Thomas Ford was the governor of Illinois at the time of Joseph and Hyrum Smiths’ martyrdoms in Carthage Jail in 1844. Before his tenure as governor, Ford’s professional life included service as an attorney and judge throughout Illinois. His background in the legal field gave him a unique perspective which may have influenced his career as governor of Illinois from 1842-1846. Although Governor Ford is relatively well-known for his association with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its history, his background and the bearing it had on the martyrdom of the Smiths has received relatively little attention from scholars. In this thesis I contend that Governor Ford’s choices in Carthage, Illinois can be traced in some ways to his legal background. I also examine his earliest interactions with Joseph Smith in 1842-1843, and how those interactions may have also been influenced by Ford’s legalistic viewpoints. I suggest it is possible Ford’s legal background more than his political experience may have had the most bearing on those interactions. Chapter one summarizes some of the financial, political, and mobocratic difficulties citizens in Illinois dealt with in the late 1830s and early 1840s. This context shows that even before Ford’s election in 1842, Illinois had severe challenges that affected the Saints and their neighbors. Chapter two explores some of the legal cases Ford heard while serving on the Illinois bench and bar. This chapter investigates the unique balance Ford attempted to maintain between law and justice, while also suggesting Ford may have occasionally strayed from consistently following the law. In chapter three, Ford’s transition into a political figure in Illinois history, as well as his extensive interactions with Smith are analyzed. Throughout these interactions, Ford seemed to frequently rely on his background in law to help him make decisions about Smith. This analysis is continued in chapter four when Ford chose to intervene in Hancock County after the Nauvoo Expositor printing press was destroyed. This chapter systematically relates Ford’s previous legal cases to the specific choices he made in Carthage. As a conclusion, chapter five serves to summarize these findings, and also opens further opportunities for research that demonstrate how Ford’s interactions with the Saints in Illinois may have continued to be affected by his past. This thesis provides research suggesting Ford’s choices surrounding the Smiths in Hancock County can be traced to his past and should not necessarily be considered isolated events in 1844. Furthermore, it adds to our understanding of church history by giving another paradigm in which to examine the martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Carthage Jail.

For companies legal privilege represents an essential bulwark against the state. In the case of internal investigations legal privilege is of prime importance to the companies. At crucial points of intersection the legal situation in the US differs from that of Germany. In the US, confidentiality is regarded with the aura of a Holy Grail, applying to in-house counsel and external lawyers alike. However, in Germany those privileges do not apply to in-house counsels and neither are they intended to apply to the corporate lawyer (so-called Syndikus). This is explained by Criminal Law policy arguments, which according to the author\'s opinion are not tenable. This essay represents solutions de lege lata and de lege ferenda, in order to at least include in-house lawyers (so-called Syndikus) within the scope of legal privilege. For this purpose, the author argues in favor of a partial adoption of the American way.

Syftet med vår undersökning har varit att, genom intervjuer med brottmålsadvokater, undersöka hur kvinnliga och manliga gärningspersoner framställs inom domstolsväsendet, samt hur detta kan förstås utifrån ett genusperspektiv som visar hur sociala konstruktioner bildas, reproduceras och cementeras utifrån kön och förväntade egenskaper vi tillskriver de olika könen. Vår undersökning är kvalitativ då vi för att besvara vårt syfte samt våra frågeställningar har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett antal olika brottmålsadvokater som inom sin profession försvarar både kvinnliga och manliga förövare som står åtalade för brott av skiftande allvarlighetsgrad. Som bakgrund till analyserna av empirin har vi använt oss av teoretiska ramar som genus och könsroller samt stereotypisering vilket handlar om den kognitiva snedvridning som kan ske i bedömningen av gärningspersonernas brottslighet. Ett viktigt resultat i studien har visat att det i vissa fall förekommer skillnader i framställningen mellan kvinnliga och manliga gärningspersoner, samt att rättssäkerheten och den lagstadgade objektiviteten genom detta är hotad. / The purpose of this study has been to examine how female and male offenders are represented in the domain of justice substantialised through the Swedish court and legal system. Through interviews with a number of trial lawyers we are aiming for an understanding of these representations related to a gender studies perspective that shows how norms and stereotypes are reproduced and maintained on the basis of sex, gender and expected qualities and capabilities. This study raises questions about objectivity, impartial judgements and in the end justice. We are also trying to illustrate female offenders and how they are perceived in the Swedish court and legal system. Our study is qualitative and to answer our issues we have gone through semi structured interviews with trial lawyers that through their profession has defended both female and male offenders. Our scientific background and theoretical framework is gender and sex studies together with stereotypes and doing stereotypes which is a type of cognitive bias; a subject that we are also presenting. One of the most important results of this study is that there is a difference in how female offenders are represented compared to how male offenders are represented in the Swedish court and law system. Through this result we can see that the statutory objectivity is threatened.

