The Social Democratic Party and the Moderate Party are two parties with different ideological background. The parties have different opinions in issues of public and private matters. The Social Democratic Party profiles it self, through the local and national party programs, as a party for solidarity and security. The Moderate Party, on the other hand, profiles it self through their programmes as a party with a possibility for the individual to shape his or her own life. Through a survey on members in the local government, and two key persons at national level, the view of municipal self-government has appeared. The party programmes constitute a platform for the parties´ views on municipal self-government. These views have been put together with the result of the survey. Urban Strandberg has designed an analysis frame related to municipal self-government. His concept, municipalities’ basic character, board of directors and administration, is the theoretical foundation of the thesis. The content of the Party programmes and the results of the survey are thendiscussed within the frame of Strandbergs concept and Demokratiutredningens rapport SOU 2000:1. From the collective perspective of the theory, the content of party programmes and the result of the survey an image of the parties’ views on municipal self-government starts to grow. Within each party respectively, they keep a common strategy in important issues, which the local governments and the parties’ basic characters have raised. There are dividing lines due to the administration of the municipalities. Civic participation unites the parties in ideological issues. The opinions, in the issue of municipal self-government, differs between the Social Democratic Party and the Moderate Party. The reason for that is because of their fundamental different views in the fields of social order and ideology, as it is described in the party programmes. In reality when the parties shape the politics they cannot profile themselves as much as in the"vision"in their party programmes. The parties have to find a middle course, which is reflected in the answers from some of the respondents.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om biståndshandläggare inom äldreomsorg upplever att kommunens egna riktlinjer försvårar deras möjligheter att följa aktuell lagstiftning och nationella regelverk, samt i vilken mån detta kan skapa hinder för uppfyllandet av en skälig levnadsnivå. I studien har fyra biståndshandläggare blivit intervjuade från två olika kommuner. Uppsatsens insamlade empiri är det som ligger till grund för uppsatsens resultat, analys och slutdiskussion. I resultatet av studien framkom det att ibland kan kommunens riktlinjer uppstå som ett hinder, om kommunen inte erbjuder en insats. Resultatet visar också att biståndshandläggarna i båda kommunerna var överens om att begreppet skälig levnadsnivå är ett luddigt begrepp och att det saknas en tydlig definition av begreppet. Det framkom också delade meningar gällande om kommunens ekonomiska situation påverkade biståndshandläggarnas beviljandegrad.   Vi vill genom vår c-uppsats belysa att det som framkommer som resultatet i vår studie, kommer vi inte att kunna dra några generella slutsatser. Vi kommer däremot att på en mikronivå belysa likheter och skillnader mellan en kommun i norr och en kommun i syd.

What is studied in this essay is how municipal self-government and the municipal planning monopoly can be affected for municipalities in Region Värmland if physical planning were to be regionalized in Värmland. There is a power shift going on in today´s situation, where the local is being moved more and more to the regional level. It is also a power struggle between who should control different thing. The purpose of the work is to find out how municipalities in Värmland will be affected if the physical planning were to be regionalized. Also how civil servants and their work regarding planning may be affected. This can be seen based on two dimensions that are applied in the study, the dimension of power and the dimension of activity, which can show differences and similarities exist between municipalities. The questions to be answered are:  - What effects and perspectives (pros and cons) do you think the working method can have for the interviewed municipalities if spatial planning is regionalized? -Does it matter if it is a smaller or larger municipality? -How is planning affected by this, what would be the consequences/problems for the businesses from more regional physical planning in Värmland?  Through qualitative interviews, respondents from eight municipalities in Värmland have been interviewed to answer how they think they will be affected if regional spatial planning were to be used in Värmland. The respondents work with relevant professions within community planning. The results show, based on four themes, divided unconditionally based on the respondent´s answers, how the municipalities and their respondents would be  affected. Among other things, the respondents lack responsibility from the region, resources and the municipalities conditions look different and depending on whether it is a small or large municipality it can look different. The local knowledge a municipality has is also important for municipalities, and municipal self- government is also something that municipalities think is important. Politics and democracy are important parts of how things should work. The conclusion shows that different effects and perspectives with pros and cons will affect the interviewed municipalities if spatial planning is regionalized. An important perspecitve is that power between municipality and region plays a role and also that municipalities today work in different ways and are therefore affected differently depending on their size, small or large municipality. The planning and activites will have several different consequences, both good and bad, knowledge and cooperation is something that will be able to improve the planning.

