Avec l'arrivée du magazine Elle Vietnam en 2010, une nouvelle figure internationale de la presse magazine féminine haut-de-gamme apparaît au Vietnam. Avec la politique du Đổi Mới (Renouveau) lancée dans les années 1980, le Vietnam se tourne vers la « modernité». Elle, créé dans les années 1950 en France, se tourne vers les femmes modernes, tournées vers l'international, le luxe, la beauté. C'est cet objectif de déploiement de la marque internationale Elle au sein de ce contexte politico-économique que nous avons questionné. Comment les acteurs locaux du magazine Elle Vietnam adaptent-ils la marque du magazine Elle dans le marché local ? Nous avons inscrit notre réflexion dans la compréhension de ce « réservoir mythologique » cher à Roland Barthes, mais cette fois-ci, à la lumière des producteurs et référentiels vietnamiens. / With the new Doi Moi policy launched in the eighties in Vietnam, Vietnam created a new environment geared towards modernity. In 2010, Elle Vietnam stepped up in Vietnam as a new women's magazine international leader, as a branch of Elle, a French women's magazine dedicated to modern, international, beautiful women as well as luxury. We will focus our developments on the framework that led to "modernity" in Vietnam, as well as the international brand designed by Elle Vietnam. Also, how do the Vietnamese producers adapt to the global brand Elle expansion? With the point of view of Vietnamese producers, we will focus our developments on the understanding of what Roland Barthes once called a “mythological tank”.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la mise en oeuvre de la notion de développement durable dans l'espace urbain et la pertinence de son application en urbanisme. À partir d'une observation comparée qui prend pour cadre empirique deux terrains, Nîmes (France), et Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada), cette recherche étudie la problématique de l'appropriation de la notion de développement urbain durable dans les représentations des acteurs locaux, son intégration dans la planification territoriale, et son éventuelle traduction en projets urbains « durables ». En effet, si le cadre des réglementations nationales mises en place au cours des dernières années, tout comme les volontés et les orientations exprimées au niveau des organismes internationaux, font de la notion de développement durable un véritable outil d'aménagement du territoire, son appropriation et sa traduction concrète en projets opérationnels au niveau local peinent à être visibles.Cette recherche montre, que l'utilisation par les acteurs locaux de cette notion répond à l'injonction des protocoles internationaux, de la loi et de la réglementation en vigueur. Ce qui implique un ensemble de procédures, d'ingénierie, de moyens et de savoir-faire à s'approprier à l'échelle locale. Elle démontre que ces stratégies conçues au niveau des échelles supra locales, sont souvent incompatibles avec les réalités locales. Cela interroge la capacité de la notion de développement durable à atteindre les objectifs attendus, et met en cause sa pertinence comme notion majeure dans le développement territorial. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze the implementation of the notion of sustainable development in urban areas and the relevance of its application in urban planning. On the basis of a comparative observation of two case studies, Nimes (France) and Sherbrook (Quebec, Canada), the research analyses how the local actors appropriate the concept of sustainable development, its integration in the process of urban planning, and its translation in sustainable urban project. Even if the national and international guidelines and regulations developed in recent years, purse the integration of the notion of sustainable development into urban planning, its appropriation and translation into concrete operational projects at the local level is still limited.This research shows that the adoption of the concept of sustainable development by local actors is largely provoked by the injunction of the international protocols, national laws and regulations. This process implies the local adoption of a new set of procedures, engineering, resources and expertise. Yet the strategies that are developed at national level are often incompatible with the local realities. Therefore, the thesis questions the ability of the concept of sustainable development to achieve the expected goals and its relevance as a major concept in urban development.

