Au Nouvel Empire (1539-1075 av. J.-C.), les scribes – « ceux qui écrivent » en égyptien – prennent le devant de la scène dans les sources littéraires. Ils construisent et promeuvent une image d’eux-mêmes, qui révèle l’existence d’une communauté et d’un « monde social » (A. Strauss), fondés non pas sur la classe mais sur l’appartenance à une profession. Parmi les textes consacrés au métier de scribe, les florilèges appelés « miscellanées » ou « Enseignement par lettres » constituent une sorte de vademecum de la production écrite de l’époque, qui accompagne le scribe dans sa carrière et jusque dans sa tombe. Ils fonctionnent comme des véritables machines à produire d’autres textes, quand les deux autres types d’enseignements de l’époque, « l’Enseignement pour délier l’esprit » (les onomastica) et les « Enseignements par exemples » (les sagesses) portent respectivement sur le savoir théorique et le savoir pratique. Les scribes braconnent dans les modes d’expression du sommet de la société pour développer leur code de valeurs, qui repose sur l’éducation, les compétences au travail et leur rôle de transmetteurs (et non pas de créateurs). Des structures sociales fondées sur les relations professionnelles plutôt que familiales sont mises en avant. L’émergence d’une telle conscience communautaire se fait dans les termes des mutations idéologiques en cours. Une place plus grande est accordée à l’individu dans la société en mettant de côté les autorités traditionnelles au profit d’une divinité personnelle toute puissante. Les scribes peuvent ainsi faire de l’écriture une pratique de piété placée sous l’égide de Thot – les écrits leur survivront après la mort et assureront leur postérité. Chaque manuscrit devient un possible monument funéraire à travers le colophon. Les scribes réinvestissent en outre les tombes traditionnelles qu’ils visitent, en y laissant, sous la forme de graffiti, des textes commémoratifs à leur bénéfice mais aussi des offrandes littéraires.Cette promotion du mot écrit par rapport au discours trouve un écho dans les biographies monumentales des très hauts dignitaires et témoigne d’une diffusion des idéaux lettrés à l’époque. / In the New Kingdom (c. 1539-1075 BC) scribes – ‘those who write in Egyptian’ – took a prominent role in literary texts. There they constructed and promoted a self-image, framing themselves as the members of a specific ‘social world’ defined by their profession rather than belonging to a social class.This period corresponds to the flourishing of sources dedicated to the scribal trade, especially the Late Egyptian Miscellanies aka ‘Teaching by letters’. These collections of small texts were scribal tools and a vademecum of the textual production of the time. Kept by the scribe throughout his career and accompanying him to his tomb, they were a device for producing other texts, while the two other types of teaching, ‘Teaching to clear the mind’ (onomastica) and ‘Teaching from examples’ (wisdom texts) dealt respectively with theoretical and practical knowledge.Scribes borrowed phraseology from the top-elite to develop their own code of values, which was based on education, craftsmanship and personal skills. Social structures dependent on professional relationships rather than family were promoted. The development of such a community feeling reflected changes of ideology in progress at the time. A new position was granted to the individual in society through the shift of allegiance from traditional authorities to a personal, almighty god. Thus scribes could turn writing into a pious practice under the aegis of Thot – texts and copies would survive them and grant them posterity. Each manuscript became a potential funerary monument through colophons and signatures. Furthermore, scribes used the decorum of traditional tombs where they left prayers and commemorations as graffiti to their own benefit along with literary offerings. This promotion of the written word over the spoken one is echoed in monumental biographies of the top-elite and bears witness to the diffusion of learned values during this period.

