Estudo dos benefícios previdenciários por incapacidade sob o prisma dos direitos humanos fundamentais sociais, com enfoque na garantia de sua máxima efetividade possível em termos de concretização, como princípio jurídico. Importância cada vez maior do tema, tendo em vista o aumento de sua litigiosidade, atualmente responsável pelo maior número de ações ajuizadas e em trâmite junto aos Juizados Especiais Federais da Terceira Região. Utilização dos métodos dedutivo e interdisciplinar de estudo, com ênfase nos enfoques histórico, político, filosófico, social e jurídico. Análise dos direitos humanos fundamentais sob o prisma da Teoria Crítica (Escola de Frankfurt) e do pós-positivismo (neoconstitucionalismo concretista; força normativa da constituição), levando-se em conta sua evolução histórica, bem como a evolução dos modelos de Estado, dos ordenamentos jurídicos e da própria sociedade ao longo dos séculos. Conclusão pela existência de um regime jurídico único de proteção de todos os direitos humanos fundamentais, de nível constitucional, bem como de seu caráter universalizante, fruto de longo processo de lutas pelo reconhecimento do ser humano como sujeito de direitos e da sacralização da pessoa humana, alçada ao centro dos ordenamentos jurídicos estatais. Reflexos de tais constatações na via jurisdicional, mediante a garantia de plena justiciabilidade dos direitos humanos fundamentais, com ênfase nos direitos sociais. Inserção do direito a previdência social dentre os direitos humanos fundamentais sociais, com assento constitucional (art. 201 , I). Necessidade de seu estudo a partir da análise das contingências sociais elencadas constitucionalmente e em lei como objeto de proteção estatal. Aglutinação das prestações previdenciárias em torno de cada contingência social , com a formação de um regime jurídico único de proteção. Enfoque na continggência social da incapacidade laboral. incapacidade laboral decorrente de doença e/ou acidente, objeto do presente estudo. Aglutinação dos três benefícios previdenciários por incapacidade (aposentadoria por invalidez, auxílio-doença e auxílio-acidente) em um regime jurídico protetivo único, caracterizado pela fungibilidade ontológica entre eles. Necessidade de garantia da prestação adequada ao caso concreto, sem exigências de prévia definição acerca do grau e alcance da incapacidade laboral do trabalhador segurado. Reflexos de tais constatações sobre as demandas previdenciárias por incapacidade laboral, com ênfase na garantia da proteção jurisdicional ao direito humano fundamental social. Escopo principal de desenvolvimento de uma teoria geral voltada à proteção dos benefícios previdenciários por incapacidade, notadamente pela via jurisdicional , como medida de estímulo ao debate acadêmico e desenvolvimento destes estudos, com ganhos em termos de fundamentação e coerência. Fomento, outrossim, a uma análise sistemática e coerente de tais benefícios pelo Poder Judiciário, com o abandono da análise casuística e pontual levada a efeito até hoje Direito do Trabalho e da Seguridade Social. / Study of the incapacity benefits through the prism of social fundamental human rights, with a focus on ensuring the maximum possible effectiveness in their implementation, as a legal principle. Growing importance of the issue, given the increase in their litigation, currently responsible for the largest number of lawsuits fi1ed and pending with the Federal Special Courts of the Third Region. Use of deductive and interdisciplinary study methods, emphasizing the historical, political, philosophical, social and legal approaches. Analysis of fundamental human rights from the perspective of Critical Theory (Frankfurt School) and post-positivism (concretist neoconstitutionalism; normative force of the constitution), taking into account its historical evolution and the evolution of state models, of legal system and society itself over the centuries. Conclusion by the existence of a unified legal regime for the protection of all fundamental human rights, at constitutional level, as well as its universalizing character, as a result of long process of struggles for recognition ofthe human being as a subject ofrights and the sacredness ofthe human person, raised to the center of state legal systems. Reflections of those findings in the judicial process, by ensuring full justiciability of fundamental human rights, with emphasis on social rights. Insertion of the right to social security among the social fundamental human rights, with constitutional provision (art. 201, 1). Need for their study from the analysis of social contingencies listed constitutionalIy and in law as state protection object. Agglutination of social security benefits around each social contingency, with the formation of a unified legal regime of protection. Focus on social contingency of incapacity due to illness and/or accident, the present study object. Agglutination of the three incapacity benefits (disability retirement, sickness and accident alIowance) in a unified protective legal regime, characterized by ontological fungibility between them. Need to ensure the appropriate benefit to the case, without requiring prior definition of the extent and scope of the incapacity of the insured worker. Reflections of such findings on the judicial claims for incapacity, emphasizing the guarantee of judicial protection to the social fundamental human right. Principal aim of developing a general theory focused on the protection of incapacity benefits, notably by judicial process, as a stimulus to the academic debate and development of these studies, with gains in terms of reasoning and coherence. Promoting, moreover, a systematic and coherent analysis of such benefits by the judiciary, with the abandonment of the casuistic and punctual analysis carried out to date.

