.

Studien bygger på antagandet om att de som invandrar sent i livet har vissa odds emot sig, som kan göra dem starkt mottagliga för psykisk stress, isolering och ensamhet. Denna studies syfte är att studera och fördjupa kunskaperna om erfarenheter och uppfattningar hos anhöriga till äldre assyrier/syrianer avseende formell omsorg, informell omsorg samt deras upplevelser av hur det är för dem att vara anhörig. Utifrån studiens explorativa syfte genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie, där data analyserades med innehållsanalys (Graneheim & Lundman, 2004). Deltagarna var 13 informanter från länderna: Turkiet, Syrien och Irak, vilka är informella omsorgsgivare till en äldre närstående. Informanternas närstående äldre har kommit till Sverige sent i livet och huvudparten av dem är analfabeter. Den ansvarsfulla anhörigrollen går som en röd tråd genom resultatet i denna studie. Här framträder ambivalenta känslor inför uppdraget, glädjen av att få återgälda det man själv har fått av sina föräldrar som barn samtidigt som man upplever bundenhetskänslor. Slutsatser dragna från denna studie är att den anhöriges ansvar aldrig tar slut. Att en omsorg, vilken inte upplevs erbjuda den äldre personen möjligheten att bli förstådd, kommer att upplevas som otillräcklig. Uppfattningar framkommer om att det finns olika sätt att se på hur omsorgen ska tillgodoses hos yngre och äldre generationer, vilket också visar sig höra samman med vilka förutsättningar individen har för attta emot formell så väl som informell omsorg. I studien visade det sig vara viktigt att bli sedd av den formella omsorgen. För informanterna innebar det att bli lyssnad på, bli visad tillit, få ekonomisk ersättning för arbetet samt kunskap om hur omsorgen ska ges. / "It is impossible to resign". The study is based on the assumption that those who immigrate late in life have some odds against them that can make them highly receptive to mental stress, isolation and loneliness. This study aims to deepen the knowledge of the experiences and the perceptions the family members of elderly Assyrians/Syriacs have concerning formal care, informal care and their experiences as next of kin. Based on the exploratory purpose of the study semi structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants from: Turkey, Syria and Iraq, all of them providers of informal care for their older relatives who are late in life migrants in Sweden, and the majority of them beeing illiterate. A clearly perceptible theme in the study is that of being the responsible next of kin. The struggle for relatives to cope with the care giving demands induces both feelings of restriction as well as the satisfaction of being able to return the care that was once offered. Conclusions drawn from this study is that the responsibility of the caring next of kin never ceases. Another conclusion is that care which is not perceived to offer the older person the possibility to be understood will be perceived as insufficient. Ideas appear that there are different ways of looking at how care should be provided by younger and older generations, which is also associated with the personal conditions for receiving formal as well as informal care. It proved to be important to be recognized by the formal care. For the participants it entails to be heard, to be shown trust, to receive financial compensation for their care and knowledge of how care should be provided.

Despite known risk factors associated with families headed by single mothers such as delinquency, substance abuse, and early unprotected sex, researchers have rarely focused on how family relations positively shape the developmental trajectories of youth living in nontraditional families. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between the independent variables of ethnicity, parent-child relationship, and family interaction (including the relationship with important non-parental adults) and the dependent variables of developmental outcomes (social and emotional competence) for youth living in families headed by single mothers. The associations were investigated using data collected from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, a longitudinal cohort study. The relationships between variables were analyzed using a descriptive statistics method. The results of the study indicated no race-related differences in a child's closeness to mother in single-mother families. A significant positive correlation showed a difference in closeness to family members across ethnic groups, by age. Multiple regression analysis was employed to determine if there were statistically significant differences between closeness to the mother or family members, and the outcomes. The findings indicated that closeness to family was positively correlated to emotional outcomes for youth, and a significant positive correlation was found between family interaction and social outcomes. These results may have implications for positive social change by providing public health practitioners with strategies to support positive youth development, altering the future of youth, families, and society which will ultimately benefit from a stronger population of emotionally and socially competent young adults.

