Due to the environmental issues, the amount of installed solar power increases. In the same time, the electric vehicle fleet is expanding rapidly. Those two growing technologies, if not controlled, can cause various unwanted effects for the electricity grid. In order to decrease their negative effects on the grid and benefit from it at the same time, these technologies have to work in synergy with each other. This synergy can be enabled through smart charging of electric vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a smart charging algorithm which uses solar production forecasts to charge the vehicles at a workplace. Furthermore, the goal is to examine how such control of the charging affects the self-consumption of solar power, self-sufficiency and the amount of energy imported from the grid as opposed to uncontrolled charging. To fulfill the goal, the algorithm was developed based on solar production forecasts. The forecasts were created through autoregressive models, AR and ARMA which were estimated using the actual solar production data collected at one of Uppsala regions solar production plants. Also, a case where ideal forecasts were used was applied. Furthermore, the charging need for various number of cars was simulated for every working day throughout an entire year in order to simulate the application of the algorithm and examine its performance but also to simulate the uncontrolled charging. The results, compared to the uncontrolled charging, show that the algorithm is able to increase the self-consumption of solar power by an average of 9,33 – 25,30 percentage points for 10 – 50 charging cars. It is also able to increase the selfsufficiency by an average of 42,65 – 31,28 percentage points for 10-50 cars respectively thus reducing the need of electricity imports from the grid. Furthermore, it was discovered that the results, the self-consumption and selfsufficiency, from the simulations with ideal forecasts differed only by up to 2 percentage points from the simulations where the forecasts were created through an AR(9) model (AR model of order 9). This allows a conclusion that a simple AR(9) model is completely sufficient to create forecasts that are good enough to produce satisfactory results. In general, it is concluded that the algorithm developed in this study is successful when it comes to increasing the self-consumption of the solar power, the selfsufficiency and decreasing the amount of energy needed from the electricity grid. This limits the negative impacts that the increasing solar power production and the growing electric vehicle fleet have on the electricity grid.

Internal charging is the accumulation of charged particles inside a material. Thisbuild up represents a serious hazard to satellites and instruments exposed to thespace environment. The Van Allen radiation belts constitute one of the worst spaceenvironments for satellites orbiting the earth. The energy of the electrons is higherthan in any earth orbit. Previous studies have noted the risk of internal charging in alow earth orbit or in geostationary orbit.The internal charging analysis of the AMBER instrument has been performed in amedium earth orbit. To run a relevant internal charging study, a whole dedicatedmodelling chain has been conducted. The instrument has been modelled with thecomputer-aided design software EDGE. The radiation transport analysis has beenperformed with the ESA/GRAS Monte Carlo-based software. The proper internalcharging analysis has been performed with the SPIS-IC software.Depending on various factors such as materials and shielding, the AMBER instrumentpresents few risks of electrostatic discharge. A wrong use of material can represent ahuge hazard in terms of internal charging. A thick shielding can lead to a higher riskof accumulation of charges due to a lower radiation induced conductivity. / Intern uppladdning är en ansamling av laddade partiklar inuti ett material. Denutgör en allvarlig fara för satelliter och instrument som exponeras för rymdmiljön.Strålningsbältena utgör en av de värsta rymdmiljöerna för satelliter som kretsarrunt jorden i detta avseende, pga de höga elektronenergierna. Tidigare studierhar visat på risken för intern uppladdning i låg omloppsbana runt jorden eller ien geostationär bana. Analysen av intern uppladdning av AMBER-instrumentethar här utförts för en medelhög omloppsbana. För att utföra en relevant studiehar en hel särskild modellkedja genomförts. Instrumentet har modellerats medden datorstödda designen EDGE. Strålningsanalysen har utförts med programvaranESA/GRAS MonteCarlo-baserade metod. En korrekt intern laddningsanalys harutförts med SPIS-IC-programvaran. Pga olika faktorer som material och skärmninghos AMBER-instrumentet är risken för elektrostatisk urladdning låg. En felaktiganvändning av material kan dock utgöra en stor fara när det gäller intern laddning. Entjock avskärmning kan leda till en högre risk för ackumulering av laddning på grundav en lägre strålningsinducerad ledningsförmåga.