A análise da literatura científica evidencia intenso esforço para se obter melhor entendimento de como ocorre a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita e como é possível colaborar para essa aprendizagem, a partir da identificação das habilidades cognitivas e linguísticas subjacentes a ela. A perspectiva do letramento emergente considera a importância de um conjunto de habilidades linguísticas e de conhecimentos sobre a língua escrita, adquiridos pela criança no período compreendido entre o nascimento e o início do processo formal de alfabetização, os quais seriam precursores da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita, destacando o papel da Educação Infantil no desenvolvimento destas habilidades e conhecimentos. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar se e quais habilidades de letramento emergente, apresentadas pelas crianças ao final da Ed. Infantil, contribuem significativamente e de modo independente para a aquisição da leitura e escrita durante o primeiro ano escolar. A metodologia utilizada seguiu um delineamento correlacional de caráter longitudinal. Para tanto, na primeira etapa da pesquisa, foram avaliadas as habilidades de letramento emergente de uma amostra de 41 crianças de duas turmas do último ano da Ed. Infantil (idade média de 5,84 anos). Os instrumentos utilizados foram testes padronizados de consciência fonológica, nomeação (vocabulário) e compreensão oral, além de uma prova de conhecimento de letras. Ao final do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental, foram reavaliadas 34 crianças da amostra anterior (idade média de 6,68 anos), através de testes padronizados de leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras, escrita de palavras e compreensão em leitura. Os dados foram analisados através de técnicas correlacionais e de análise de regressão, visando identificar a relação entre as variáveis estudadas e a contribuição das habilidades de letramento emergente para as habilidades de leitura, escrita e compreensão da amostra estudada. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que todas as habilidades de letramento emergente (consciência fonológica, conhecimento de letras, nomeação e compreensão oral) estavam correlacionadas e que estas também estavam correlacionadas com as variáveis dependentes (escrita, leitura de palavras e compreensão em leitura). As análises de regressão mostraram maior contribuição da consciência fonológica e conhecimento de letras para o desempenho em escrita e da consciência fonológica para o desempenho em leitura de palavras e para a compreensão em leitura. Conclui-se que os resultados obtidos permitem dar suporte à hipótese da importância do desenvolvimento das habilidades de letramento emergente na Ed. Infantil, a fim de favorecer a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita no Ensino Fundamental. / The analysis of the scientific literature shows intense effort to obtain a better understanding of how reading and writing learning occurs and how it is possible to collaborate for this learning by identification of the cognitive and linguistic abilities underlying it. The emergent literacy perspective considers the importance of a set of linguistic skills and knowledges about press acquired by the child in the period between birth and the beginning of the formal literacy process, whose could promote literacy, highlighting the role of Early Childhood Education in the development of these skills and knowledges. In view of this, the main objective of this study was to investigate whether and what emergent literacy skills presented by the children at the end of the kindergarten contribute significantly and independently to the acquisition of reading and writing during the 1st grade of elementary school. The methodology used followed a correlational design of longitudinal features. To do so, in the first stage of the research, the emergent literacy skills were evaluated in a sample of 41 kindergarteners (mean age 5.84 years). The instruments used were standardized tests of phonological awareness, naming (vocabulary) and oral comprehension, as well as a proof of letter knowledge. At the end of the first year of elementary school, 34 children from the previous sample (mean age 6.68 years) were reassessed, through standardized tests of reading of words and pseudowords, writing of words and comprehension in reading. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis techniques to identify the relationship between the variables studied and the contribution of emergent literacy skills to the reading, writing and comprehension performance of the sample studied. The results indicated that all emergent literacy skills (phonological awareness, letter knowledge, naming and oral comprehension) were correlated and that these were also correlated with the dependent variables (writing, reading of words and comprehension in reading). The results of the regression analysis showed a greater contribution of phonological awareness and letter knowledge to the performance of writing. Phonological awareness was also the most important predictor for the performance of reading words and reading comprehension. The obtained results allow us to support the hypothesis of the importance of the development of emergent literacy skills in kindergarten, in order to benefit the reading and writing learning in 1st grade of Elementary School.