Die wachsende Weltbevölkerung und die stetigen Entwicklungen in der Industrie benötigen einerseits immer größere Mengen an Grundchemikalien und führen andererseits zu einem ständig steigenden Energiebedarf. Die Dissertation behandelt daher die Themen Zeolithe und Kathodenmaterialien, welche zwei aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte der chemischen Industrie darstellen. Der Fokus der Arbeit lag in der Steuerung der Partikelgröße durch die hydrothermale und mikrowellenunterstützte Kristallisation.

A reação de transformação de MeOH em olefinas leves foi investigada sobre zeólitas HZSM-5 com razões SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) iguais a 30, 80 e 280. As propriedades ácidas e texturais da amostra com SAR 30 foram modificadas por impregnação com ácido fosfórico. A caracterização físico-química das amostras foi realizada empregando-se as técnicas de FRX, fisissorção de N2, DRX, DTP de NH3 e IV com adsorção de piridina. O desempenho catalítico das mesmas foi comparado tanto em condições reacionais similares (mesma T, pressão parcial de MeOH e WHSV) como em condições de isoconversão. Verificou-se, que quanto maior a SAR da zeólita, menor a densidade total e a força dos sítios ácidos presentes, sendo este efeito mais significativo para os sítios de Brönsted. O efeito do aumento da SAR favoreceu a estabilidade catalítica e a formação de olefinas leves, principalmente propeno. No caso das amostras contendo fósforo, foi observada uma redução linear na área específica BET e no volume de microporos com o aumento do teor de fósforo. Estes resultados, aliados aos obtidos por DRX, sugerem que a redução mais significativa na área específica e no volume de microporos pode ser associada à redução na cristalinidade e à formação de espécies amorfas contendo fósforo, que bloqueariam a estrutura porosa da zeólita. Não se observou alteração significativa na força dos sítios fracos, enquanto a força dos sítios fortes diminuiu significativamente. As amostras apresentando menor SAR e menor teor de fósforo foram mais ativas. Por outro lado, em condições de isoconversão de 916%, a amostra mais seletiva à formação de olefinas foi aquela com maior SAR. Dentre as amostras impregnadas, aquela contendo 4% de fósforo foi a mais seletiva a propeno, enquanto a que continha 6% foi mais seletiva a eteno. A amostra com SAR igual a 280 foi investigada variando-se a temperatura de reação (400, 500 e 540C) e a pressão parcial de metanol (0,038; 0,083 e 0,123 atm), através de um planejamento experimental do tipo Box-Benhnken (32). O rendimento otimizado em olefinas leves foi alcançado a 480C e 0,08 atm. O modelo proposto descreveu bem os dados experimentais e evidenciou a existência de uma faixa ótima de temperatura para maximização do rendimento em propeno e eteno, o qual foi também afetado pela pressão parcial de MeOH na faixa estudada. Palavras-chave: ZSM-5, olefinas, propeno, eteno, processo MTO, fósforo. / The MeOH transformation into light olefins was investigated over HZSM-5 zeolites with SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) = 30, 80 and 280. The acidic and textural properties of the SAR 30 were modified by impregnation with orthophosphoric acid. Textural characterization and physiochemical like FRX, fisisorption of N2, DRX, DTP of NH3 and IR with pyridine adsorption were used. The catalytic performance of the samples evaluated and compared at both isoconversion and iso-operacional. It was verified, that the increase in SAR of the zeolite reduced acid site density and strenght of the acid sites, particularly for the Brönsted acid sites, favoring the catalytic stability and the formation of light olefins, mainly propene. The characterizations indicated a linearr reduction in the specific BET surface area and in the microporous volume with the increase of the phosphorous incorporation. These results, together with over obtained by DRX, suggest that the most significant reduction in the specific area and in the microporos volume can be associated to the reduction in the cristalinity as well as to the formation of amorphous species containing phosphorous, that would block the zeolite porous structure . No significant alteration was observed in the strenght of the weak sites, although the strong acid sites strenght significantly decreased. The low SAR and slow phosphorous incorporation ware more active. On the other hand, at isoconversion conditions (916), the most selective samples to olefins formation were those with high SAR. Among the impregnated samples, the one containing 4% of phosphorous was more selective to olefins. The sample with SAR equal to 280 was investigated under different reaction temperature (400, 500 and 540C) and methanol partial pressure (0,038; 0,083 and 0,123 atm), following Box-Benhnken (32) experimental planning type. The optimized light olefins yield was reached at 480C and 0,08 atm. The proposed model described well the experimental data and evidenced the existence of a range of temperature for maximization of the propene and ethene, which was also affected by the partial pressure of methanol in the studied range.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A reação de transformação de metanol em olefinas leves foi investigada sobre as peneiras moleculares HZSM-5, HFER, SAPO-34 e HMCM-22. A caracterização físico-química das amostras foi realizada através das técnicas de FRX, DRX, fisissorção de nitrogênio, MEV, espectrometria no IV com adsorção de piridina e TPD de NH3. O desempenho catalítico das mesmas foi comparado em condições de isoconversão inicial de 755%. Verificou-se que as características ácidas e estruturais exerceram forte influência sobre o desempenho catalítico quanto à atividade, estabilidade e seletividade aos produtos da reação. A amostra mais estável foi a HZSM-5 que apresentou maior densidade de sítios fortes e uma estrutura porosa que permite uma circulação tridimensional das moléculas. Já a menos estável, SAPO-34, apresentou a menor concentração de sítios ácidos fortes dentre os materiais estudados e uma estrutura com cavidades com aberturas estreitas (4Å) que oferecem restrições