O presente trabalho oferece uma análise crítica das hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei Geral de Licitações e Contratos brasileira, Lei Federal n.º 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, com atenção especial para o caso da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios. A dissertação encontra-se dividida em quatro partes. A primeira delimita o tema do trabalho no estágio atual de evolução do Direito Administrativo brasileiro. A segunda parte do trabalho explora o tema da licitação e sua importância para o Direito Administrativo. Nessa etapa, são apresentados os princípios norteadores da licitação e sua importância para o ideal republicano, tal qual previsto pela Constituição Federal. A terceira parte do trabalho analisa as hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei 8.666/93, procurando identificar suas possíveis razões e as características em comum que existem entre elas. Elaborou-se uma classificação própria aglutinando os incisos do artigo 24 da Lei 8.666/93 em 6 categorias, a saber: a) dispensa de licitação em função do valor do objeto contratado; b) dispensa de licitação em função de situação excepcional; c) dispensa de licitação em função de problemas em contratação anterior; d) dispensa de licitação em função dos atores envolvidos; e) dispensa de licitação em função de políticas de fomento; e f) dispensa de licitação em função de especificidades do objeto. A quarta parte do trabalho contém uma análise sobre o caso da contratação direta de serviços externos de advocacia nos tribunais superiores: o Supremo Tribunal Federal e o Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Ao olhar para as decisões proferidas por essas Cortes, espera-se alcançar dois objetivos: captar os argumentos usados pelas partes que tomam posição nesse debate e identificar o posicionamento das maiores instâncias do Poder Judiciário sobre o tema da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios e o dever de licitar. Não se trata, portanto, de uma análise de jurisprudência, que foi usada como fonte de pesquisa para identificar situações reais envolvendo a contratação direta de serviços advocatícos, suas razões, e os argumentos forenses favoráveis e contrários a ela. / This paper offers a critical analysis of the cases of direct hiring as prescribed by the Brazilian General Law of Public Bids and Contracts, i.e., Federal Law No. 8.666, of June 21, 1993, with due regard for the direct hiring of legal services. The paper is divided into four parts. The first defines the theme of the paper viewed from the current standpoint of evolution of the Brazilian Administrative Law. The second part of the paper analyzes the issue of bidding per se, and its importance to Administrative Law. At this stage the bidding guiding principles and their importance to the republican ideal are presented, as set forth in the Brazilian Federal Constitution. The third part of the paper looks into the cases of direct hiring set out under Law No. 8.666/93, seeking to identify the possible reasons therefor and the common characteristics existing among them. Under a specific classification the items of article 24 of Law number 8.666/93 were combined in order to fall under six categories: a) waiver of bidding in view of the amount of the contracted object; b) waiver of bidding due to exceptional circumstances; c) waiver of bidding due to problems occurred in previous hiring; d) waiver of bidding due to the players involved; e) waiver of bidding based on development policies; and f) waiver of bidding based on the specific characteristics of the object. The fourth part of the paper analyzes the case of external legal services directly hired, as viewed by the higher courts, i.e., the Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice. When looking into the decisions handed down by these courts, two goals are expected to be met: to raise the arguments used by the parties involved in this debate and identify the standing of the Judiciary Branch highest instances on the subject of directly hiring legal services, as well as and the duty to promote competitive bids. This is not an analysis of case law, which was used as a research source to identify real situations involving direct hiring of legal services, their reasons, and forensic arguments for and against them.

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ABSTRACT This thesis explores the R. v. Gladue (1999) decision and whether it is applicable to federal corrections and parole release. I outline a Cree relational approach—wahkotowin—that can be employed as a Gladue method of analysis to help us understand Cree history through a kinship relational lens. In Chapter 1, I share an overview of the teachings of wahkotowin, as taught by knowledge keeper and respected author Maria Campbell. With the help of her circle teachings diagrams, I outline our relationships and obligations to one another. I also outline the shattering of wahkotowin through imposed colonial and present-day policies, programs, and legislation, and the resulting inherited intergenerational trauma. Chapter 2 locates my personal story, exploring family and community history, and its connection with First Nations and Métis history on the prairies. Chapter 3 reviews the Supreme Court of Canada’s R. v. Gladue and R. v. Ipeelee (2012) decisions, the duty to properly consider the unique social history of Aboriginal peoples, and the applicability of Gladue to section 84 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act. Chapter 4 outlines the qualitative data, including interviews with legal experts working with Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto and the Gladue Court. The data explore best practices of interviewing, researching, and report writing necessary for obtaining Gladue evidence. In Chapter 5, I propose a Gladue-through-wahkotowin approach that explores how Gladue’s duty to consider social history evidence can be expanded to all phases of the criminal justice system, from sentencing to parole release, and can include a Cree relationship-based way of interviewing an offender, carrying out in-depth family and community interviews, attaining oral and documentary historical research, and applying a broad Indigenous approach to interviewing and the writing of Gladue Reports.