Madagascar est dans cette situation où la difficile gestion des ressources forestières, à cause d'un certain nombre de facteurs liés à la pauvreté des populations, mène à des pertes forestières annuelles considérables. La principale interrogation que nous soulevons dans ce contexte est alors relative à l'impact des politiques forestières qui y sont menées, avec pour objectif d'aboutir à une gestion durable des ressources forestières. Cette thèse de doctorat s'intéresse donc aux effets induits par ces politiques et cherche à savoir si elles répondent réellement aux enjeux posés par le contexte dans lequel elles sont appliquées. Il est donc primordial de définir des modèles d'analyse à plusieurs niveaux, du national au local, de la vision macroéconomique, en passant par le point de vue de l'individu. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons une matrice de comptabilité sociale étendue à l'environnement, une variante de la méthode DEA (data envelopment analysis), un modèle logit, un modèle à équations structurelles avec variables latentes, des séries temporelles et un modèle réduit d'équilibre général calculable. Les principales conclusions sont celles selon lesquelles les acteurs locaux ne sont pas encore suffisamment concernés par la gestion des ressources forestières dont pourtant ils dépendent indéniablement et par ailleurs, les résultats obtenus des politiques restent mitigés, qu'il s’agisse de la politique de taxation ou celle de conservation à laquelle on associe des activités comme l'écotourisme. / Madagascar meets a difficult situation regarding forest resources management. Actually, several factors linked to poverty lead to important forest losses each year. In this context, the main question to be tackled with is related to the impact of forest policies implemented in the country, in the aim to achieve a sustainable management in the long run. This thesis deals with the effects involved by these policies and tries to determine whether these policies really give responses to the issues of forest management in Madagascar. Consequently, two points of view have to be taken into consideration: the national one and the local one, through the defintion of macroeconomic and individual models. This analysis uses a social and environmental accounting matrix, the data envelopment analysis method, a logit model, a structural equations model, time series and a reduced computable general equilibrium model. The main conclusions emerging from the studies have given the evidence of the low degree of the Malagasy local actors'involvement in the resources management in spite of their dependence upon it. Besides, empirical results have also shown that all policies are not yet efficient enough.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo_Matiuzzi_Souza_Tes.pdf: 3120395 bytes, checksum: b80be0be8d42548e4414a1989eea8a10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / A presente tese identifica as percep??es dos atores locais sobre a operacionaliza??o da Nova Agenda para Coopera??o e Desenvolvimento Fronteiri?o (Nova Agenda) na regi?o transfronteiri?a brasileira-uruguaia (Rtbu), enfatizando a rela??o entre atores e processos formais (estatais) e informais (n?o-estatais). Ap?s quinze anos, o envolvimento dos atores locais nos projetos da Nova Agenda e o cumprimento de seus acordos e frameworks foram extremamente baixos. Se a Nova Agenda deve ser considerada uma resposta ?s demandas locais, por que houve baixos envolvimento e conformidade dos atores locais com seus projetos e acordos? Para responder a essa pergunta, esta tese extrai das teorias das Rela??es Internacionais uma abordagem plural, reflexiva e construtivista que permite o emprego de ?percep??o? como vari?vel anal?tica relevante. O uso de entrevistas e a aplica??o de pesquisa eletr?nica s?o as principais fontes prim?rias. Pesquisas bibliogr?ficas e estat?sticas oficiais s?o aplicadas na elabora??o de dados contextuais. A an?lise hist?rica ? empregada para compreender a rela??o entre atores estatais e n?o estatais na constru??o social da Rtbu. Esta tese conclui que os problemas de cumprimento e engajamento t?m pouco a ver com uma cultura fronteiri?a de informalidade e ilegalidade. Est?o mais relacionados com a defici?ncia da Nova Agenda e a perpetua??o da ignor?ncia em rela??o ? realidade social da Rtbu e ?s demandas dos atores locais. As quest?es de engajamento e conformidade dos atores locais com a Nova Agenda est?o intimamente ligadas ? insatisfat?ria oferta estatal de institucionalidade capaz de transformar a Rtbu em um espa?o legal e normativo em que a regi?o pudesse implementar, de forma aut?noma, estrat?gias de desenvolvimento local para as suas popula??es transfronteiri?as. Essa institucionalidade poderia mudar a maneira como os atores formais e informais se relacionam. Al?m disso, o modus agendi trans-local, profundamente enraizado na regi?o, ? suscept?vel tanto de ser causa para a resist?ncia a qualquer projeto que tente controla-lo ou alter?