Sammanfattning Vi har i denna uppsats valt att studera hur företag arbetar med finansiering på den kinesiska marknaden. Vi har gjort detta genom att analysera dels hur etableringssättet påverkat företagens riskhantering samt hur den kinesiska politiken påverkat företagets finansiering. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte har vi arbetat utefter en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och genomfört en fallstudie där vi intervjuat sex personer som innehar kunskap som är relevant för uppsatsen. Vi ger också rekommendationer om hur företag kan arbeta med att hantera finansiella risker på den kinesiska marknaden. Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar företagsfinansiering, etableringssätt och den politiska risken. Teorikapitlet behandlar dessa dels ur ett generellt perspektiv men också i relation till den företagsfinansiella kulturen i Kina. Vi har även sammansällt samtliga teorier i en syntes som legat till grund för vår analys. I det empiriska kapitlet behandlas den information vi insamlat hos fallföretagen och ämnesexperterna. För att få en bredare kunskap om ämnet inleds empirin med ämnesexperternas intervjuer för att sedan behandla fallföretagen. I analyskapitlet använder vi oss utav den teoretiska syntesen för att jämföra den med datan vi insamlat i empirin. En diskussion med egna analyser förs löpande genom texten. Utifrån vår analys kan vi dra flera slutsatser om hur företag arbetar med företagsfinansiell riskhantering på den kinesiska marknaden. Företag på den kinesiska marknaden kan begränsa sina företagsfinansiella risker genom att arbeta med kredittider, valutarisker och likviditetsplanering. Fler företag bör också arbeta med riskminimering genom utbildning i förebyggande syfte. Vi ser dock att eftersom Kinas politik är i ständig förändring försvåras möjligheten att hantera företagsfinansiella risker på marknaden.

Sedan 1980-talet har avregleringen av den finansiella sektorn öppnat nya vägar för svenska bankers internationalisering. Detta har inneburit att de svenska storbankerna i allt större utsträckning blickat utanför Sveriges gränser. Men processen att etablera sig på en ny marknad utomlands är inte riskfri. Skillnader mellan länder samt företagens begränsade kunskap, skapar osäkerhet och hinder att förstå nya marknader. Kina är ett exempel på en marknad som till följd av stark ekonomisk utveckling och successiv avreglering lockat många svenska företag, trots att marknaden anses komplex och förknippas med hög risk. Denna undersökning avser att studera detta fenomen närmare genom att beskriva hur SEB:s internationaliseringsprocess i Kina gått till och därigenom belysa bankens riskhantering och incitament att vara etablerad i landet. En kvalitativ metod har genomförts och data har baserats på både primärkällor och sekundärkällor. Resultaten indikerar att SEB:s drivkraft att verka på den kinesiska marknaden är att följa sina kunder. Genom en stegvis etablering har erfarenhet och ny kunskap erhållits som minskat osäkerhet och därmed risk. Ju mer kunskapen har ökat, desto mer har engagemangen i landet vuxit. / Since the 1980s, deregulation of the financial sector has opened new ways for the internationalization of Swedish banks. As a result, the Swedish banks increasingly look beyond the nation's borders. But the process of establishment on a new market abroad is not without risk. Differences between countries and companies limited knowledge creates uncertainty and barriers in understanding new markets. China is an example of a market that, as a result of strong economic development and gradual deregulation, attracted Swedish companies, despite the fact that the market is considered complex and associated with high risk. This study intends to examine this phenomenon closer by describing how SEB's internationalization process in China has proceeded, highlighting the bank's risk management and incentives to be established in the country. A qualitative method has been implemented with data based on both primary sources and secondary sources. The results indicate that SEB's driving force to act on the Chinese market is to follow its customers. Through a gradual establishment, experience and new knowledge has been obtained reducing uncertainty and thus risk. With increasing knowledge follows deeper commitment in the country.

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Freshwater resources are getting increasingly scarce throughout the world. In 21th century China, coal is the fuel of the nation’s economic growth. Coal is also the nation’s largest source of industrial water use. The objective of this thesis is to project water use in the Chinese coal industry up until 2035 by presenting two scenarios simulating two different approaches to water management policies.Literature studies makes up the base for estimating water use in three stages in the coal’s life cycle; mining, washing, and combustion. Through univariate sensitivity analysis, significant parameters are identified and included in the scenario modeling. Key for the study is the separation of water withdrawal rates and water consumption rates.The results indicate that future coal production and electricity demand have strong influence on water consumption. The coal industry’s water consumption is expected to have increased by 18-28% by 2035 depending on water use policies. By 2035, a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) will have increased annual water consumption by 24-63% from current levels, compared to an increase of 6-35% in a water saving scenario (WS). In terms of water withdrawal by 2035, the results show a 18-47% increase in the BAU scenario and a 9% decrease to 13% increase in the WS scenario. It is concluded that water management has high potential in mitigating and reducing water withdrawal rates, but failure to do so may result in a significant increase.