Submitted by Tarek Jihad Mourad (tarekjihad@gmail.com) on 2015-10-18T19:32:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - versão 18.10.2015.pdf: 2070152 bytes, checksum: 70083edcdd5517062e2e9c03ed4220ad (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Tarek, boa tarde Devido às normas da ABNT, será necessário realizar alguns ajustes para que possamos aceitar seu trabalho. Segue abaixo: Primeiramente, só deverá postar o trabalho após receber e incluir a ficha catalográfica. Capa: Seu nome deve estar acima do título, ou seja, entre o nome da escola e o título e centralizado. Agradecimentos: formatar o texto igual ao texto do resumo. Att on 2015-10-21T15:26:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tarek Jihad Mourad (tarekjihad@gmail.com) on 2015-11-04T19:59:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-11-04T20:18:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T20:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-15 / The economic, social and cultural changes in the world society before the effect of globalization has changed the content, the way the laws are created, the choice of the law and how legal services are being provided. In this sense, it is increasingly common the provision of legal services involving not only the home country law but also the host country law or international law. As a consequence, the way legal services are provided has been modified. Law firms adapt to this change by opening branches, joint ventures, alliances and partnerships to better serve its customers. In Brazil the debate on the subject began in the 90s, having appeared several initiatives to address the problem. However, in 2000 the OAB promulgated the Provimento nº 91 in order to prohibit any partnership between national and foreign offices. This paper demonstrates the inadequacy of the current Provimento in the regulation of legal rules and the absence of parameters for judging the legality or otherwise of partnerships. / As mudanças econômicas, sociais e culturais ocorridas na sociedade mundial ante o efeito da globalização modificou o conteúdo, a forma como as normas jurídicas são criadas, a escolha das normas e como os serviços jurídicos vêm sendo prestados. Neste sentido, é cada vez mais comum a prestação de serviços jurídicos que envolvam não apenas a norma jurídica de um país, mas também normas jurídicas estrangeiras ou internacionais. Como consequência, a forma como os serviços jurídicos são prestados vem sendo modificada. Os escritórios de advocacia se adaptam a essa mudança por meio da abertura de filiais, sucursais, joint ventures, alianças e parcerias a fim de melhor atender seus clientes. No Brasil o debate acerca do tema iniciou-se na década de 1990, tendo surgido diversas iniciativas para a resolução do problema. Entretanto, no ano de 2000, a OAB promulgou o Provimento nº 91 com a finalidade de proibir qualquer parceria entre escritórios nacionais e estrangeiros. Este trabalho visa demonstrar a inadequação do atual Provimento na regulação das normas jurídicas e da ausência de parâmetros para julgamento da legalidade ou não das parcerias.