-lo, quanto de servir como base para novos regimes de coopera??o. / This thesis identifies local actors? perceptions on the operationalization of the New Agenda for Cooperation and Border Development (New Agenda) in the Brazilian- Uruguayan cross-border region (Bucbr), emphasizing the relationship between formal (state) and informal (non-state) actors and processes. After fifteen years, local actors? engagement in New Agenda?s projects, and compliance with its agreements and frameworks were extremely low. If the New Agenda should be considered a response to local demands, why was/is there such low engagement and compliance of local actors with its projects and agreements? To answer this question, this thesis draws from International Relations theories a plural, reflectivist and constructivist approach that enables the employment of ?perception? as a relevant analytical variable. The use of interviews and the application of an electronic survey are the main primary sources. Bibliographical research and official statistics are applied for contextual data. Historical analysis is employed for comprehending the relationship between state and non-state actors in the social construction of the Bucbr. This thesis finds that compliance and engagement have little to do with a border culture of informality and illegality. They are related more to a New Agenda?s deficient institutionality and the perpetuation of ignorance toward the social reality of the Bucbr and the demands of local actors. The issues of engagement and compliance of local actors with the New Agenda is intimately linked with the unsatisfactory state offer of institutionality capable to turn the Bucbr into a legal and normative space in which the region could implement, autonomously, local development strategies for its cross-border populations. Such an institutionality would potentially change the way formal and informal actors relate. Moreover, the deeply rooted trans-local modus agendi of the region is likely to be either cause for resistance of any project that attempts to control or change it or the basis of novel cooperative regimes. / Cette th?se identifie les perceptions des acteurs locaux sur la mise en ?uvre du Nouveau programme de coop?ration et de d?veloppement frontalier (NPCDF) dans la r?gion frontali?re du Br?sil-Uruguay (Rfbu), soulignant la relation entre les acteurs et les processus formels (?tat) et informel (non ?tatique). Apr?s quinze ans, l?engagement des acteurs locaux envers des projets du NPCDF et la conformit? aux accords et cadres ont ?t? extr?mement faibles. Si le NPCDF doit ?tre consid?r? comme une r?ponse aux demandes locales, pourquoi y a-t-il eu peu de participation et de conformit? des acteurs locaux ? ses projets et accords ? Pour r?pondre ? cette question, cette th?se extrait dans les th?ories des relations internationales une approche pluriel, r?flexive et constructiviste qui permet l'utilisation de la ? perception ? comme une variable d'analyse pertinente. L'utilisation d'interviews et l'application d'un questionnaire ?lectronique sont les principales sources primaires. La recherche bibliographique et les statistiques officielles sont appliqu?es ? la pr?paration des donn?es contextuelles. L'analyse historique est utilis?e pour comprendre la relation entre les acteurs ?tatiques et non ?tatiques dans la construction sociale de la Rfbu. Cette th?se conclut que les probl?mes de conformit? et d'engagement ont peu ? voir avec une culture frontali?re d'informalit? et d'ill?galit?. Ils sont davantage li?s ? la d?ficience du NPCDF et ? la perp?tuation de l'ignorance par rapport ? la r?alit? sociale de la Rfbu et aux exigences des acteurs locaux. L'engagement et la conformit? des acteurs locaux au NPCDF sont ?troitement li?s ? l?insatisfaisante fourniture des institutions capables de transformer la Rfbu dans un espace juridique et normatif dans lequel la r?gion pourrait mettre en ?uvre, de mani?re autonome, les strat?gies de d?veloppement local pour leurs populations transfrontali?res. Cette institutionnalit? pourrait changer la fa?on dont les acteurs formels et informels interagissent. En outre, le modus agendi trans-local, qui est profond?ment enracin? dans la r?gion, est susceptible d'?tre une cause de r?sistance ? tout projet qui tente de le contr?ler ou de le modifier, ou de servir de base ? de nouveaux programmes de coop?ration.

An analyse of the local actors involvement of the international peacebuilding in the Republic of the Congo. How international actors as the United Nations cooperate with local peacebuilders.