The purpose of this project is to create a map showcasing the distribution of charging stations in the surrounding areas of Uppsala city in Uppsala Municipality. Additionally, the project examines the expected development of electric car utilization, identifies essential requirements, and highlights significant actors driving this development. Through an analysis of factors, such as demographic data, geographical data, car fleet data, car density and travel patterns, the project seeks to gain insight into the present and future usage patterns of electric cars. By understanding these factors, the research contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics surrounding the adoption of electric cars outside cities. Moreover, this project provides information on the optimal placement of charging infrastructure to facilitate the transition towards electric mobility. Calculations and assumptions are made to calculate the total number of electric cars in Uppsala city's surrounding areas in 2040. Based on this number, the total installed public power capacity needed is calculated in accordance with an EU regulation called AFIR. The total capacity is distributed on five different power capacities to match the need at each location. To achieve this, key actors have been examined. In addition, development and key actors in Norway are analyzed to examine similarities and to give a brief view into the future.  The results indicate that there will be a significant increase of electric cars in Uppsala Municipality. Therefore, expanding the charging infrastructure is shown to be essential. Due to the expected high usage of home charging outside cities, public charging is believed to be mostly necessary for tourists and passersby. Nevertheless, there are uncertainties that could influence the development of electric cars, which in turn would have an impact on the results. Finally, there follows a discussion both on the results and factors which could have affected the model.

Elfordon är en viktig del av omställningen till en mer hållbar transportsektor och för att kunna nå de uppsatta klimatmålen, både globalt och nationellt. Biltillverkare arbetar ständigt med att utveckla olika komponenter för att kunna optimera egenskaperna, däribland laddning. Samtidigt sätts standarder och krav upp kring hur en laddning får se ut för att motverka störningar i elnätet orsakade av laddning i form av bland annat övertoner och reaktiv effekt. Detta arbete syftade till att utföra mätningar vid laddning av olika elfordon samt plug-in hybrider för att studera eventuella övertoner upp till ordning 40, THD och effektfaktor. En mätbox konstruerades för att på ett enkelt och säkert sätt kunna genomföra mätningar på olika typer av bilar. Mätningarna genomfördes vid olika strömnivåer upp till 16A, och var både en- och trefas beroende på typ av bil- Uppmätta resultat jämfördes sedan med krav på övertoner som finns i standard SS-EN 61000-3-2. Resultaten visade att både Tesla Model 3 och BMW 330e inte uppfyller standarden för laddning medan Volvo V90 och Volvo XC40 uppfyller standardens krav. / Electric vehicles are an important part of the transition towards a more sustainable transportation sector and to achieve the set climate goals, both globally and nationally. Car manufacturers are constantly working on developing various components to optimize their features, including charging and everything in between. At the same time, standards and requirements are set regarding the appearance of a charging system to counteract losses in the form of harmonics and reactive power. This work aims to perform measurements during the charging of various electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids to real-time monitor any harmonics up to the 40th order, to study the total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor. A measurement box was constructed to carry out measurements at different current levels up to 16A, with different electric and hybrid cars, the charging was made both in single-phase and three-phase systems. Measured results were then compared with the harmonic requirements found in the standard SS-EN 61000-3-2. The results showed that both the Tesla Model 3 and BMW 330e do not meet the standard for charging, while the Volvo V90 and Volvo XC40 comply with the standard's requirements.

