Essay means attempt, and is a paper written based on self-experienced dilemmas, which the writer then returns to, reflect upon and discusses on the basis of literature and accepted theories. In this essay, I reflect upon my own professional role as a leisure-time pedagogue. The leisure-time pedagogue must provide activities that in different ways relate to the curriculum 2011. I have therefore a responsibility to influence the students' desire for knowledge. Focus of learning is different from the one in school, with an emphasis on informal learning. The dilemma is that I am unable to do any pedagogical work at the museum because of many conflicts. And that there is an ambivalence of what is expected of my work. By writing this essay, I want to explore and reflect upon leisure-time pedagogue´s meeting with a museum. I also reflect how to obtain an educational meeting, despite poorly developed awareness among teachers, other professionals, parents, and museums. There are many ways to implement work with the curriculum with a visit to the museum, and that would make the leisure-time pedagogue more of support for the whole visit. It would facilitate if the museums themselves hade a material adapted for leisure-time centre. With an emphasis on informal learning and for example aesthetic learning processes.

The overall aim with this study is to elucidate outdoor education as an education method and on the basis of that illustration to examine active educators vision on it as a way to motivate students' learning. This study is based on a literature component and a qualitative study through interviews five teachers.The results of the interviews show how to interpret the motivation and how to work with students' motivation. As well as outdoor education as part of the activity.  The interviews show the importance of outdoor education can be to increase students'motivation for learning. They also show the importance of outdoor education is for student learning and test scores have shown the effectiveness of student learning through outdoor education. It's about finding a balance between indoor and outdoor education pedagogy in order to find the motivation factor in its students. / Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att belysa utomhuspedagogik som en undervisningsmetod och utifrån den belysningen undersöka verksamma pedagogers syn på den som ett sätt att motivera elevers lärande. Denna studie bygger på en litteratur del samt en kvalitativ studie i form av intervjuer med 5 pedagoger.  Resultatet av intervjuerna visar hur man tolkar motivation och hur man arbetar med elevers motivation. Samt utomhuspedagogik som en del i verksamheten. Intervjuerna visar på hur viktig utomhuspedagogiken kan vara för att öka elevers motivation till eget lärande. De visar även hur viktig utomhuspedagogiken är för elevers inlärning och provresultat har visat på effektiviteten av elevernas inlärning med hjälp av utomhuspedagogik. Det handlar om att finna en balans mellan inomhuspedagogik och utomhuspedagogik för att kunna finna motivationsfaktorn hos sina elever.

This thesis aims to make a contribution to our current understanding regarding leisure-time pedagogues’ work with children’s relationships. Here focus is placed on the collective action repertoire as expressed by two different groups of leisure-time pedagogues. The research questions addressed are:   How do leisure-time pedagogues work with children’s relationships and how do they view such relationships? What communities do they identify? What qualities in children’s relationships do they regard as desirable?  The theoretical framework of this study is based on Wenger’s (1998) social theory regarding learning in communities of practice, as well as Gergen’s theory of relationships as an inevitable part of human existence. Consequently, within this thesis relationships are viewed as mainly negotiated and are therefore dynamic in character. The methodological approach is ethnographic, focusing on leisure-time pedagogues’ work with and talk about children’s relationships. The study is based on data derived from eight leisure-time pedagogues divided into two different work teams of four pedagogues, covering two different leisure-time centres and involving 60 children of 6-11 years of age.   Final analysis is based on concepts derived from both Wenger’s and Gergen’s theories, for example; action repertoire, relational qualities, communities of practice and shared interests. Results suggest that the communities of practice and the alliances that pedagogues identify are often gender-related and built on common interests. The pedagogues’ action repertoire illustrates a desire to facilitate encounters between children and promote harmonious relationships. Leisure-time pedagogues support relationships characterized by consensus, respect, confidence and adaptation to rules, whereas those marked by conflict, disharmony, breaking rules or aggressions are counteracted. Various notions emerge in pedagogues’ action repertoire based on normative thinking, where different relational competences are ascribed to children. Some children are described as relationally competent while other children, who do not adapt themselves in a desirable manner, are described as having difficulties adjusting their relational competence. The results also reveal a lack of guidelines for handling the variety of differences in children’s relationships and display the lack of a common professional language for verbalizing children’s relational work.