This thesis brings to the forefront the traditional stories Marshallese poet, performer, and climate change activist Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner shares in her published poetry. Indigenous studies scholars agree that Indigenous stories have power--power to change, power to inform, and power to heal. The traditional stories in Jetñil-Kijiner's poetry reveal the power of the environment and the potential relationships that can exist between humans and natural beings. While these traditional stories work to disrupt the narrative that Indigenous perspectives, knowledges, and cultures are somehow inferior to their colonial neighbors', they also assert the need for a return to environmental reciprocit--or the establishment of mutually beneficial relationships between humans and the environment. Jetñil-Kijiner invites her audience to develop these relationships with natural beings as a way to combat the destructive effects of climate change. Seeing the environment as more than an inanimate resource to be exploited involves mindful interactions with natural beings--including plant, animal, water, and geologic life--through respecting their power and learning from their wisdom. Ultimately, Jetñil-Kijiner's invitation to adopt environmental reciprocity encourages global environmental healing by allowing traditional stories to transform the practice of human and natural interactions to allow for mutually restorative and enlightened relationships.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att få en fördjupad förståelse för anhörigkonsulenters arbete genom att undersöka hur de resonerade gällande situationer som innebär våld i nära relation bland äldre. Detta gjordes genom en kombinerad vinjett-och intervjustudie där sju anhörigkonsulenter fick ta del av två vinjetter med tillhörande följdfrågor. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultatet visade tre övergripande teman som var: Våld bland äldre, Alliansen med den anhöriga och Yrkesrollen. Resultatet analyserades genom en teoretisk referensram som placerade anhörigkonsulenternas yrkesroll i en välfärdskontext samt med hjälp av teorin om arbetsalliansen. En slutsats var att arbetsalliansen framkom som ett viktigt redskap för anhörigkonsulenterna och de hade olika metoder för att skapa en allians. Samtidigt behövde de ständigt balansera mellan den anhörigas autonomi och säkerställa de äldres säkerhet. Utmärkande för deras yrkesroll var bland annat att de saknade myndighetsutövning vilket fick inverkan på deras handlingsutrymme. Resultatet diskuterades i förhållande till den alltmer restriktiva utvecklingen av äldreomsorgen och vilka konsekvenser detta har fått för anhöriga. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the work of relative consultants by examining how they reason about situations that involve domestic violence among the elderly. This was done through a combined vignette and interview study where seven relative consultants were given two vignettes with follow-up questions. The empirics have been analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed three main themes which were: Violence among the elderly, The alliance with the relative and The professional role. The results were analyzed through a theoretical frame of reference that placed the professional role of the relative consultants in a welfare context and with the help of the theory of the working alliance. One conclusion was that the working alliance emerged as an important tool for the relative consultants and they had different methods for creating an alliance. At the same time, they needed to constantly balance between the relative's autonomy and ensure the safety of the elderly. Characteristic of their professional role were i.e. that they lacked the exercise of authority, which had an impact on their room for maneuver. In addition, the results were discussed in relation to the increasingly restrictive development of elderly care and what consequences this has had for relatives.

The mandate of the National Board of Health and Welfare and The National Competence Center for Relatives, Nka, includes producing and disseminating knowledge about children as next of kin and young carers. They play a central role in disseminating information within the field. The aim of this study is to investigate how they communicate information in this domain. A qualitative content analysis was conducted, and framing theory was used to explore the issue. The empirical data consists of 48 publications that the National Board of Health and Welfare and Nka have released in the field. The study’s findings suggest ways to improve the communication of this information by avoiding certain frames. Frames of economy, comparison, powerlessness, moralization, and impact have been identified in the empirical data. It appears that the use of an economic frame is more common when communicating information about children as next of kin to parents with mental illness or substance abuse. Furthermore, a moralizing frame is used to describe families as “well-functioning”. Keywords: children as relatives, children as next of kin, young carers, framing theory