In recent years, the demand for Li-ion-type batteries has been increasing significantly in various fields of applications including portable electronics, electric vehicles, and also in renewable energy support. These applications ask for a highly efficient charging strategy in order to maintain a long life cycle of the batteries. Recently, a new charging technique referred as sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage charging (SRC-CV) technique has been proposed and is in certain publications claimed to realize an improved charging per-formance on Li-ion batteries than conventional constant-current constant-voltage charg-ing (CC-CV) techniques. In this thesis, the charging performance of the SRC-CV charging method applied to a prismatic Li-ion cell for an automotive traction application is inves-tigated. An existing experimental setup is upgraded to realize charging of the Li-ion cells using the SRC-CV charging method. Electrochemical impedance spectrums of three Li-ion cells have been obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These spectrums were used to determine the charging ripple-current frequency where the mag-nitudes of the ac impedance of the cell are minimized. Key parameters like charging time, discharging time, and energy efficiency are calculated in order to compare the charg-ing performance of the CC-CV and SRC-CV charging techniques. The results reported from the experimental results obtained in this thesis indicate that there is no significant improvement with the SRC-CV charging method (implemented using a constant ripple-current frequency) compared to the CC-CV method in terms of charging time and energy efficiency. / På senare tid har behovet av batterier av Li-jontyp ökat kraftigt inom ett flertal applikationsområden inkluderande portabel elektronik, elfordon och miljövänlig elenergiproduktion. I dessa applikationsområden behövs en högeffektiv laddstrategi för att möjliggöra ett stort antal cyklingar av batterierna. Nyligen har en new laddmetod, benämnd sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage-laddning (SRC-CV-laddning) föreslagits och har i vissa publikationer demonsterat en förbättring av laddprestanda hos Li-jonbatterier jämfört med konventionell constant-current constant-voltage-laddning (CC-CV-laddning). I detta examensarbete undersöks laddprestandan hos SRC-CV och CC-CV-laddning när de appliceras på prismatiska Li-jonceller avsedda för traktionsdrift. En existerande experimentuppsättning har uppgraderats för att realisera laddcykling med SRC-CV-laddning. Med hjälp av elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi på tre Li-jonceller har den frekvens vid vilken magnituden på cellernas impedans är minimerad identifierats. Nyckelparametrar såsom laddtid, urladdningstid och energieffektivitet har uppmätts för både SRC-CV- och CC-CV-laddning. De experimentella resultaten visar ingen signifikant förbättring mellan SRC-CV-laddning (implementerat med en konstant rippelströmfrekvens) och konventionell CC-CV-laddning.

The development of electronic textiles has increased significantly during the last ten years. By integrating electronic components or using conductive thread you can create textiles with different technical functions. CEVT is a innovation company within the automotive industry who have gained interest in electronic textiles. The department of innovation want to explore the possibility to integrate electronic textiles into future cars. The mission they have assigned us is a sub-goal in a larger end goal in which we will investigate whether one can develope a textile that can charge a phone wirelessly. To do this, a textile transmitter coil must be produced to enable the induction charging, which is what wireless charging really means. The method that was chosen to produce the textile transmitter coil was embroidery and the conductive thread that was used was a silver plated polyamide thread (HC12) from Sheildex. The thread had a resistance of <100 Ω per meter and some difficulties arose early on, where the resistance of the embroidered coil was to high. To reduce the resistance multiple stitches were sewn together and the conductive thread was also used as a lower thread. The resistance of the final coil had an average of almost 15 Ω which was significantly higher than desired. Tests were made to measure the inductive capability of the embroidered coil. This was done by measuring the power transmission between an embroidered coil and a Samsung Galaxy s8 reciever coil. The results showed that a power transmission was enabled, which means that it works. Though the power transmission was a lot lower when compaired to a commercial transmitter coil that was tested at the same time. The project did not result in a fabric that could wirelessly charge a mobile phone. Nevertheless, the test results showed that it is possible, since a power transmission did occur between the textile coil and the coil from the Samsung. Further research and optimization of the textile coil would be required to realize the induction charging textile. Two interesting ways to go would be by using another embroidery technique called Fibre Tailored Placement (FTP) or by developing a new conductive embroidery thread, with a lower resistance. / The development of electronic textiles has increased significantly during the last ten years. By integrating electronic components or using conductive thread you can create textiles with different technical functions. CEVT is a innovation company within the automotive industry who have gained interest in electronic textiles. The department of innovation want to explore the possibility to integrate electronic textiles into future cars. The mission they have assigned us is a sub-goal in a larger end goal in which we will investigate whether one can develope a textile that can charge a phone wirelessly. To do this, a textile transmitter coil must be produced to enable the induction charging, which is what wireless charging really means.The method that was chosen to produce the textile transmitter coil was embroidery and the conductive thread that was used was a silver plated polyamide thread (HC12) from Sheildex. The thread had a resistance of <100 Ω per meter and some difficulties arose early on, where the resistance of the embroidered coil was to high. To reduce the resistance multiple stitches were sewn together and the conductive thread was also used as a lower thread. The resistance of the final coil had an average of almost 15 Ω which was significantly higher than desired.Tests were made to measure the inductive capability of the embroidered coil. This was done by measuring the power transmission between an embroidered coil and a Samsung Galaxy s8 reciever coil. The results showed that a power transmission was enabled, which means that it works. Though the power transmission was a lot lower when compaired to a commercial transmitter coil that was tested at the same time.The project did not result in a fabric that could wirelessly charge a mobile phone. Nevertheless, the test results showed that it is possible, since a power transmission did occur between the textile coil and the coil from the Samsung. Further research and optimization of the textile coil would be required to realize the induction charging textile. Two interesting ways to go would be by using another embroidery technique called Fibre Tailored Placement (FTP) or by developing a new conductive embroidery thread, with a lower resistance.