Les avocats chinois d'aujourd'hui sont à la croisée des chemins, tiraillés entre une culture juridique inquisitoriale et un système de procédure qui se veut contradictoire ; entre les traditions juridiques chinoises toujours vivaces et le nouveau droit importé florissant ; et enfin, entre le monopole traditionnel de l'intérêt collectif et la reconnaissance de plus en plus grande de l'individu dans la société actuelle. Dans l'ancienne société chinoise où le système clanique et holiste tolère peu la notion de l'individu, la profession de Songshi, maître du procès, n'a jamais pu vivre sous le soleil. Pour la même raison, la profession d'avocat a subi le même sort pendant la période communiste pure et dure de la Chine. Aujourd'hui, la suprématie de l'intérêt collectif au détriment de l'intérêt de l'individu continue à engendrer pour l'avocat des risques professionnels particulièrement lourds à supporter, surtout quand l'avocat se tient en première ligne devant son client, pour affronter le procureur. Le conflit est poussé à l'extrême en ce qui concerne la défense pénale contre une accusation passible de la peine capitale, où l'avocat atteint le sommet de la noblesse de son ministère, tout en s'exposant le plus au danger face au Parquet. Pourquoi la société chinoise accorde--t--elle si peu de place à l'individu ? Pourquoi, en dépit du droit chinois érigé sur le modèle des grands codes européens, l'individu n'obtient--il toujours pas une place aussi légitime que dans les sociétés occidentales ? Et si la réponse se trouvait au plus profond de la société chinoise et de la mentalité juridique du peuple chinois ? / Chinese lawyers today are at a crossroads, torn between an inquisitorial legal culture and a procedural system which aims contradictory ; between Chinese legal traditions still alive and thriving imported new law, and finally, between the traditional monopoly of the public interest and recognition of more and more of the individuals in today society. In ancient Chinese society, where clan and holistic system tolerate little notion of the individual, the Songshi's profession, trial's master, was never able to live under the sun. For the same reason, the lawyer's profession had suffered the same fate during China's rough communist period. Today, the supremacy of the public interest at the expense of individual's interests continues to lead the lawyer on heavy professional hazards, especially when the lawyer stands in the front line for his client to face the prosecutor. The conflict is pushed to the extreme regarding criminal defence against a charge punishable by death, where the lawyer reached the top of the nobility of his ministry, while exposing the most danger, facing Parquet. Why does Chinese society leave so little room for the individual? Why, despite the Chinese law being modelled on the greatest European codes, individuals don't seem to gain a place as legitimate as in European societies ? What was, is and will be the relationship between the individual and the collective in a Chinese society ?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela Laskoski Biscaia.pdf: 432230 bytes, checksum: 8c3dd6843bea83a71bfac1a842bb09d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-10 / The bad-faith litigation is without a shadow of a doubt a maleficent behavior that stains the branch of the procedural law, because the part using the proper ways that the law confers to it, litigates in an abusive way bringing damage not only to the adverse part but also to the judiciary structure, which is in the total dependence of the disloyal acts, remaining harm to the whole society and why not to say the credibility of proper justice. The worry of the legislator in restraining the acts of litigation of bad-faith is as older as the proper of Law History. The man worried in finding a way to discipline the human acquaintance, created the law with the goal of providing a harmonious acquaintance to the human beings. However, he immediately felt obliged to create patterns to inhibit that the proper law was a bad-faith instrument of litigation. This fact appears demonstrated in the litigation of bad-faith history, where the concern of foreign legislation is depicted as well as the national doctrine of making difficult disloyal acts that stain the instrumental law. Sometimes, the bad faith litigation is located in a misty position, making it difficult to the interpreter to evidence if it really is a bad-faith litigation act, or if it is out of practice of his rights, such as those assured in