<p> </p><p><em>Inledning:</em> Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilket förhållningssätt och vilka uppfattningar fritidspedagoger har kring barn och matvanor ur ett mångkulturellt perspektiv. <em>Metod:</em> Intervjuer genomfördes på tre olika fritidsverksamheter med fyra fritidspedagoger som har erfarenhet av arbete med invandrarbarn. Vid intervjutillfällena användes en mall med förskrivna frågor. Den valda ansatsen är fenomenografisk inspirerad studie för att kunna skildra uppfattningar om fenomen. Vid bearbetningen av resultatet skildrades fyra beskrivningskategorier som utvunnits utifrån informanternas utsagor. Beskrivningskategoriernas utfallsrum analyserades sedan utifrån begreppen identitetsskapande samt lärande. Resterande resultat bearbetades sedan i vår diskussion. <em>Resultat: </em>Den övergripande kategorin som framkom ur resultatet var <em>kulturella aspekter på kostvanor</em>. De tre underkategorierna till den är <em>förhållningssätt och (kulturella) värden, (kulturellt) identitetsskapande samt (kulturell) kommunikation och lärande. </em>Det övergripande resultat som tydliggjordes var att informanternas uppfattningar liknade varandra. De uppfattningar som framkom var att kostvanor bland barn kan skilja sig på grund av kulturell bakgrund, att det är viktigt att lära barnen värdegrund och att man ska visa respekt och acceptans gentemot varandra. Uppfattningarna visar också att barn i en mångkulturell klass får en bred utveckling, de lär sig språk och sociala regler. Skillnader i språket uppfattas av informanterna som problematiska, därför används det ofta andra metoder för att kommunicera.</p>

Inledning: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilket förhållningssätt och vilka uppfattningar fritidspedagoger har kring barn och matvanor ur ett mångkulturellt perspektiv. Metod: Intervjuer genomfördes på tre olika fritidsverksamheter med fyra fritidspedagoger som har erfarenhet av arbete med invandrarbarn. Vid intervjutillfällena användes en mall med förskrivna frågor. Den valda ansatsen är fenomenografisk inspirerad studie för att kunna skildra uppfattningar om fenomen. Vid bearbetningen av resultatet skildrades fyra beskrivningskategorier som utvunnits utifrån informanternas utsagor. Beskrivningskategoriernas utfallsrum analyserades sedan utifrån begreppen identitetsskapande samt lärande. Resterande resultat bearbetades sedan i vår diskussion. Resultat: Den övergripande kategorin som framkom ur resultatet var kulturella aspekter på kostvanor. De tre underkategorierna till den är förhållningssätt och (kulturella) värden, (kulturellt) identitetsskapande samt (kulturell) kommunikation och lärande. Det övergripande resultat som tydliggjordes var att informanternas uppfattningar liknade varandra. De uppfattningar som framkom var att kostvanor bland barn kan skilja sig på grund av kulturell bakgrund, att det är viktigt att lära barnen värdegrund och att man ska visa respekt och acceptans gentemot varandra. Uppfattningarna visar också att barn i en mångkulturell klass får en bred utveckling, de lär sig språk och sociala regler. Skillnader i språket uppfattas av informanterna som problematiska, därför används det ofta andra metoder för att kommunicera.

As a leisure time pedagogue I find it hard to have an insight into what children are playing, and how they play when it comes to free play. My experience is that in some free play, conflicts arise, which reveal hierarchies and power structures containing violations, whereas other occasions of free play suddenly come to an end as the pedagogue interferes. In this essay I investigate my responsibility as a leisure time pedagogue during children´s free play, based on two differing play situations. I also investigate the play as a phenomenon by looking into previous research on children’s play and development psychology. By reflecting on the two play situations I can further understand how to act in a more supportive way during the children´s free play, and how I should relate to the free play I have in my essay found that the free play does not handle itself and that the leisure time pedagogue´s responsibility in the free play is to be present and observe when children are playing. In that way I can get an insight into the world of the children and I can give my support when the game becomes problematic or I can back away when I notice that I have disturb a free play that works well.