O presente trabalho oferece uma análise crítica das hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei Geral de Licitações e Contratos brasileira, Lei Federal n.º 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, com atenção especial para o caso da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios. A dissertação encontra-se dividida em quatro partes. A primeira delimita o tema do trabalho no estágio atual de evolução do Direito Administrativo brasileiro. A segunda parte do trabalho explora o tema da licitação e sua importância para o Direito Administrativo. Nessa etapa, são apresentados os princípios norteadores da licitação e sua importância para o ideal republicano, tal qual previsto pela Constituição Federal. A terceira parte do trabalho analisa as hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei 8.666/93, procurando identificar suas possíveis razões e as características em comum que existem entre elas. Elaborou-se uma classificação própria aglutinando os incisos do artigo 24 da Lei 8.666/93 em 6 categorias, a saber: a) dispensa de licitação em função do valor do objeto contratado; b) dispensa de licitação em função de situação excepcional; c) dispensa de licitação em função de problemas em contratação anterior; d) dispensa de licitação em função dos atores envolvidos; e) dispensa de licitação em função de políticas de fomento; e f) dispensa de licitação em função de especificidades do objeto. A quarta parte do trabalho contém uma análise sobre o caso da contratação direta de serviços externos de advocacia nos tribunais superiores: o Supremo Tribunal Federal e o Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Ao olhar para as decisões proferidas por essas Cortes, espera-se alcançar dois objetivos: captar os argumentos usados pelas partes que tomam posição nesse debate e identificar o posicionamento das maiores instâncias do Poder Judiciário sobre o tema da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios e o dever de licitar. Não se trata, portanto, de uma análise de jurisprudência, que foi usada como fonte de pesquisa para identificar situações reais envolvendo a contratação direta de serviços advocatícos, suas razões, e os argumentos forenses favoráveis e contrários a ela. / This paper offers a critical analysis of the cases of direct hiring as prescribed by the Brazilian General Law of Public Bids and Contracts, i.e., Federal Law No. 8.666, of June 21, 1993, with due regard for the direct hiring of legal services. The paper is divided into four parts. The first defines the theme of the paper viewed from the current standpoint of evolution of the Brazilian Administrative Law. The second part of the paper analyzes the issue of bidding per se, and its importance to Administrative Law. At this stage the bidding guiding principles and their importance to the republican ideal are presented, as set forth in the Brazilian Federal Constitution. The third part of the paper looks into the cases of direct hiring set out under Law No. 8.666/93, seeking to identify the possible reasons therefor and the common characteristics existing among them. Under a specific classification the items of article 24 of Law number 8.666/93 were combined in order to fall under six categories: a) waiver of bidding in view of the amount of the contracted object; b) waiver of bidding due to exceptional circumstances; c) waiver of bidding due to problems occurred in previous hiring; d) waiver of bidding due to the players involved; e) waiver of bidding based on development policies; and f) waiver of bidding based on the specific characteristics of the object. The fourth part of the paper analyzes the case of external legal services directly hired, as viewed by the higher courts, i.e., the Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice. When looking into the decisions handed down by these courts, two goals are expected to be met: to raise the arguments used by the parties involved in this debate and identify the standing of the Judiciary Branch highest instances on the subject of directly hiring legal services, as well as and the duty to promote competitive bids. This is not an analysis of case law, which was used as a research source to identify real situations involving direct hiring of legal services, their reasons, and forensic arguments for and against them.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE entre la Chambre Nationale des huissiers de justice et l'université Paris Dauphine. Afin de doter la profession d'huissier de justice d’arguments quantitatifs et qualitatifs pour mener à bien les différentes actions et anticiper les évolutions relatives à la profession, nous proposons dans ce projet de thèse d'analyser la démographie des offices d'huissier, leur localisation, leur structures, la sensibilité de l'activité de ces professionnels à la conjoncture. Ce projet s'engage également à évaluer l'équilibre économique des offices, au regard de règles de tarification complexes et enfin d'analyser la régulation du marché des services juridiques. / This thesis joins within the framework of a CIFRE agreement between the National Chamber of the bailiffs and the Paris Dauphine university. To endow the profession of bailiff of quantitative and qualitative arguments to bring to a successful conclusion the various actions and anticipate the evolutions relative to the profession, we suggest in this project of thesis analyzing the demography of bailiff's services, their localization, structure them, the sensibility of the activity of these professionals in the situation. This project also makes a commitment to estimate the balance in the economy of services, with regard to complex rules of pricing and finally to analyze the legal regulation of the services market.