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Profeta Ribeiro.pdf: 2050200 bytes, checksum: 919253d8b9972a63a4e9476516bb7595 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Through a critical view about social relations in gender at family and social environment of the Bahia High Hinterland, during the first three decades of the twentieth century, this research examines the multiple performances of Celsina Teixeira, it was captured throught her personal letters. Besides a purely biographical and personality analysis, this research studies the trajectory and the network of relationships built by this character in the period between 1901 and 1927. In order to execute this research, many documents that belong to Teixeira s family file was used. Those files consist of personal letters sent by Celsina Teixeira Ladeia, and anothers received by her, notebooks of expenses and inventories. The analysis of this abundant documentation dialogues with other studies realized about the Bahia High Hinterland, which permitted to the perception of the social, economic and cultural dynamism in that region during the period studied. The relationships network captured by the exchange of letters, allows the understanding of women's writing as part of a larger set of activities. In this point, not just writing letters, but mainly the actions described on them permitted to consider the powers built historically, within and out of a family context. The analysis of available sources allowed to detect significant instances of power which begin from the domestic environment, but they re not confined in it. In the mails, the political aspect of women actions, is felt in several situations: decisions about professional destinies, in the establishment of marriage strategies , in the tense relationship with domestic servants and the farmers workers, in the budget and financial investments organization, in the charitable activities, among others / Através de um olhar crítico sobre as relações sociais de gênero no meio familiar e social do Alto Sertão baiano, nas três primeiras décadas do século XX, este pesquisa analisa as múltiplas atuações de Celsina Teixeira, captadas a partir de suas correspondências pessoais. Para além de uma análise meramente biográfica e personalista, esta pesquisa estuda da trajetória e a rede relações construída por esta personagem entre o período de 1901 a 1927. Para a consecução desta pesquisa utilizou-se uma variedade de documentos presentes no acervo da família Teixeira, que se compõe de correspondências pessoais enviadas por Celsina Teixeira Ladeia e destinadas a ela, livros de anotações de despesas e inventários. A análise desta farta documentação em diálogo com outros estudos realizados sobre o Alto Sertão baiano, propiciou a percepção do dinamismo social, econômico e cultural da região durante a temporalidade estudada. A rede de relações captadas através da troca de cartas possibilitou a compreensão da escrita feminina como parte integrante de um conjunto maior de atividades. Neste ponto, não apenas a escrita de missivas, mas principalmente as ações nelas relatadas permitiram relativizar poderes historicamente construídos dentro e fora do contexto familiar. A análise das fontes disponíveis tornou possível entrever instâncias significativas de poder que partem do ambiente doméstico familiar, mas não se restringem a ele. Nas correspondências o aspecto eminentemente político das atuações femininas se faz sentir em diversas situações: nas determinações sobre destinos profissionais, no estabelecimento de estratégias matrimoniais, na relação bastante tensa com empregados das casas e fazendas, na organização orçamentária e investimentos financeiros, na atuação beneficente, entre outros

Orientador: Sonia Aparecidas Alem Marrach / Banca: Hélia Sonia Raphael / Banca: Paschoal Quaglio / Banca: Ivan Aparecido Manoel / Banca: Marcia Regina Tosta Dias / Resumo: Este trabalho de pesquisa analisa o processo histórico da criação da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Marília nos limites temporais que se iniciam em 1957 quando ainda era um Instituto Isolado de Ensino Superior (IIES) junto com outros espalhados pelo interior do estado de São Paulo e findam em 1976. Nesse processo de expansão da educação de nível superior pelo interior paulista, convergiam fatores de ordem política, econômica e social vigentes no período, como também as mudanças trazidas pela nova conjuntura política instaurada no Brasil com o golpe militar de 1964 e a Reforma Universitária de 1968. Além da análise bibliográfica, fontes documentais, jornais, legislação e documentos oficiais, a pesquisa sustenta-se na interpretação de dados dos episódios selecionados da memória dos indivíduos participantes desta experiência, presentes nas entrevistas localizadas no CEDEM/UNESP. Os dados foram correlacionados a fim de evidenciar fragmentos da história dos Institutos Isolados de ensino superior no interior do estado de São Paulo, mais precisamente da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Marília. Com a criação da Faculdade de Filosofia, que tinha como proposta formar professores e pesquisadores unidos a uma tradição humanística, Marília conquista uma situação diferenciada com relação ao ensino superior no interior do estado de São Paulo como parte de um processo de interiorização da cultura. Em 1976, a Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Marília (FFCL) foi incorporada à Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), fato resultante dos critérios de racionalização, integração e planejamento. / Abstract: This work deals with the historical process concerning the creation of the Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras - FFCL - (Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters) of Marília. The research covers from 1957, when it was a Instituto Isolado de Ensino Superior (Isolated Institute of Higher Education), - together with others spread inland in the state of São Paulo -, to 1976. In that process of expansion of higher level education toward the Paulista hinterland several different kinds of factors such as political, economic and social converged. On the other hand, a new one influenced it when the country was taken over by the military in 1964 that put forward a reform for the university in 1968, carried out in after years. In addition to bibliographical analysis, documentary sources, newspapers, official