our Carta Maior (Big Letter) when it assures us that the law will not exclude the appreciation of the Judiciary injury or threat of right, assuring everybody about the legal defense and the contradictory in the judicial and administrative lawsuit. Therefore, we make an analysis of the moral process and the own contaminated act of bad-faith litigation, adjusting the concepts of law evolution that follows the human being evolution to assure the effectiveness of this study. We analyze the behavior of the parts that appears in the lawsuit, with the objective of searching the major cause of the existence of the disloyal procedure. We portrait the behavior of the bad-faith litigant, trying to clarify all the attitudes that reflects in this undesirable behavior, which must be repelled, preventing the ruin of the patterns that support the State while owner of power-duty of saying the law. The study develops itself giving emphasis to the working lawsuit evidencing the behaviors that reflect the bad-faith litigation and the damages that appear from it. The legislative evolution is also the target of commentaries and it is trying to demonstrate if the laws are really efficient to prevent the performance of bad-faith litigation act. We will analyze the imposed penalties, trying to demonstrate if the existing legislation prevents and it avoids the performance of bad-faith litigant acts. Thus, the study is always carried out, approaching the concern of giving effectiveness to the patterns that forbid such abusive practice in order to preserves the respect to the dignity of the human being and the proper justice / A litigância de má-fé é, sem sombra de dúvida, um comportamento maléfico que macula o ramo do direito processual, pois, a parte, usando dos próprios meios que a lei lhe confere, litiga de forma abusiva, trazendo prejuízos não só a parte adversa, mas também a toda a estrutura judiciária, a qual fica a mercê dos atos desleais, advindo prejuízo para toda a sociedade e por que não dizer a credibilidade da própria justiça. Tão antiga quanto a própria história do direito é a preocupação do legislador em coibir os atos de litigância de má-fé. O homem preocupado em disciplinar a convivência humana, criou o direito com o objetivo de proporcionar aos seres humanos uma convivência harmoniosa. Entretanto, imediatamente se viu obrigado a criar normas para impedir que o próprio direito fosse instrumento de litigância de má-fé. Tal fato resta demonstrado no histórico da litigância de má-fé, onde se retrata a preocupação da legislação estrangeira bem como a doutrina nacional em dificultar os atos desleais que maculam o direito instrumental, constituindo-se num verdadeiro assédio processual, o que impede por muitas vezes que o direito reconhecido pelo Estado juiz não se torne efetivo. A litigância de má-fé, às vezes, situa-se numa posição nebulosa, dificultando ao interprete evidenciar se realmente se trata de um ato de litigância de má-fé, ou se esta a parte a exercer seus direitos tais qual aqueles assegurados em nossa Carta Maior quando nos assegura que a lei não excluirá da apreciação do Poder Judiciário lesão ou ameaça de direito, assegurando a todos a nos processos judiciais e administrativo a ampla defesa e o contraditório. Para tanto faremos uma analise do processo, da moral e do próprio ato eivado de litigância de má-fé, adequando os conceitos a própria evolução do direito que acompanha a evolução humana, pois se assim não fosse não poderíamos falar em efetividade das normas jurídicas.. Analisamos o comportamento das partes que figuram no processo, com o objetivo de buscar a causa maior da existência do procedimento desleal. Retrataremos o comportamento do litigante de má-fé, procurando esclarecer todas as atitudes que reflete nesse comportamento indesejado o qual deve ser repelido, evitando assim a ruína das normas que amparam o Estado enquanto detentor do poder-dever de dizer o direito. O estudo se desenvolve dando ênfase ao processo trabalhista evidenciando os comportamentos que refletem a litigância de má-fé e os prejuízos que dela decorrem. A evolução legislativa também é alvo de comentários, buscando com isso demonstrar se as leis se mostram de tal eficiente para coibirem a litigância de má-fé. Analisaremos as penalidades impostas, procurando demonstrar se a legislação existente previne e impede a atuação dos litigantes de má-fé. Assim, o estudo é realizado, sempre abordando a preocupação de dar efetividade às normas que proíbem tal prática abusiva a fim de que se preserve o respeito à dignidade do ser humano e da própria justiça