”To drift towards old habits” is an exploratory essay in which I examined how my practical knowledge and morally based duties affected my actions and how those led to a hard-assessed situation where I stood without knowing right from wrong. The dilemma laid in that I didn’t know whether my approach should have been based on my gathered experience and knowledge or have based on the rules and framework of the new work assignment I had accepted. By the figuration of two self-experienced situations I portrayed my work and practical knowledge through the first one, in which my assignment was to work with a student in need of extra support. That lead on to the second figuration, where this knowledge, in combination with a sense of duty, influenced my course of action even though my work assignment had changed to be a leisure time pedagogue. The main perspectives in this essay were therefore to be focused on an interpretation of practical knowledge and on how the ethics of duties are constructed. With these two perspectives my purpose was to explore how I could relate my choices of actions according to these and how they could come to affect future repertoires of actions. / ”Att glida in i gamla spår” är en utforskande essä där jag har undersökt hur min praktiska kunskap och mina moraliska plikter påverkat mitt handlande, vilket lett till en svårbedömd situation där jag inte visste vad som var rätt val att ta. Dilemmat låg i att jag inte visste om jag skulle förhålla mig till tidigare erfarenheter och kunskaper eller om jag skulle hålla mig till de regler och ramar som fanns för mitt nya arbetsuppdrag. Genom att gestalta två olika situationer målas mitt arbete och min praktiska kunskap upp i den första gestaltningen då jag arbetar som elevresurs till en elev i behov av stöd. För att sedan visa hur denna kunskap i kombination med en känsla av plikt påverkar mina val i den andra gestaltningen, där jag antagit en ny arbetsroll som lärare mot fritidshem. Huvudperspektiven i denna uppsats kom därför att rikta sig mot en tolkning av den praktiska kunskapen och hur pliktetiken utformas. Med dessa två perspektiv var syftet att undersöka hur jag förhållit mitt handlande utifrån dessa två och hur de kan komma att påverka framtida handlingsrepertoarer.

The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge and understanding of how leisure-time pedagogues´ professional identity is changed as a consequence of altered governance and resulting new tasks. More specifically the study is oriented towards understanding how external demands for quality accounts, assessments and documentation in leisure-time centers and schools, affect leisure-time pedagogues´ practice of their profession and professional identity, and how the leisure-time pedagogues relate to these demands. The empirical data are generated through interviews with 23 leisure-time pedagogues, 8 school leaders, document analyses, and a survey among 105 leisure-time pedagogues. The analysis draws on profession theories perspective and concepts like knowledge base, jurisdiction and discretion to understand what is central in the leisure-time pedagogues’ profession and in what direction the profession is developing: de-professionalization, professionalization or re-configuration. Bourdieu´s sociological theories with concepts of field, capital and habitus are also used for understanding of the leisure-time pedagogues´ positions, actions, and explicit relations to other professional groups. The results indicate dilemmas that the leisure-time pedagogues face related to far-going decentralisation, introduction of new public management, reduced resources, and closer links between leisure-time centres and schools. Working with traditional methods creates problems and it becomes hard to balance the work between leisure-time centre and school. The thesis shows that leisure-time pedagogues constantly conduct independent individual assessments that are mainly hidden. This has not been pointed out before but is linked to the leisure-time pedagogues´ professional identity. Assess­ment as an accounting task has on the other hand been added in connection with the transfer to the educational sector and altered forms of governance. Leisure-time pedagogues are both ambivalent and critical to these demands for transparency and accountability. Even though the leisure-time pedagogues are subjected to increased control and expected to work more with assessments in different forms, and are forced to reduce their professional work in leisure-time centres, we cannot entirely talk about de-professionalization. Also features of professionalization and signs of reconfiguration of the profession are visible. The thesis illustrates that the profession of leisure-time pedagogue is being reshaped and that the leisure-time pedagogues’ professional identity can be understood in different ways. The thesis also illustrates how a core of traditional knowledge base stands out as central for most of the professionals in the various professional identities that are found. The differences that are found are related to the local governance of schools’ organisation; to what extent the leisure-time pedagogues’ work is placed in the compulsory school day; and how strong the leisure-time pedagogues’ collective base is in the school unit.