legislation and documents, this research is based on interpretation of episodes data selected from participant individuals' memory who were involved in that experience, present in the interviews belonging to the CEDEM/UNESP. Data were correlated to make clear fragments of the history of the Isolated Institutes of higher education in the interior of the state of São Paulo, particularly those related to the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Marília. With the creation of the Faculty of Philosophy whose purpose was to form teachers and researchers, closely related to a humanistic tradition, Marília reached an outstanding situation with regard to the higher education in the interior of the state of São Paulo, as part of a process of culture moving inland too. IN 1976, the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters (FFCL) of Marília was incorporated to the Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - (Paulista State University), according to rationalization, integration and planning criteria. / Doutor

Notre thèse a comme point de départ la discussion critique d’un concept donné pour acquis par les spécialistes de la littérature et de la philosophie antiques. Il s’agit de la diatribe cynico-stoïcienne, ainsi nommée parce qu'elle ferait coexister des motifs cyniques et des thèmes stoïciens. Nous commençons par évaluer l'exactitude de la définition largement admise qui met la diatribe en relation avec toute une tradition d’argumentations relevant de la philosophie morale vulgarisatrice. Puis nous justifions notre choix d’accepter, en cherchant à les intégrer, certains acquits scientifiques récents, visant à défendre la diatribe comme un genre relevant de la méthode de direction spirituelle à l’intérieur des écoles philosophiques d’origine socratique, avec un accent particulier sur la situation d’énonciation maître-disciple. De ce genre littéraire controversé, d’origine grecque, nous analysons le passage à la latinité en examinant tout d’abord le problème terminologique, puis celui du cadrage philosophique. Parmi les procédés, définis comme diatribiques, nous nous intéressons à la seule caractéristique qui ne paraisse pas être mise en question et qui pour cette raison précisément pourrait servir de fondement à l’existence du genre même : le dialogisme et la présence d’un interlocuteur fictif. Nous concentrons ensuite notre attention sur l’œuvre de Sénèque, et notamment sur Les Lettres à Lucilius où la situation d’énonciation maître-disciple est intensément visible et dans laquelle la présence de l’interlocuteur fictif est structurellement liée au développement de cette relation. Nous passons ensuite à l’étude des formes diatribiques de la satire romaine afin d’aborder les cas de Lucilius, Horace et Perse. Un bref exposé est finalement consacré à l’analyse des relations entre la diatribe, la Seconde Sophistique et la prédication religieuse. / The starting point of our thesis is the critical discussion of a concept taken for granted by literary and ancient philosophy scholars. This is the cynic-stoic diatribe, so named because cynical themes would coexist with Stoic ones. Our first step is assessing the accuracy of the widely accepted definition, which makes the connection between the diatribe and a tradition of topics relating to moral popular philosophy. Then we explain our choice to accept and to try to integrate recent scientific acknowledgments which accept the diatribe as a literary genre relating to the spiritual guidance method of the Socratic philosophical schools, with a particularly attentive focus on the relationship between master and disciple. Starting from this controversial genre of Greek origin, we analyze the transition to the Roman period, by first examining the terminological aspect and then the philosophical framing. Among the methods, defined as diatribic, we focus on the only feature which does not appear to be challenged and that for this exact reason could be the basis of the existence of the genre itself: dialogism and the presence of a fictitious interlocutor.We then focus our attention on Seneca's work, and particularly on Letters to Lucilius, where the attempt to create a master-disciple relationship is intensely visible, and in which the presence of a fictitious interlocutor is structurally related to the development of this relationship. Then we discuss the diatribic forms of Roman satire, to reach Lucilius', Horace's and Persius' cases. A brief presentation is finally devoted to the analysis of relations between the diatribe, the Second Sophistic and the religious preaching.

Augustin Navrátil This thesis addresses the life and work of Augustin Navrátil (1928-2003), a Roman- -Catholic activist from the Moravian township of Lutopecny near Kroměříž. A. Navrátil has not been subject of a complex publication yet, although he is the author of the largest petition demanding religious - and with that going hand in hand also civic - liberties in socialist Czechoslovakia (1988, 600 000 signatures). Followingly, this is the first attempt to biographically outline the personality and motivations of this farmer, politician (member of the party Lidova strana), man who signed Charta 77 but also a husband and father of nine children. The aim is to cover his life from his birth, over his family background to the beginnings and heights of his social engagement. The text will mainly deal with 22 open letters in which he drew attention to various illegal practices and actions of the Communist power, as well as with the three petitions he authored (1978, 1985 a 1988) and the samizdat (self-published) journal Křesťanské obzory (Christian horizons), which he published with a group of others from June 1988 to July 1990. In contrast to most Czech dissidents, he was never sentenced to a prison term for his activities, but he had to involuntarily undergo repeated psychiatric treatment. He was...