Inledning Skolattacker är ett ovanligt och komplext fenomen som ökar i det svenska samhället. Skolattacker kan ha omfattande implikationer för lokalsamhället, men även för uppfattningen om skolan som en trygg och säker plats. Flera instanser i samhället behöver vara förberedda och samverka för att förebygga och minimera risken för att en skolattack ska ske, och för att minimera skadebilden vid en skolattack. Kommuner har en särställning i det samordnande och förebyggande arbetet mot allvarliga olyckor och skador, samt för skola och utbildning i kommunal regi. Styrningen i Sverige är komplex, och omfattar flera olika lagar, förordningar, direktiv, riktlinjer och råd, varför organiseringen för att förebygga skolattacker kan variera mellan olika kommuner mot bakgrund av det kommunala självstyret. Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka skillnader och likheter i de policys, handlings- och åtgärdsplaner som finns för att förebygga och hantera skolattacker i ett urval av kommuner. Metod Datainsamling har skett genom att begära ut offentliga handlingar som rör pågående dödligt våld i skolor/skolattacker från ett urval av kommuner. Studien genomförs genom policyanalys genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys av kommuners handlings- och åtgärdsplaner avseende pågående dödligt våld i skolor/skolattacker. Även den information som framkommit i samband med datainsamlingen har tillförts studien. Resultat I studien framkom det att begäran om utlämnande av handling tolkades mycket olika mellan kommunerna. Det fanns organisatoriska skillnader mellan flera av kommunerna om vem som besvarade frågeställningen, samt vilken roll som ansvarade för upprättandet och uppdaterandet av handlings- och åtgärdsplaner. Både utformning och innehåll i handlings- och åtgärdsplanerna varierade mellan kommunerna. Trots detta fanns det indikationer på att det föreligger ett intresse att arbeta förebyggande mot skolattacker, med särskild tonvikt på en pågående skolattack och det efterföljande arbetet. Samtliga kommuner har åtminstone delvis anpassning till Skolverkets riktlinjer, medan enskilda kommuner även inkorporerade information kopplad till tidigare (huvudsakligen amerikansk) forskning.  Slutsatser Det finns stora skillnader i såväl organisation, ansvarsfördelning och upprättande av handlingsplaner, men samtliga kommuner har inkorporerat viss styrning. Samtliga kommuner hade någon typ av arbete avseende våld i skolan, men inte alla hade enskilda dokument eller delar av dokument tillägnat specifikt fenomenet skolattacker. / Introduction School attacks are a rare and complex phenomena, the occurrence of which is increasing in Sweden. School attacks may have extensive implications for the local community, but also for the perception of school as a safe and secure place. Cooperation between many organisations is necessary to prevent and prepare for a school attack, as well as minimise the effects during and after one occurs. Municipalities have a special role in the coordination and preventative work regarding serious accidents and injuries, along with the responisbility for school and education in the municipality. The governance of Sweden is complex, and encompasses many laws, regulations, directives, guidelines and advice. Due to the municipal self-governance, the organisation surrounding the prevention of school attacks may vary between differing municipalities. Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the similarities and differences in the policies and action plans that exist to prevent and handle school attacks in a sample of municipalities.  Method Data has been collected through requesting public documents regarding ongoing deadly violence in schools (school attacks) from a sample of municipalities. Policy analysis was performed through use of qualitative content analysis of said documents. The information revealed during the data gathering has also been added to the study.  Result This study shows that the request of documentation was treated very differently by the municipalities. There were organisational differences between the municipalities regarding who answered the request, as well as the title and role of the person responsible for the creation and upkeep of the action plans. Both the design and the contents of the action plans varied between the municipalities. Despite this, there were indications of an interest to work preventative against school attacks, with special attention on the ongoing act and the events following an attack. All municipalities have at least partially conformed to the guidelines of Skolverket, though some municipalities also used previous research, most of which was American.  Conclusions All municipalities had some type of governance and action plan regarding violence in schools, though not all had specified school attacks as a phenomena. At the same time, there were large differences in how the action plans were created, who was responsible for the creation and maintenance thereof, as well as the organisations behind them.