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Leonel Maschietto.pdf: 470570 bytes, checksum: c978c827362018888055bd4716ac41a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-05 / The Labor Judiciary Power has suffered much criticism due to the lack of punishment of the bad intentioned litigants, since they contributed to the slowness of the guidelines to the distributions of barrety and baseless procedures delays. The present study objective is to analyze the lawyer s responsibility in the bad intentioned litigation, as well as, the eventual legality of its conviction in proper files of legal documents. Trying to get closer to a possible solution, initially procedural goodfaith issues and its repercussions inside the procedure have been discussed and studied. The study of the origin and historical evolution of the bad intentioned litigation served as a basis for a better understanding of the foreign and Brazilian legislation, as well as, basing the necessity of a legislative improvement concerning the treatment of bad intentioned litigation on the Labor Justice. Finally, a specific chapter was dedicated to study the lawyer s responsibility in the bad intentioned litigation occurrence in the labor procedure, where the lawyer s role and characteristics had been analyzed inside the procedure as part of the purpose of conviction for bad intentioned litigation. The responsible exclusion, as well as, the supportive and subsidiary responsibility modalities had also deserved study and reflection, since neither exclusiveness of bad intentioned litigation nor practice of the malicious acts can be attributed to lawyers. The result reached through the present study, inspires us to make a reform in the working procedural legislation aiming to the judges rigidity increase in the repression against bad intentioned acts. Such procedure, allied to a better preparation and technician and moral improvement of some lawyers could contribute a lot to the reduction of the amount of procedures distributed for the Labor Justice / O Poder Judiciário trabalhista tem sofrido muitas críticas quanto a questão da falta de punição dos litigantes de má-fé, já que esses mesmos litigantes de má-fé têm contribuído para a morosidade das pautas ante as distribuições de lides temerárias e protelações infundadas dos processos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo a análise da responsabilidade do advogado na litigância de má-fé, bem como a eventual legalidade de sua condenação nos próprios autos. Para tentar chegar o mais próximo possível de uma solução, foram abordadas e estudadas inicialmente as questões da boa-fé processual e suas repercussões dentro do processo. O estudo da origem e evolução histórica da litigância de má-fé serviu de embasamento para uma melhor compreensão da legislação estrangeira e brasileira, bem como para fundamentar a necessidade do aprimoramento As excludentes de responsabilização, bem como as modalidades solidária e subsidiária de responsabilização também mereceram um estudo e reflexão, já que ao advogado não se pode atribuir a exclusividade da litigância de má- fé ou a prática dos atos maliciosos. O resultado obtido através do presente estudo, nos leva a aspirar a uma reforma na legislação processual trabalhista objetivando maior rigidez dos juizes na repressão aos atos de má-fé. Tal medida, aliada a um melhor preparo e aperfeiçoamento técnico e moral de alguns advogados poderia contribuir, e muito, para a diminuição da quantidade de processos distribuídos perante a Justiça do Trabalho. legislativo referente o tratamento da litigância de má-fé na Justiça do Trabalho. For fim, dedicou-se um capítulo específico para o estudo da responsabilidade do advogado na ocorrência da litigância de má-fé no processo trabalho, onde foram analisados o papel do advogado dentro do processo e os elementos caracterizadores do advogado como parte para efeitos de condenação por litigância de má-fé