Esta tese versa sobre a prática de escrita de cartas na época moderna, sobretudo no século XVIII, incluindo-se a carta como objeto de estudo, ao se considerar seu sentido, produção, marca de sociabilidade, aspecto materiais, espaço de trocas de sensibilidades e dispositivo da prática de governar. Para isso, analisamos alguns manuais modernos de escrita de carta e de secretário, especialmente, o de Francisco José Freire, O secretario portuguez (1745). Ao se estudar a prática epistolar, criou-se o conceito de sensação de fala e sensação de escuta, para pensar a carta enquanto portadora da voz do remetente, despertando no destinatário a audição, ativada pela conexão entre os sentidos questão que também considerou a circularidade da carta entre os espaços de sociabilidade e manifestação do sensível. Assim, depois de pensar a carta em categorias teóricas, estudamos a correspondência de D. Luís de Almeida, o 2º marquês do Lavradio. Cartas produzidas por este português no período no qual deixou Lisboa para servir ao rei como governador da Bahia e depois como vice-rei do Brasil, permanecendo na América de 1768 a 1779. As instituições que abrigam a correspondência que formou o principal corpus da tese são: em Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino e Academia de Ciência de Lisboa; no Brasil, Arquivo Nacional e Biblioteca Nacional. O corpus foi estudado pormenorizadamente reunindo informações quantitativas e qualitativas, considerando a materialidade da carta e sua trajetória de composição e preservação. Por fim, o terceiro momento do estudo analisou o conteúdo das cartas, para pensar o governo colonial regido através delas, refletindo sobre os diferentes papéis sociais ocupados por D. Luís de Almeida, a atuação do vice-rei e suas problemáticas de governo; e as estratégias utilizadas para impedir a má reputação social diante da perda do território. Contudo, esta tese une sentir, escrever e governar, para pensar a prática epistolar e as cartas de D. Luís de Almeida / This thesis studies the practice of writing letters in modern times, mainly in the 18th century, including letters as object of study, considering its sense, production, mark of sociability, material aspects, space of sensibility trades and practice of governments device. Thereunto, we analyze some modern manuals of letters and secretary writing, specially Francisco José Freires, O secretario portuguez (1745). When studying the epistolary practice, the concept of the sensation of speech and the sensation of listening was created, to think letters as voice carrier of the sender, awaking in the addressee the audition, activated by the connection between the senses issue that also considered the circulation of letter between the spaces of sociability and manifestation of the sensible. So, after thinking letter in theoretical categories, we studied D. Luís de Almeidas correspondence, the 2nd marquis of Lavradio. Letters produced by this portuguese in the period in which he left Lisboa to serve the king as governor of Bahia and later as viceroy of Brazil, staying in America from 1768 until 1779. The institutions that house the correspondence that formed the main corpus of this thesis are: in Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (Overseas Historical Archive) and Academia de Ciência de Lisboa (Science Academy of Lisbon); in Brazil, Arquivo Nacional (National Archive) and Biblioteca Nacional (National Library). The corpus was studied particularly gathering quantitative and qualitative information, considering the materiality of letter and its trajectory of composition and preservation. Finally, the third moment of the study examined the letters content, to think the colonial government ruled through them, reflecting about the different social roles occupied by D. Luís de Almeida, the performance of the viceroy and its governments problematics; and the strategies used to prevent the bad social reputation facing the loss of the territory. However, this thesis unites feeling, writing and government, to think the epistolary practice and the D. Luís de Almeidas letters.