The Master's Thesis focuses on pedagogical and managerial tasks of children camps' main leader. The aim is to define these tasks and to analyse the position's official formal characteristics - professional qualification and experience - for camps organized by bodies that are not leisure time educational centres. The assumption here is that mostly the head chiefs do not hold professional qualification as there is no legal obligation. The Theory uses comparative method to classify camps as leisure time educative activity. Further, the history and legal and practical conditions of the camps are described. Pedagogical and managerial tasks of the head chiefs are explained together with desirable competences. Possible ways of gaining the professional qualification are presented. In the Research part the above stated assumption was supposed to be confirmed or rejected through a questionnaire and additional guided interviews. 103 respondents of the research were head chiefs of children camps organized in 2016 in South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. Results' analysis rejected the stated assumption. It was proved that a greater-than-expected number of the camps' head chiefs are professionally qualified. At least 50 % of the respondents have the necessary pedagogical qualification together with suitable...

Denna avhandling handlar om ledarskapet i skolan. Skolan är en sammansatt verksamhet och i ledarskapet handlar det om att hantera många olika uppgifter på olika nivåer. Samtidigt som skolledare och lärare skall leva upp till samhälleliga förväntningar på skolverksamheten skall de också hantera kulturella villkor inom skolan. I avhandlingen studeras hur ledarskapet formas i och av samspelet mellan skolledare och lärare i vardagsarbetet. En fråga fokuserar på hur skolledare och lärare ser på varandra och hur de influerar och förstår varandra i vardagsarbetet. En annan fråga uppmärksammar vilken betydelse skolsammanhanget har för samspelet. För att belysa samspelet används fallstudier som forskningsstrategi. I studien ingår tre F-6-skolor med förskole-, fritidshems- och grundskoleverksamhet. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer och observationer. Teoretiskt har studien en socialkonstruktionistisk utgångspunkt i betydelsen av att skolledarskap ses som ett socialt fenomen. Intresset riktas mot att belysa skolledares och lärares utsagor om hur de förstår varandra och varandras ord och handlingar i det vardagliga arbetet. Resultatet ger anledning att fråga vem som egentligen leder vem. Avhandlingen visar tydligt att ledarskap är något som skolledarna och lärarna oundvikligen formar tillsammans – därav titeln Samproducerat ledarskap. Studien visar hur sociala, kulturella och politiska dimensioner i samspelet influerar skolledarnas och lärarnas agerande och ledarskapet. Konsekvensen blir ett ifrågasättande av den allt populärare bilden av ledaren som med stark hand förväntas styra sin organisation. En förståelse för att skolledarskapet är samproducerat, och att sociala, kulturella och politiska dimensioner har avgörande betydelser för hur det utövas medför en mer realistisk syn på skolledarskapets förutsättningar. / This thesis is concerned with aspects of school leadership. School work is characterised by its complexity, and school leadership requires the ability to deal with many different tasks at different organisational levels. At the same time as school heads and teachers are expected to respond to social expectations, they must also be able to deal with and respond to existing cultural considerations and prerequisites. The present study focuses on the formation of leadership during and as a result of the interplay between school heads and teachers in everyday educational practice. One research question concerns how this is formulated in heads’ and teachers’ statements, and how they perceive, influence and understand each other in their daily work together. Another research question highlights the importance of school contexts in the interplay between school heads and teachers. The underlying research strategy applied in order to illustrate the interplay between school heads and teachers is based on three case studies of so-called ‘F–6 schools’, i.e. three comprehensive schools including years 1–6, as well as pre-school classes, and leisure-time activities. The empirical research material consists of interviews and observations. This study takes a social constructionist point of departure, in the sense that school leadership is regarded as a social phenomenon, and focuses on creating a further understanding of this based on statements by school heads and teachers on how they understand each other and each others’ verbal communications and actions. The results give reason to the question of who is in fact leading who. The thesis clearly shows that leadership is produced and formed by school heads and teachers together – hence the title Co-Produced Leadership. The study shows how social, cultural and political dimensions in the interplay between school heads and teachers influence their actions and the formation of school leadership. This leads to a questioning of the increasingly popular image of the independent leader who is expected to govern her/his organisation with a firm hand. An understanding that school leadership is a product of intimate collaboration, and that social, cultural and political dimensions are vital in the formation of leadership, leads to a more realistic view concerning the possibilities and prerequisites of school leadership.