Cette thèse analyse les évolutions liées à l’introduction des réformes néolibérales dans le secteur de l’eau à partir des histoires urbaines de trois quartiers périphériques de l’agglomération du Grand Khartoum. Articulé autour de la transition depuis des systèmes d’approvisionnement et d’accès à l’eau locaux vers les réseaux d’adduction d’eau centraux et publics, ce travail privilégie une approche scalaire et temporelle qui met en évidence la recomposition des relations de pouvoir liées aux infrastructures et au contrôle de la ressource. Cette approche met en évidence les négociations multiples qui se jouent autour de l’eau. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse d’une politique scalaire descendante de l’acteur gouvernemental, la Khartoum State Water Corporation (KSWC) contribue à la mise en place d’organisations locales de l’approvisionnement en eau par une association ou les comités populaires. Cette politique s’appuie et renforce les catégorisations de l’espace et de service discriminantes dans lesquels s’intègrent d’autres acteurs de l’approvisionnement et de l’accès à l’eau (ONG, gestionnaires locaux, population). Dans un second temps, l’intensification des réformes néolibérales entraîne la restructuration du service au niveau de l’agglomération. L’extension des réseaux et de l’administration public-es par la KSWC qui participe à la redistribution des responsabilités techniques et du pouvoir liés à la ressource en eau. Cette politique n’implique pas une désagrégation de l’autorité centrale mais une recomposition des instances étatiques au sein de la ville. Les stratégies et les pratiques scalaires des acteurs locaux et de la population lors des négociations sur le développement des réseaux unitaires témoignent des évolutions de la relation entre l’État et la société urbaine. Enfin, l’étude scalaire des relations autour de l’eau à partir des systèmes locaux met en évidence la mutation et l’intégration des formes d’exercice autoritaire de pouvoir dans la ville. / Starting from the urban history of three peripheral districts of the Greater Khartoum urban area, this thesis analyses the transformations of the water supply due to neoliberal reforms. The transition from local water supply systems to central and public networks involves embedded negotiations around water. The scalar and temporal perspective used in this work underlines important restructurings of power relations linked to infrastructures and control over the resource. First, the politic of down-scaling from the governmental actor, the Khartoum State Water Corporation (KSWC), leads to the development of local water supply systems, either by an association, or by the popular committees. This politics of down-scaling water supply reinforces discriminatory categories of space and service which are integrated by others actors like NGOs, local managers and the population. Secondly, the intensification of neoliberal reforms entails the restructuring of water service at the urban level. KSWC’s networks and administration expansion contributes to the redistribution of technical responsibilities and water powers. This turn does not lead to the disintegration of the central authority, but rather to a restructuration of the state apparatus in the urban space. When networks arrive, the scalar strategies and practices of local actors and population give evidence of changes in the State-Society relationships. Finally, the scalar approach of relations around water underlines the integration of authoritarian forms of power.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Raphael Campana Marinho.pdf: 1785080 bytes, checksum: dab2567d27db70a9a53783f7199f5cab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O objetivo central deste trabalho é descrever o processo de evolução econômica de Muriaé - MG e analisar as perspectivas de desenvolvimento a partir dos atores locais. Até o início do século passado, a cidade de Muriaé e a Zona da Mata Mineira se beneficiaram dos impulsos de desenvolvimento e do prestígio político-econômico que o cultivo e a comercialização do café proporcionaram para o Brasil. Porém, nas últimas décadas, a cidade e a mesorregião enfrentam um cenário de dificuldades econômicas e de baixo desenvolvimento. Diante desse cenário, como tem sido a atuação dos atores e das instituições locais para o desenvolvimento local de Muriaé? No levantamento bibliográfico, faz-se uma breve revisão das principais abordagens teóricas sobre desenvolvimento regional, além do apontamento de características, estratégias e políticas de desenvolvimento local e de uma pequena revisão acerca da relação universidade-empresa e do panorama da cadeia têxtil e de confecções. O método utilizado na pesquisa é o estudo de caso. Em um primeiro momento, é realizada a coleta de informações