近年來在會計師事務所積極擴張其專業服務版圖的情況下，會計師事務所逐漸發展成橫跨多項專業領域的多元化組織。為對企業營運問題提供完整的解決方案，會計師事務所聘用律師或與法律事務所進行策略聯盟，已是無可避免之趨勢。但會計師事務所對審計客戶提供法律服務則可能衍生出一些新問題，並使外部第三者對其適當性產生疑慮。因此本研究旨在探討當會計師事務所對審計客戶提供法律服務時，財務報表使用者對審計人員獨立性與財務報表可靠性之認知與判斷情形，而研究目的則是驗證法律服務類型、法律公費金額重大性與事務所職員分離程度對財務報表使用者反應的可能影響。 　　研究結果發現，當審計客戶之法律公費構成重大的財務關係時，將顯著影響報表使用者對審計人員獨立性及財務報表可靠性之認知與判斷；另外職員分離程度亦顯著影響報表使用者對審計人員獨立性及財報可靠性之認知情形；但法律服務類型對上述項目之影響則僅為部分顯著。其次，有效保障機制的設計與執行，包括「限制法律服務收入之金額重大性」、「對法律服務公費及服務內容設立強制揭露之規定」、「建立防火牆」與「簽署保密棄權書」等，應有助於維持審計人員之外觀獨立性，並且是財務報表使用者心目中最合理的規範方式。 / In recent years, CPA firms have continued to expand the types of professional services offered both to their audit and non-audit clients and become multidisciplinary organizations. In many cases, they found it necessary to employ lawyers or to enter into strategic alliances with law firms in order to provide complete solutions to business problems. The increase in such arrangements raised new questions and concerns regarding their propriety when legal services were provided to audit clients. This research assessed financial statement users’perceptions of auditor independence and financial statement reliability when a CPA firm offered legal services to its audit clients. The objective was to test financial statement users’reactions to different types of legal services that CPA firms offered to their audit clients, as well as the effects of the materiality of the engagement and the degree of staff separation involved in the provision of such services. 　　Results indicated that a financially material business relationship affected financial statement users’perceptions regarding independence and related judgments of financial statement reliability. The degree of staff separation between auditors and lawyers was also found to affect perceptions of independence and related judgments of financial statement reliability. The type of legal services offered had a lesser effect on responses. This study suggested that with certain mitigating/safeguarding procedures in place, e.g., legal fee magnitude restrictions, legal service disclosure requirements, firewalls, and client waivers, users’perceptions of auditor independence and financial statements reliability may not be impaired when CPA firms provide legal services to their audit clients.

L’obligation de coopération a été insérée dans le Code de procédure civile en 2016, tirant ses origines de la procédure civile anglaise. Cette obligation est le point d’ancrage de cette étude, qui a pour objectif non seulement de définir cette nouvelle obligation, mais aussi de démontrer sa complémentarité avec le devoir déontologique de coopérer pour les avocats. L’application concrète de la coopération dans la pratique actuelle de la profession découle de ces deux codes agissant en symbiose. Dans la procédure, la coopération a une place de choix à travers la disposition préliminaire du Code et est qualifiée de principe directeur de la procédure. Elle agit complémentairement avec les notions d’abus de procédure et de bonne foi. L’obligation de coopération s’applique à toutes les étapes du règlement : aux modes privés de prévention et de règlement des conflits, au protocole pré-judiciaire, ainsi que lors de la gestion de l’instance. L’obligation de coopération a également des répercussions importantes en matière de preuve civile. Bien appliquée, elle favorise à la fois la recherche de la vérité par la transmission adéquate des éléments de preuve et l’accessibilité à la justice par la réduction du nombre de procédures. Comme devoir professionnel, la coopération a généralement un impact sur la relation avocat-client et appelle l’avocat à se responsabiliser dans l’accomplissement de ses fonctions. Or, le paysage actuel de la pratique de la profession favorise plutôt l’adversité, notamment parce que la marchandisation et la tarification horaire des services juridiques découragent la coopération entre confrères. Selon nous, il existe néanmoins des solutions concrètes afin de favoriser l’insertion de la coopération dans les différents milieux de pratique. / The obligation of cooperation has enacted in the Code of civil procedure in 2016, inspired by the reform English civil procedure. This obligation is at the heart of this analysis which attempts to define this new obligation and to demonstrate its complementarity with the ethical obligation lawyers has pursuant to the Code of professional Conduct. The practical application of cooperation in lawyer’s modern practice is indeed a mix of those two jurisdictions. In the Code of Civil Procedure, the need for cooperation is described in the preliminary disposition and is expressed as a guiding principle of the procedure at article 20 of the Code. It acts simultaneously with the notions of good faith and abuse of process. The obligation of cooperation is applicable at every step of conflict resolution: to alternative dispute resolution, to pre-judiciary protocol and to case management. The obligation of cooperation also has major repercussions for rules of evidence. When followed properly, it improves not only the research for truth by increasing information exchanges; it also enhances access to justice by reducing the time in court. As a professional obligation, cooperation generally has an impact on lawyer-client relationships and invites the professional to take responsibility for the accomplishment of his functions. However, the professional practice’s landscape does not currently promote cooperation between colleagues, notably because of the commercialisation of legal services and hourly billing. In our opinion though, despite the actual context of legal practice, solutions exist to promote a professional culture based on cooperation.