Dans notre société, les dispositifs techniques sont envisagés pour augmenter la qualité et la rapidité d'exécution des tâches. Le domaine de la santé n'y échappe pas. Les établissements de santé investissent beaucoup pour se doter de dispositifs techniques capables d'atteindre des objectifs de performance. Quand les Hautes Autorités de Santé (HAS) recommandent de diminuer les délais d'envoi du courrier de sortie, les hôpitaux numérisent l'activité de production et de transmission du courrier. Mais aucun n'a envisagé en amont de son introduction un quelconque effet négatif sur la réalisation du courrier avec par exemple, des délais augmentés. Or il est légitime de s'interroger sur les effets des dispositifs techniques pour l'activité de production-transmission du courrier de sortie. D'autant que ce courrier assure une fonction importante puisqu'il assure la continuité des soins et la sécurité du patient.Nous avons alors cherché à déterminer l'effet de dispositifs techniques sur le délai d'envoi du courrier. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié toute la situation de travail (les dispositifs techniques, les organisations et les acteurs, individuellement et dans leurs interactions) par une approche centrée facteurs humains, en partant du constat qu'il est difficile d'interpréter les résultats des études scientifiques mesurant l'effet de ces dispositifs sans la prise en compte et la connaissance des caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles et des acteurs peu ou pas décrites dans les études.Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons identifié et décrit les caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles et liées aux acteurs. Et nous avons analysé leurs effets sur l'indicateur de délais d'envoi du courrier. Dans notre démarche, nous avons tout d'abord envisagé d'utiliser l'indicateur IPAQSS que les hôpitaux publics français recueillent. Mais celui-ci a été écarté de notre recherche, ne le considérant pas comme valide et ne correspondant pas à la réalité. Nous avons choisi de mesurer des délais intermédiaires, à chaque étape du processus de production - transmission du courrier pour être au plus près de la réalité et répondre ainsi à notre question de recherche. Les analyses statistiques ont porté sur 440 courriers pris dans 7 services du CHRU de Lille.Les principaux résultats montrent qu'un dispositif technique numérique ne garantit pas systématiquement une diminution des délais de réalisation des tâches. Il est nécessaire de s'intéresser à ses caractéristiques techniques pour déterminer ces délais. De plus, les mesures de délais varient sous l'effet des variables contextuelles (organisationnelles et liées aux acteurs) et pas uniquement sous le seul effet d'un dispositif technique. Par ailleurs les résultats mettent en évidence que la connaissance de la situation de travail permet d'interpréter les mesures obtenues. Avec cette connaissance, il devient possible d'agir sur les caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles ou liées aux acteurs pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par les hôpitaux et les institutions. Notre approche centrée facteurs humains permet ainsi de proposer une méthodologie pour accompagner les hôpitaux et les institutions en vérifiant si un dispositif technique peut atteindre l'objectif escompté, en contrôlant les variations de l'effet de ce dernier sous l'influence des déterminants identifiés. / In today’s society, technical devices are expected to increase the quality and speed of task execution. The healthcare field is no exception. Healthcare establishments are investing heavily in technical devices capable of achieving certain performance objectives. When France’s High Commission for Healthcare (Haute Autorité de Santé) recommended that discharge letters should be sent out more rapidly, hospitals digitized the production and dispatching of this document. However, none of the hospitals planned ahead of time for potential negative effects of the digitization of discharge letter production (longer delays, for example). In fact, one can legitimately question whether technical devices improve discharge letter production. This matter is especially important because discharge letters ensure continuity of care and the patient’s safety.We therefore sought to determine the effect of technical devices on the speed of discharge letter production and dispatching. To address this question, we studied the work situation as a whole (i.e. technical devices, organizations, stakeholders, and their interactions) using a human factors approach. Our starting hypothesis was as follows: it is difficult to accurately interpret scientific studies of the effects of these devices without taking account of and understanding technical, organizational and stakeholder-related characteristics that are rarely described in the literature.To address the research question, we identified and described all the technical, organizational and stakeholder-related characteristics, and analyzed their effects on the speed of discharge letter production and dispatching. We first considered using the IPAQSS data that French public-sector hospitals have to collect. However, we had to exclude this variable from our research because it is not valid and does not adequately reflect reality. We therefore decided to measure the time intervals at each step in the letter production/dispatching process, in order to be as close as possible to the true situation and thus answer our research question. We performed statistical analyses on a total of 440 letters generated by seven departments at Lille University Medical Centre.Our main results showed that a digital device does not necessarily accelerate thesteps in discharge letter production; it is essential to focus on the device'stechnical characteristics when seeking to determine whether or not production isfaster.Moreover, the time intervals for the steps vary as a function of contextual variables (i.e. organizational and stakeholder-related factors) and not just under the influence of the technical device per se.Furthermore, our results showed that knowledge of the work context enables one to interpret the data obtained. This knowledge makes it possible to modify technical, organizational and stakeholder-related factors and achieve the objectives set by hospitals and institutions. Our human factors approach generated a methodology for helping hospitals and institutions to check whether a technical device can achieve the expected objectives, i.e. by monitoring the influence of the above-mentioned variables on the device’s effect.