Kinas säkerhet - En studie av hur Kina hanterar regionala utmaningar Den regionala stabiliteten i Sydostasien präglas av Kinas tydliga dominans. Kinas strävan att bibehålla regional stabilitet kännetecknar den kinesiska utrikes- och säkerhetspolitiken. För Kina är ett stabilt närområde en viktig grundpelare i sin strävan mot att fortsätta sin ekonomiska tillväxt och öka sitt regionala och på sikt även globala inflytande. Ett stabilt närområde är dessutom en förutsättning för att Kina ska kunna öka sitt engagemang i områden bortom sitt närområde. Denna uppsats analyserar Kinas syn på sin säkerhet i sitt närområde, och hur denna uppnås och bibehålls. Genom en jämförande studie där Burma och Nordkorea tjänar som tämligen olika referensstater används ett realistiskt teoretiskt perspektiv för att förklara Kinas ageranden och val av strategi. Resultatet visar ett Kina som tydligt strävar efter att påverka sin omgivning på ett sätt som säkerställer säkerhet och ekonomisk tillväxt. Kina nedtonar konsekvent sin roll som regional stormakt, men har under de senaste åren också visat prov på att utnyttja denna. Kinas tillämpning av milieu shaping uttrycks dock olika och skiljer sig åt i fallen Burma och Nordkorea. Nyckelord: burma, kina, kärnvapen, myanmar, milieu shaping, nordkorea, säkerhet, säkerhetspolitik

<p>Distansseminarium pga. COVID-19.</p>

After the First World War, the Catholic Church intensified its interest in a world that was becoming ever more secular and began to look for new means of actively and creatively taking part in cultural affairs. Cinematography was one of the areas in which this trend became most apparent. It was shortly after the invention of cinematograph that various ideas and plans regarding how to deal with film began to emerge among Catholics. Consequently, the Pope gave his blessing to community-based initiatives and included them in his plan in the encyclical Vigilanti Cura. This study seeks to familiarise the reader with a multifarious mixture of interesting, and often contradictory, voices and opinions that were heard from Czech Catholics with regard to film. Catholic activities in the field of film are divided into three basic areas: production, classification and distribution, with the first area concerning the effort to make their own Catholic films. This study demonstrates the problems faced in this endeavour by presenting the difficulties in the making of the film Saint Wenceslas and the consequent relationship of Catholics to the completed work. The classification of films from the Catholic point of view was carried out systematically and in a coordinated manner. The study deals with the origins of...

This study explores how presidential candidates during the 2020 American election were tied to external others, taking the shape of China and Russia. The study argues that an identity perspective becomes fruitful for addressing the research problem, as it becomes a matter of who "we" as a nation are. In general, identity studies tend to focus on the external other, while this study aims to contribute with an understanding of how the internal and external other can be interconnected.  American exceptionalism - the notion that the US has a unique role to play on the world stage - is a prominent part of American political identity. Nonetheless, the concept of exceptionalism also implies that being an American is an act of choice and not exclusively a birthright, thus individuals and values can be labeled as "un-American". Drawing on and combining the theoretical insights from Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, and Ty Solomon, politics in itself becomes a narrative war to fill nodal points with a hegemonic substance based on a wish for identity-fulfillment. The study finds that the other candidate is separated from the idea of what constitutes the US by reference to foreign and threatening powers. The other candidate is framed as unfit to be president, and since he does not correspond with the identity of the nation itself, he can not lead and personify the US. Thus, the other candidate is narratively constructed as unable to grant the wish for national identity fulfillment. The substance of the nodal points also does not exhibit a value in themselves but has to be contrasted against something or someone - in this case, an Other.

The aim of this essay is to examine how the foreign relationships of Ethiopia has developed as a result of the construction and filling of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam between 2011 and 2021. This essay therefore asks: How has Ethiopia’s foreign relations with the EU, Egypt, Sudan and China changed, have those relationships become more conflictual or cooperative, and how could potential changes be explained using a constructivist perspective? Constructivism is used as a means of explaining changes in the statements, positions and policies of these countries through concepts such as “norms” and “identities”. It additionally utilizes concepts from other studies such as “Hydro-hegemony”, “Benefit Sharing” and “Ethiopian renaissance”. It uses the BAR-scale from Wolf et al. (2003) to determine the different stages of Ethiopia’s relationships. The study concludes that Ethiopia’s relationship with the EU and China have progressed positively as a result of the GERD, and they have now started considering Ethiopia a more equitable partner for further cooperation. The relationship with Egypt and Sudan initially improved, with new Ethiopian norms of cooperation and equitable utilization becoming mainstay. However, Ethiopia’s unilateral action during recent events broke these norms, and has turned the relations conflictual once again.

This text is a case-study aimed to examine the relationship between China and Nigeria and see which theory about international relations best kan describe it. The study will be a qualitative theory consuming case-study. This study will examine both meetings between the foreign ministers of China and Nigeria but also the president of Nigeria, this study will also include a analysis of FOCACs Dakar plan and China-Africa cooperations vision. This will then help to get a picture of Chinas relation to Nigeria. What could be seen when analysing the material, is that the relationship could be described and seen as liberal with the different economic relationships that is part of the plan but also a lot of different bilateral and multilateral cooperations I different fields that both countries want to create. But Chinas intentions need to be taken caution because of it being an undemocratic country and the critique that have been made against Chinas involvement in Africa