This study employs a Gioia analysis to investigate the AI services offered within three distinct professional service sectors in Sweden: IT consulting, marketing, and legal services. Utilizing a list of companies from a prior KTH project and publicly accessible information, we applied a cross-sectoral Gioia analysis to systematically categorize, compare, and understand the types of AI services provided and how these offerings differ between sectors. The objective of this scholarly pursuit is twofold. Firstly, it seeks to develop a cohesive and comprehensive taxonomy that clarifies the AI utilization within the selected domains, providing a clearer perspective on the diverse AI services offered and their respective implications. Secondly, it aims to discern the notable commonalities and distinctions in AI services across the said sectors, highlighting the specific ways in which AI integration manifests within each domain in Sweden. Our research reveals several shared trends, including AI-driven data analysis and management, automation, real-time monitoring, and personalization. Despite these commonalities, each sector leverages AI in a unique way, emphasizing aspects like cybersecurity in IT consulting, ad optimization in marketing, and legal document scrutiny in legal services. We further discuss practical implications, such as elevated operational efficiency, potential shifts in professional focus, and the emergence of AI service providers as indispensable intermediaries. While the adoption of AI presents numerous opportunities, it also introduces challenges, such as the democratization of specialized knowledge, which could disrupt traditional professional-client relationships. Future research avenues and study limitations are also addressed. Our findings serve as a cornerstone for both academic discourse and practical application, illuminating the nuanced impacts of AI across different business domains. / Denna studie verkställer en Gioia-analys för att undersöka de AI-tjänster som erbjuds inom tre distinkta professionella tjänstesektorer I Sverige: IT-rådgivning, marknadsföring och juridiska tjänster. Genom att använda en datauppsättning från ett tidigare KTH-projekt och allmänt tillgänglig information tillämpade vi en tvärsektoriell Gioia-analys för att systematiskt kategorisera, jämföra och förstå vilka typer av AI-tjänster som erbjuds och hur dessa tjänsteerbjudanden skiljer sig mellan sektorer. Målet med denna studie är tvåfaldig. Först och främst syftar den till att utveckla en sammanhängande och omfattande taxonomi som klargör AI-användningen inom de valda sektorerna, vilket ger en tydligare översikt över de olika AI-tjänsterna som erbjuds och deras respektive implikationer. För det andra strävar studien efter att urskilja de märkbara gemensamheterna och skillnaderna i AI-tjänster mellan de nämnda sektorerna, vilket framhäver de specifika sätten på vilka AI-integration manifesterar sig inom varje domän i Sverige. Vår studie avslöjar flera gemensamma trender, inklusive AI-driven dataanalys och hantering, automatisering, realtidsövervakning och personalisering. Trots dessa gemensamma drag utnyttjar varje sektor AI på ett unikt sätt. Aspekter som cybersäkerhet inom IT-rådgivning, annonsoptimering inom marknadsföring och granskning av juridiska dokument inom juridiska tjänster betonas. Vidare diskuterar vi praktiska implikationer, såsom ökad operativ effektivitet, potentiella förändringar i professionellt fokus och framväxten av AI-tjänsteleverantörer som oumbärliga mellanhänder. Även om införandet av AI erbjuder många möjligheter introducerar det också utmaningar, såsom demokratisering av specialiserad kunskap, vilket kan störa traditionella verksamhet-kundrelationer. Framtida forskningsvägar och studiebegränsningar diskuteras också. Våra resultat agerar som en hörnsten för både akademisk diskurs och praktisk tillämpning samt belyser de nyanserade effekterna av AI över olika affärsdomäner.