L’écrivain tchèque Jan Cep (1902-1974), qui compta au nombre des médiateurs importants des rapports culturels franco-tchèques dans l’entre-deux-guerres, fut, à la suite du Coup de Prague en 1948, contraint à quitter son pays. Ami et traducteur de Pourrat et de Bernanos, il choisit naturellement la France comme patrie d’adoption. L’exil parisien s’avère pour Cep une rude épreuve existentielle. Conditions matérielles dures, déracinement linguistique, manque d’écho favorable pour son oeuvre, tout cela fait que Cep vit en marge de la vie littéraire française. Il s’engage d’autant plus dans diverses structures de l’émigration tchèque, notamment dans la rédaction tchécoslovaque de Radio Free Europe où il déploie son art de l’essai dans des méditations imprégnées d’humanisme chrétien. L’essai autobiographique Ma soeur l’angoisse que Cep écrivit directement en français dans les années 1960, représente la somme de sa vie et de sa pensée / The Czech writer Jan Cep (1902-1974), one of important mediators of French-Czech cultural relations between the two World Wars, was forced to emigrate after the Communist coup in 1948. As Cep was the friend and translator of Pourrat and Bernanos, he naturally chose France as his adoptive homeland. Nevertheless, exile in Paris turned into a harsh existential ordeal for Cep. Difficult material conditions, linguistic disunity, and the fact that his writing was not accepted by a new audience made Cep an outsider in a French literary life. This status led to his increased involvement in the Czech émigré community, especially work on the Czechoslovak editorial staff of Radio Free Europe, where he developed his essay style in meditations infused with Christian humanism. The autobiographical essay My Sister Anxiety, written in French in the 1960s, repesents a summary of Cep’s life and ideas / Ceský spisovatel Jan Cep (1902-1974), jeden z významných prostredníku meziválecných cesko-francouzských kulturních vztahu, byl po komunistickém puci v roce 1948 prinucen k emigraci. Jako prítel a prekladatel Pourratuv a Bernanosuv si za svou adoptivní vlast zcela prirozene zvolil Francii. Parížský exil se však Cepovi stal drsnou existenciální zkouškou. Tvrdé materiální podmínky, jazyková rozpolcenost, neprijetí jeho díla novým publikem, to vše je prícinou, že Cepuv exil se odehrál na okraji francouzského literárního života. O to více se Cep zapojoval do ruzných struktur ceské emigrace. Zcela mimorádný byl jeho prínos v ceskoslovenské redakci Rádia Svobodná Evropa, kde rozvinul své umení eseje v meditacích skrz naskrz proniklých krestanským humanismem. Sumu svého života a myšlení podal Cep v autobiografickém eseji Sestra úzkost, kterou napsal v šedesátých letech prímo francouzsky

Situées entre le biographique et le littéraire, les lettres de Camus jettent un éclairage nouveau sur sa personnalité, sur ses relations avec ses correspondants et sur la genèse de son style et de son œuvre. Sa correspondance éclaire son rapport avec la maladie ainsi que son attachement à la famille et à la beauté méditerranéenne de son pays natal. Son admiration pour Jean Grenier le pousse à suivre ses leçons et à les revendiquer dans ses missives, leur attribuant ainsi un aspect didactique. L’exploration de l’interface correspondance / œuvre trace un mouvement d’élargissement, un passage de l’intime au littéraire. Les lettres ouvertes de Camus empruntent à la littérature plusieurs caractéristiques. Certains correspondants de l’écrivain sont de véritables interlocuteurs qui évaluent ses œuvres et qui lui font des remarques, de manière à le conduire à les rectifier et même à les réécrire. Ses lettres constituent une précieuse mine d’informations susceptible de jeter une nouvelle lumière sur la réécriture de son premier recueil d’essais Les Voix du quartier pauvre et de Caligula. En accompagnant la plupart de ses textes depuis qu’il en conçoit le projet jusqu’à leur publication, ses missives élucident ses choix littéraires et infléchissent l’évolution de son œuvre. Elles révèlent les détours d’une production littéraire hétérogène. Sur les conseils de certains correspondants dont Grenier et Malraux, Camus abandonne la grandiloquence d’un style lyrique qui rend compte de sa passion de vivre dans ses premiers écrits. Le style dépouillé de L’Étranger ainsi que l’objectivité de la chronique de La Peste témoignent de l’influence des lettres sur l’évolution de l’œuvre. La persistance de quelques passages grandiloquents dans ces œuvres neutres, où le style dépouillé rejoint des soubassements poétiques, est le signe d’un combat entre le penchant originel de