Electric vehicles (EV) in the transportation sector will play a major role in achieving low-carbon emissions from the mobility of vehicles. With a future increase in electric vehicles and autonomous electric vehicles, the demand for charging increases and this comes with new problems that require modern solutions. The integrity of the power grid infrastructure can be at risk as grid congestion and power mismatch can cause problems as the act of charging the vehicles adds an extra burden on the power grid. Today, there exist several scenarios on how a vehicle can be charged and a number of technical solutions that are advantageous based on different aspects such as user's need, price of the electricity, and electricity network.   This thesis focuses on identifying different charging scenarios in mapping the information that is required and studying the effects of these charging scenarios through a smart charging algorithm. A smart charging algorithm to optimise for charging and discharging of the electric vehicle is developed and tested in a MATLAB environment with the aim to achieve a balanced grid load profile. The simulation results verify the potential of the algorithm to reduce the adverse effects of electric vehicle charging. Additionally, a model to map autonomous electric vehicles to charging station in accounts of a low state of charge is also developed in MATLAB

See file / Se filen

The municipality of Stockholm has released a proposition to battle the increase of pollutants and unwanted noise from transportation in the city of Stockholm. The proposition suggests that Stockholm should implement environmental zones within the city’s tolls. The strategy would promote an electrification of the transportation fleet, starting in year 2020. Currently the proposition includes emissions and noise but disregards the effect from an electrification of the vehicles within the zones. This master thesis investigates the effect an electrified car fleet would have on the electric power grid within the suggested environmental zones. By choosing two local areas in Stockholm electric vehicle charging has been added to the existing power load on the grid in order to evaluate the strain from the vehicle charging. The thesis also investigates the added power consumption based on a complete electrification of the cars within the city tolls. The results indicate that both of the local grids have the capacity to bear the extra load but that the marginal between the power peak and maximum capacity could decrease lifetime expectancy on the power equipment. A complete electrification of all vehicles would mean an 7 % increase of the yearly energy consumption within the tolls.

Diskursprosodi och semantisk preferens är inneboende aspekter i språk, då inget ord existerar som en isolerad enhet så snart det är en del av en text. Syftet med denna studie var att kvantitativt undersöka August Strindbergs bruk av orden ’kvinna’ och ’man’. Materialet som låg till grund för studien utgjordes av trilogin Röda Rummet, Götiska Rummen och Svarta Fanor. För att göra det undersöktes ordens förekomst med avseende på frekvens, grad av emotionell laddning i sammansättningar, och distribution av lexikaliserade sammansättningar. Därutöver undersöktes kontexten för lemman kvinna och man, genom en kartläggning av diskursprosodi och semantisk preferens för kollokationerna för kvinna och man. Syftet var att kartlägga detta ur ett diakront perspektiv. Resultaten visade att män omtalas, i lemmaform, i större utsträckning än kvinnor i trilogin. Sammansättningar för man är oftast lexikaliserade, medan de för kvinna är det mycket mer sällan. Kvinnor färgas oftare negativt i sammansättningar med kvinna medan motsvarigheten för män nästan alltid är neutral i sin emotionella laddning. Kollokationsanalysen kunde inte säkert visa på Strindbergs attityder gentemot kvinnor och män. Mer data och djupare analysmetoder skulle behövas för en kartläggning av författarens attityd. / Discourse prosody and semantic preference are inherent aspects of language. As soon as a word becomes part of text, it seizes to exist as an isolated unit. The aim of this thesis was to study quantitatively the use of the lemmas woman and man, and the compound nouns containing them, in the works of August Strindberg. The material used consists of his novels The Red Room, Gothic Rooms and Black Banners. The occurrence of the two lemmas was observed with respect to frequency, the degree of emotional weight in compounds and the distribution of lexicalized compounds between women and men. Additionally, the context of lemmas was observed diachronically, through an analysis of discourse prosody and semantic preference of the collocations for woman and man. The results showed that the lemma man is mentioned more often than woman. Most compounds for man are lexicalized, while the opposite pertains to women. Compounds containing woman are more often negatively charged. Meanwhile, compounds containing man are predominantly neutral. The analysis of collocations for the lemmas was not able to map the author’s attitude accurately and more data and deeper methods of analysis are needed.