por meio de dados secundários de domínio público e, posteriormente, a realização de vinte entrevistas semiestruturadas junto a atores locais do município. Os atores locais pesquisados foram selecionados intencionalmente, com o objetivo de explorar os diferentes tipos de organizações e as opiniões sobre o desenvolvimento local. Quanto aos resultados, a pesquisa aponta os diversos ciclos econômicos ocorridos em Muriaé: o cultivo do café, a pecuária leiteira, as oficinas mecânicas e o setor de moda e confecção. A pesquisa também indica a relevância e o caráter endógeno do setor de moda e confecção de Muriaé através da existência de uma estrutura de suporte ao desenvolvimento composta por diversas organizações, com destaque para as atuações do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Social e Cultural de Muriaé e Região (CONDESC), do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE) e da Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Econômico (SMDE). As perspectivas de desenvolvimento de Muriaé na ótica dos atores locais são promissoras. No entanto, ainda existe um certo distanciamento entre as organizações e os usuários finais das ações. Percebe-se que o município ainda carece de algo que auxilie todas as forças que atuam nesse processo a convergir para o mesmo ponto. / The main objective of this work is to describe the process of economic development of Muriaé - MG and analyze the development prospects from local actors. Until the beginning of last century, the city of Muriaé and the Zona da Mata Mineira benefited from the development of impulses and the political and economic prestige that the cultivation and marketing of coffee provided to Brazil. But in recent decades, the city and the mesoregion face a scenario of economic difficulties and low development. Given this scenario, as has been the performance of the actors and local institutions for local development of Muriaé? In literature, it is a brief review of the main theoretical approaches to regional development, in addition to pointing characteristics, strategies and local development policies and a short review about the university-business relationship and overview of the textile industry and clothing. The method used in the research is the case study. At first, the collection of information through secondary data in the public domain and subsequently carrying out twenty semi-structured interviews with local actors of the city is performed. Local actors surveyed were intentionally selected in order to explore the different types of organizations and opinions on local development. As for the results, the study identifies the various economic cycles occurring in Muriaé: coffee cultivation, dairy farming, mechanical workshops and the fashion and apparel sector. Research also indicates the relevance and the endogenous nature of the fashion industry and making Muriaé through the existence of a structure to support the development consists of different organizations, highlighting the performances of the Board of Economic Development, Social and Cultural Muriaé and region (CONDESC), the Brazilian Service to Support Micro and Small Enterprises (SEBRAE) and the Municipal Economic Development (SMDE). The Muriaé development prospects in the view of local actors are promising. However, there is still a certain gap between organizations and end users of their actions. It is noticed that the city still lacks something that helps all the forces acting in the process to converge to the same point.

Like other countries of the world, Costa Rica faced the challenge of dealing with a variety of trade-offs when implementing sustainability goals in agriculture. Very often, economic promotion is in conflict with goals regarding human and environmental health protection. Organic farming practices could provide strategies to overcome some of these trade-offs. However, in Costa Rica, the majority of farmers still relies on conventional farm practices. In this paper, I investigate the potential for a sustainable transformation in Costa Rica’s agriculture by focusing on organic farming policies. I shed light on the role local actors and organizations play in this process compared to other actor types. I argue that local actors are “the agents of change” in these processes, as these are the target groups of organic farming policies and are the ones who are asked to change their farm practices. Based on survey data and network analysis, I was able to illustrate how differently integrated local actors are compared to other actor types in Costa Rica’s implementation of organic farming policies. Local actors show interest and willingness to further participate in land-use implementation processes when institutional barriers are alleviated, and further promotion instruments are available.