A doutrina acadêmica pouco cuida do estudo da atuação do advogado no processo civil, especialmente porque o tema produz imediata associação à deontologia da profissão forense ou, alternativamente, a discussão sobre os honorários advocatícios. O presente trabalho foge dessa associação e busca analisar os aspectos da atuação do advogado no processo civil como personagem ativo da condução do processo. Se há pouco tempo lutava-se pela atuação e dinamismo do juiz para o alcance de uma melhor justiça e se, por meio das diversas reformas processuais, buscou-se o aumento da celeridade processual, agora é o momento da valorização do advogado para o aprimoramento desses dois aspectos. O estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que a valorização da advocacia como entidade indispensável à realização da justiça pode efetivamente contribuir para a melhora do processo civil, fornecendo esteio para obtenção da tão desejada justiça justa e rápida. A tese se divide em três partes: inicialmente há uma releitura dos institutos fundamentais do processo que, sem repetir informações de conhecimento notório, demonstra a possibilidade de realce da ação e da defesa institutos nos quais a participação do advogado se destaca sem, contudo, retirar a jurisdição do centro da teoria processual. Na segunda parte, o termo condução é analisado com viés ampliativo, assentando o entendimento de que, de fato, não cabe somente ao juiz a direção do processo, pois se levada esta idéia ao extremo, somente haveria condução pelo juiz nos sistemas em que vigorasse o case management. Por fim, na última parte, o papel do advogado é colocado em pauta e, durante a exposição, são feitas propostas para o aprimoramento do nosso sistema processual civil. Ainda que algumas das propostas possam ser factíveis apenas quando nosso sistema e nossa sociedade alcançarem um maior grau de maturidade, todas elas partem de pressupostos que podem ser colocados em prática de imediato. / The study of the lawyers´ role in civil proceedings is poorly taken by the academic doctrine, especially because the matter in discussion is often associated to the ethics of the profession or, alternatively, to a discussion of the lawyers´ fees. The present study disregards this association and tries to examine aspects of the lawyers´ role in civil process as an active character on the procedure management. Few years ago, the academic studies spent relevant time searching for the amplification on the performance and dynamism of the judge to reach a better justice and, after some changes on the procedure laws with the purposes of accelerating the procedures phases, now is the time for a recovery of the advocacy as a profession, based on which we will be able to improve these two aspects. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the enhancement of advocacy, as a vital corporation to achieve justice, and how it can effectively contribute on the improvement of the civil procedure itself, providing grounds for the much desired fair and quick justice achievement. The thesis is divided into three parts: first, there is a reassessment of the fundamental institutes of the process which, without repeating well-known information, demonstrates the ability to highlight the action and the defense - in which the participation of the lawyer stands out - without, however, withdrawing the jurisdiction from the center of the procedural theory. In the second part, the term management (condução) is analyzed with enlarged bias, with the understanding that, in fact, the judge is not the only one responsible for leading the process. The reasoning is that, if this idea is led to the extreme, only in the systems where the case management exists the judge will be able to exclusively lead the process. Finally, the last part, the role of the lawyer is put in the agenda, and during the explanation, proposals are made to improve our system of civil procedure. While some of the proposals may be feasible only when our system and our society achieve a greater degree of maturity, they all start from assumptions that may be put into practice immediately.

This business plan will reveal the scalable business model that BizAbroad Xpress has devised, namely, by creating an online platform that brings together, on the demand side, entities that simply want to start a business (such as register a new company) in a foreign jurisdiction without the hassles that are traditionally associated with the processes involved, and, on the supply side, the carefully vetted top tier business service providers (such as lawyers) that desire to increase the number of their high value international customers. This business plan includes details on how the BizAbroad Xpress method is appealing enough to make the aforementioned entities and service providers to want to switch from the traditional ways of service engagement and provision to the BizAbroad Xpress way, as well as how this new way possesses sufficient competitive advantage to acts as a challenging barrier of entry to other potential competitors in the business service category.