Camus à l’exaltation des sentiments et à l’emphase d’un côté, et les recommandations de son maître qui l’incite à la raideur et à l’écriture neutre. Camus dépasse cette dichotomie qui divise son œuvre en se mettant à la recherche d’un équilibre entre neutralité et emphase dans Les Justes. Il s’agit d’un équilibre entre l’objectivité d’une lucidité cartésienne et les excès d’un débordement sentimental. L’étude de l’ethos de l’épistolier qu’Aristote définit comme « la représentation de son caractère par l’orateur » révèle trois images de soi dans la correspondance de Camus : celle de l’écrivain émerveillé, celle de l’écrivain engagé et celle du journaliste honnête. Mais la question épineuse de la guerre d’Algérie condamne l’auteur de La Peste au silence et crée un décalage entre l’ethos préalable du journaliste et l’ethos discursif qu’il tient à mettre en place dans ses lettres. L’examen de l’ethos d’auteur, en particulier l’image de soi littéraire qui se construit dans L’Hôte, semble important dans la mesure où il est susceptible d’éclairer l’image de soi épistolaire d’un intellectuel indécis tiraillé entre son affection pour son pays natal, où il craint de perdre sa place et celle des siens, et sa foi en les valeurs de la liberté, de l’égalité et de la justice. Dans cette nouvelle, la conduite du héros et les choix de l’écrivain génèrent une image d’auteur placée sous le signe de l’inquiétude et de la perplexité d’un être tiraillé entre l’admiration des combattants et la condamnation de leur violence. / Partly biographical and partly literary, Albert Camus’ letters shed new light on his personality, his relationship with his correspondents, his style’s genesis and that of his writings. His correspondence gives more insight into his illness as well as his commitment to the family and the Mediterranean beauty of his native country. Being fond of Jean Grenier, Camus not only follows his instructions but also asks him for some advice in the letters, giving them a didactic dimension. Examining the interface between Camus’ letters and his writings is a shift from the intimate to the literary, widening the scope of my research. Camus’ open letters borrow many literary features. Some of his correspondents are real interlocutors evaluating his books and providing him with insightful feedback and comments generating modification or even rewriting of some of them. Such letters are a valuable source of information shedding new light on the rewriting of his first collection of essays, Les Voix du quartier pauvre as well as Caligula. His letters, accompanying most of his writings from their conception to publication, elucidate his literary choices and affect the progress of writing, revealing turns of a heterogeneous literary production. On the advice of some of his correspondents including Grenier and Malraux, Camus abandons the bombast of a lyrical style reflecting his passion for life in his early writings. The stripped style of L’étranger along with the objectivity of the chronicle of La Peste are evidence of the letters’ impact on the evolution of Camus’ writing process. The persistence of some emphatic passages in these neutral writings, where the simple style joins the poetic underpinnings, reveals a struggle between Camus’ innate tendency for exalting feelings and emphatic style on the one hand, and the master’s recommendations inciting neutral writing on the other hand. Camus goes beyond this dichotomy dividing his writings by questioning equilibrium between neutrality and emphasis in Les Justes, an equilibrium between an objectivity of a Cartesian lucidity and excesses of a sentimental overflow. The study of the writer’s ethos defined by Aristotle as “the representation of his character by the orator” shows three self images in Camus’ letters : that of the marveled writer, that of the committed writer and that of the honest journalist. But the thorny issue of the war in Algeria silenced the author of La Peste, creating a gap between the journalist’s preexisting ethos and the discursive ethos set up in his letters. Studying the author’s ethos, especially the literary self image built in L’Hôte seems important as it is likely to illuminate the epistolary self image, that of an indecisive intellectual torn between his love for his homeland, where he is afraid of losing his place and that of his family, and his faith in the values ​​of freedom, equality and justice. In this novel, the hero's conduct and the writer’s choices create an image of an anxious and perplexed author torn between admiring the fighters and condemning their violence.