This thesis will focus on a major Swedish city, Karlstad. The study uses a combined method consisting of a content analysis and semi-structured interviews. The qualitative content analysis is based on categorizing ongoing detailed plans for housing development in Karlstad. The respondents in the semi-structured interviews consist of people active in real estate development in Karlstad, the current chairman of the urban planning committee in Karlstad, and another politician with experience of urban planning. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the development pattern in the housing sector in a Swedish city. This in connection with investigating how the cooperation between local actors works regarding housing development. In the next step, the purpose is operationalized by studying Karlstad as a case. The section on previous research presents relevant research on the topic of development in the housing sector. The theory chapter provides the theoretical framework for the study. A theoretical model regarding how development is achieved in the housing sector is central, the model summarizes various factors that contribute to achieving development. The results section presents the respondents' experience of how housing planning looks like in Karlstad and how cooperation works between different local actors. How Karlstad is growing with a focus on both densification and expansion in the city is central to the empirical data. A central part of the empirical data is that there is a picture of differing opinions on how cooperation looks between different local actors. One conclusion reached is that Karlstad works for an inclusive and varied densification while the city is expanding. Another conclusion that can be reached is that sustainability thinking in terms of social, economic and ecological aspects is to some extent guiding contemporary housing planning but will become even more important in the future. The main research question relevant to this thesis is: What is the pattern of development in the housing sector in Karlstad? / I denna uppsats är en svensk större stad i fokus, Karlstad. I studien används en kombinerad metod som består av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen utgår från att kategorisera pågående detaljplaner gällande bostadsutveckling i Karlstad. Respondenterna i de semistrukturerade intervjuerna utgörs av tre personer verksamma inom fastighetsutveckling i Karlstad. Dessutom har den nuvarande ordförande för stadsbyggnadsnämnden i Karlstad och en annan politiskt aktiv person med erfarenhet från stadsbyggnad intervjuats. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka exploateringsmönstret i bostadssektorn i en större svensk stad. Detta i samband med att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan lokala aktörer fungerar gällande bostadsutveckling. I nästa led operationaliseras syftet genom att studera Karlstad som fall. I avsnittet gällande tidigare forskning presenteras relevant forskning kring ämnet exploatering. Teorikapitlet utgör det teoretiska ramverket för studien. En teoretisk modell gällande hur en exploatering nås är central och modellen sammanfattar olika faktorer som möjliggör exploatering av bostäder. I resultatdelen presenteras respondenternas upplevelse av hur bostadsplaneringen ser ut i Karlstad och hur samarbetet fungerar mellan olika aktörer. Hur Karlstad växer med fokus på att det både sker en förtätning i staden och en expansion av staden är centralt i empirin. En central del i empirin är att det finns en bild av att det finns åsikter som skiljer sig åt kring hur samarbetet ser ut mellan olika lokala aktörer. En slutsats som nås är att Karlstad verkar för en inkluderande och varierande förtätning samtidigt som staden expanderar. En annan slutsats som går att nå är att hållbarhetstänket ur sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska aspekter är till viss del vägledande i nutida bostadsplanering men kommer i framtiden att bli ännu viktigare. Den huvudsakliga forskningsfrågan som är aktuell i detta uppsatsskrivande är: Hur ser mönstret av exploatering ut i bostadssektorn i Karlstad?

La décentralisation implantée en 2004 au Niger, a pour objectif de promouvoir le développement « par le bas » et de diffuser les principes démocratiques dans les milieux locaux, afin d’améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. Les recherches sur le sujet font état d’un écart considérable entre les objectifs et les réalisations de la décentralisation. Les facteurs avancés pour expliquer cet écart sont entre autres, le faible appui technique et financier de l’État envers les collectivités territoriales ou encore la quasi-inexistence d’une fonction publique locale qualifiée et apte à prendre en charge les projets de décentralisation. Toutefois, ces observations s’avèrent insuffisantes pour rendre compte des difficultés rencontrées par les acteurs de la décentralisation au Niger. Nous affirmons que les partis politiques jouent un rôle fondamental dans le processus de décentralisations. Ceux-ci diffusent des stratégies d’influence politique et de patronage dans les arènes locales. Les stratégies des partis politiques entravent les initiatives des acteurs locaux, notamment leur capacité de mobilisation des ressources financières. / Decentralization began in 2004 in Niger, aims to promote development "from below" and spreading democratic principles in local communities, in order to improve the living conditions of populations. Research available shows a considerable gap between goals and achievements of decentralization. Factors presented by researchers to explain this difference are the weak technical and financial support of the State toward local authorities, or the quasi-absence of a qualified local civil service, able to support decentralization projects. However, these arguments are insufficient to explain the difficulties encountered by decentralization actors. Thus, I argue that political parties play a key role in the decentralization process. They disseminate political influence strategies and patronage practices in local arenas. Therefore, their strategies hinder local actors’ actions, especially their ability to mobilize financial resources.