This thesis critically assesses the design and operation of the corporate legal adviser (“CLA”) system for state-owned enterprises (“SOEs”) in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). / The study of in-house legal advisers (commonly known as corporate counsel) in Western jurisdictions has developed as its own subfield of studies of the legal profession. That literature shows that the roles that in-house legal advisers in Western corporations should and can play is heavily influenced by their corporate environments, corporate policies and attitudes of the corporate leaders with whom they work. There are a range of complex organizational and ethical issues faced by Western corporate counsel in discharging the functions of effective gatekeepers, advisers and preventive law practitioners. However, as compared with the abundant published works on corporate counsel in the era of post-Enron corporate America, there is little academic literature on in-house legal advisers in China. / In the face of the challenges and risks caused by the intensifying economic reforms in the PRC since the early 1990s, and China’s entry into the WTO in 2001, the PRC Government has been attempting to strengthen measures to preserve and protect those state assets that are managed and operated through SOEs. The supervisory body for SOEs is the powerful and well-known State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (“SASAC”) which is directly under the control of the State Council. / SASAC has perceived that corporate counsel in Western corporations have been playing a critical role in corporate risk management and decision-making, and have been accorded a high status within their organizations. Therefore one of the measures implemented by SASAC under its risk management framework for SOEs is the CLA system. The CLA system requires SOEs to engage licensed CLAs as part of the corporate governance and risk management system. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for State-owned Enterprise Corporate Legal Advisers (2004) (the SASAC document governing the system), the role, rights and obligations of CLAs are set out. The policy objective is to ensure that SOEs are managed and operated in compliance with law and with proper legal advice. / SASAC leaders have claimed that the CLA system in SOEs has made great achievements in improving the risk management performance of SOEs. However, this thesis finds that SASAC has not properly addressed the ethical and role dilemmas commonly faced by Western corporate counsel. On the basis of the Western literature on corporate counsel and analysis of SASAC’s policies and the practice of SOEs, this thesis identifies the following key concerns with the CLA system of SOEs: the status and independence of CLAs, the qualification system for CLAs, the legal and professional regulation of CLAs, and the management structure and corporate culture of SOEs where CLAs work. Finally, the inherent problems caused by the power structure in SOEs, especially the role of senior cadres of the ruling Chinese Communist Party in SOEs, has not been resolved. / This thesis concludes that CLAs as corporate watchdogs in SOEs are still at the developmental stage. More empirical research of CLAs of SOEs is warranted to better understand how China, as an emerging world economic power, is to play on the international stage.

This thesis critically assesses the design and operation of the corporate legal adviser (“CLA”) system for state-owned enterprises (“SOEs”) in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). / The study of in-house legal advisers (commonly known as corporate counsel) in Western jurisdictions has developed as its own subfield of studies of the legal profession. That literature shows that the roles that in-house legal advisers in Western corporations should and can play is heavily influenced by their corporate environments, corporate policies and attitudes of the corporate leaders with whom they work. There are a range of complex organizational and ethical issues faced by Western corporate counsel in discharging the functions of effective gatekeepers, advisers and preventive law practitioners. However, as compared with the abundant published works on corporate counsel in the era of post-Enron corporate America, there is little academic literature on in-house legal advisers in China. / In the face of the challenges and risks caused by the intensifying economic reforms in the PRC since the early 1990s, and China’s entry into the WTO in 2001, the PRC Government has been attempting to strengthen measures to preserve and protect those state assets that are managed and operated through SOEs. The supervisory body for SOEs is the powerful and well-known State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (“SASAC”) which is directly under the control of the State Council. / SASAC has perceived that corporate counsel in Western corporations have been playing a critical role in corporate risk management and decision-making, and have been accorded a high status within their organizations. Therefore one of the measures implemented by SASAC under its risk management framework for SOEs is the CLA system. The CLA system requires SOEs to engage licensed CLAs as part of the corporate governance and risk management system. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for State-owned Enterprise Corporate Legal Advisers (2004) (the SASAC document governing the system), the role, rights and obligations of CLAs are set out. The policy objective is to ensure that SOEs are managed and operated in compliance with law and with proper legal advice. / SASAC leaders have claimed that the CLA system in SOEs has made great achievements in improving the risk management performance of SOEs. However, this thesis finds that SASAC has not properly addressed the ethical and role dilemmas commonly faced by Western corporate counsel. On the basis of the Western literature on corporate counsel and analysis of SASAC’s policies and the practice of SOEs, this thesis identifies the following key concerns with the CLA system of SOEs: the status and independence of CLAs, the qualification system for CLAs, the legal and professional regulation of CLAs, and the management structure and corporate culture of SOEs where CLAs work. Finally, the inherent problems caused by the power structure in SOEs, especially the role of senior cadres of the ruling Chinese Communist Party in SOEs, has not been resolved. / This thesis concludes that CLAs as corporate watchdogs in SOEs are still at the developmental stage. More empirical research of CLAs of SOEs is warranted to better understand how China, as an emerging world economic power, is to play on the international stage.