Topic of the diploma thesis is problematic of French citizenship acquisition. Specifically, it focuses on obstacles and problems that occur during a process of acquisition that applicants have to face. The first part of the thesis consists of theoretical and methodological framework of citizenship concepts, principles for its acquisition and atypical conceptions of citizenship. The second part is namely addressed to French citizenship, changes of its content, and possibilities of its acquisition. The third chapter specifies obstacles and problems during the process of French citizenship acquisition and defines whether discrimination occurs regarding its acquisition.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otavio Loureiro da Luz.pdf: 714470 bytes, checksum: 1c2f11f1cd3807178a534750bc5dd36b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / The objective of this work is to develop the theme the homologation assessment as essential to the process of recognition of the law. For this purpose, sought to demonstrate the importance of the assessment (individual and concrete standard) as bond between the hypothesis and the consequence, it´s function of incidence between these two elements in the process of building the rule of law is essential for the establishment of tax credit that only the administrative authority has the competence to carry it out, the modalities of release, as the taxation pending official recognition by the tax authorities in deontic operation and in case of its failure the need of the official assessment and the establishment of the administrative process to be possible payment or difference or to remedy any irregularity on the part of the taxpayer in his "statement", as well as the violation of constitutional and legal principles, if the tax authorities directly tax enforcement further without the launch by the administrative authority / O objetivo do presente trabalho é desenvolver o tema o lançamento por homolação como ato imprescindível ao processo de positivação do direito. Para tanto, procurou-se demonstrar a importância do lançamento (norma individual e concreta) como liame entre a hipótese e a consequência, sua função de incidência entre esses dois elementos no processo de contrução da norma jurídica, imprescindível para a constituição do crédito tributário que somente a autoridade administrativa detém a competência para realizá-lo, as modalidades do lançamento, como se dá o lançamento por homologação na operação deôntica e no caso de sua inobservância, a necessidade do lançamento de ofício e da instauração do processo administrativo para haver eventual pagamento ou diferença ou ainda para sanar alguma irregularidade por parte do contribuinte em sua declaração , bem como da violação dos princípios constitucionais e legais, caso o Fisco promova diretamente a execução fiscal sem o lançamento pela autoridade administrativa

Free law-finding (causes and consequences) Abstract This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of free law-finding and analyses its causes and consequences. The introduction outlines the aim of the dissertation, reasons for choosing this topic, the current state of research, especially in the Czech-Slovak legal environment, methodology and also briefly the issue of causality in general. The main part of the dissertation is divided in two parts. The first part contains description and analysis of the German Free Law Movement (Freirechtsschule) from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries led by the German legal scholar Hermann Kantorowicz and his manifesto The Battle for Legal Science (Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft), which formed the theoretical basis of the Free Law Movement and, thus, also of this dissertation. In this part, the lives and works of the main representatives of the Free Law Movement are discussed (Hermann Kantorowicz, Ernst Fuchs, Eugen Ehrlich), but also some others are mentioned including Gustav Radbruch. At the end of the first part, the analysis of the free law in the theory of the Free Law Movement is provided, as well es of the causes and consequences which have led to the emergence and existence of the Free Law Movement; finally, the analysis of the consequences of the Free Law...

This thesis examines the general principles in European Union (EU) public procurement law, as they apply to Swedish direct awards of low value, outside the scope of the EU procurement directives. A combination of Swedish and EU legal methodology is used to investigate two overarching themes. Firstly, the two different legal bases of the general principles, in the light of the Court of Justice of the EU’s definition of cross-border interest, as well as the Swedish implementation. Secondly, the central substantive consequences imposed by the principles on direct awards. The only national precedent on the subject, HFD 2018 ref. 60 of the Supreme Administrative Court, is both utilised and criticised against the backdrop of EU law to paint a picture of the principles’ inner workings in a direct award context. Pertaining to the first theme, an analysis of the applicability of EU primary law on direct awards is undertaken in order to distinguish the legal bases of the principles. If a contract is of certain cross-border interest, the general principles flow directly from EU law. In the absence of such an interest, the principles are exclusively based in Swedish law, which nationally extends the EU principles to all procurement (gold-plating). Overall, contracts valued below a quarter of the applicable EU directive threshold usually lack certain cross-border interest, unless there are concrete indications of the opposite. As a result, most direct awards fall outside the scope of EU law. An awareness of the legal bases of the principles is relevant to avoid breaches of EU primary law. It is argued that the Swedish gold-plated implementation of the general principles causes unnecessary uncertainty, and that separate national principles should be introduced outside the scope of EU primary law. As for the second theme, a thorough analysis concludes that the principles do not prohibit direct awards given without any exposure to competition, as long as the contracts are of low enough value. Direct awards can therefore be conducted through direct contact with a single supplier, in accordance with the legislative aims of the procedure. This may not be the case for social and other specific services of relatively high value. Nonetheless, the principles still affect direct awards, for instance in prohibiting flagrant cases of differential treatment without objective justification, based in arbitrary or corrupt decision-making. Unfortunately, these requirements are able to be circumvented due to the wide discretion given to procuring entities. On the other hand, if a direct award procedure is voluntarily advertised, the principles have greater practical significance. Still, the requirements in such cases are more lenient than in ordinary procurement procedures.