ao acesso dos reagentes aos sítios ácidos do catalisador. Quanto à seletividade a olefinas, a primeira foi mais seletiva a propeno e a segunda, a eteno. A ferrierita não se mostrou seletiva às olefinas leves tendo apresentado, no entanto, comportamento promissor quanto a formação de DME a partir do metanol. Já a HMCM-22 foi seletiva às olefinas leves e aos hidrocarbonetos com 4, 5 e 6 ou mais átomos de carbono. A influência da temperatura no desempenho catalítico foi investigada variando-se a temperatura de reação (300, 400 e 500C). Verificou-se que para a HZSM-5 e HMCM-22, perda da atividade catalítica foi intensificada a partir de 400C. Quanto à seletividade a olefinas leves, apenas a SAPO-34 não se mostrou sensível a variações na temperatura, efeito este que foi nitidamente observado nos outros três catalisadores: um aumento na temperatura promoveu um aumento na seletividade a olefinas leves no caso da HZSM-5 e da HMCM-22 e queda nesse valor para a HFER / The methanol transformation into light olefins was investigated over the molecular sieves HZSM-5, HFER, SAPO-34 and HMCM-22. FRX, DRX, nitrogen fisisorption, MEV, IR with pyridine adsorption and NH3-TPD techniques were used for the physiochemical characterization of the samples. Their catalytic performances were evaluated and compared at isoconversion initial conditions (755%). It was verified that the acid and structural characteristics strongly affected the catalytic performance with respect to activity, stability and selectivity to the reaction products. The most stable sample was HZSM, which presented higher density of strong sites and a porous structure that permits a tridimensional circulation of the molecules. The least stable was SAPO-34, which presented the lowest concentration of strong acid sites and showed a structure with cavities with narrow openings (4Å). This structure restricts the access of the reactants to the acid sites of the catalyst. In what concerns the selectivity to the olefins, the former catalyst was the most selective to propene and the latter was the most selective to ethene. Although ferrerite was not selective to light olefins, it showed promising behavior concerning the DME formation from methanol. On the other hand, HMCM-22 was selective to the light olefins and the hydrocarbons with 4, 5, 6 or more carbon atoms. The catalytic performance under different reaction temperatures (300, 400 and 500C) was investigated. The lowest catalytic activity was verified under temperatures starting from 400C. SAPO-34 was the only catalyst whose selectivity to light olefins was not sensitive to temperature variations. HZSM-5 and HMCM-22 had their selectivity to olefins increased and HFER had it decreased as the temperature was increased

Les zéolithes représentent une importante classe de catalyseurs hétérogènes largement utilisées dans l’industrie. En effet, ce sont des catalyseurs de choix pour de multiples réactions grâce à leurs propriétés uniques largement modulables, à savoir leur forte acidité de Brønsted, leur grande surface spécifique, leur stabilité hydrothermique et leur sélectivité de forme. Cependant, la taille de leur micropores engendre des difficultés en terme de diffusion, réduisant ainsi leur potentiel catalytique. Ainsi, la conception sur mesure, en fonction de l’application finale, semble être une méthode très intéressante pour le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs zéolithiques.Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette Thèse ont pour objectif la conception de zéolithes à trois échelles : (i) au niveau du site actif en jouant sur la force acide et sur leur accessibilité, (ii) au niveau macroscopique par la taille des cristaux et (iii) au niveau du réacteur en les déposant sur divers supports. Ces différentes zéolithes ont été évaluées dans deux réactions acides : la chloration d’aromatiques et la conversion du méthanol en oléfines légères (MTO).Des zéolithes hiérarchisées ont été synthétisées selon diverses méthodes pré- ou post-Synthétiques et testées dans la chloration du nitrobenzène et du chlorobenzène. De plus, des cristaux « géant » de ZSM-5, préparés par voie fluorure, ont été évalués dans le MTO.La corrélation directe entre l’activité catalytique et les propriétés intrinsèques des zéolithes a permis de souligner les propriétés indispensables à chaque réactions. / Zeolites are aluminosilicate catalysts of great importance for the chemical industries. Their unique properties, i.e., strong Brønsted acidity, high surface area, high hydrothermal stability, and shape selectivity, combined with an extensive tunability, render them the candidate of choice in various reactions. Nevertheless, often only a fraction of their potential is exploited, due to access and diffusion limitation to/in their micropores. In this field, the rational design appears as a valuable method to design new zeolite catalysts, according to their targeted application.The work described in this Thesis aims in the design of zeolites at three levels: (i) acid site by playing on the acid strength and on the accessibility, (ii) microscopic scale by adapting the crystal size and (iii) reactor level by coating zeolite crystals on different supports. These as-Prepared zeolites were evaluated in two acid-Catalyzed reactions: the aromatics chlorination and the conversion of methanol in light olefins (MTO).Hierarchical zeolites were synthesized according to several pre- or post-Synthetic modifications and evaluated in nitro- and chlorobenzene chlorinations. Besides, “giant” ZSM-5 zeolites, prepared according to fluoride-Mediated route, as well as zeolite coatings on β-SiC, were tested in the MTO reaction.Thanks to a direct correlation between catalytic activities and intrinsic properties, optimal catalyst properties were highlighted in both reactions.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A reação de transformação de metanol em olefinas leves foi investigada sobre as peneiras moleculares HZSM-5, HFER, SAPO-34 e HMCM-22. A caracterização físico-química das amostras foi realizada através das técnicas de FRX, DRX, fisissorção de nitrogênio, MEV, espectrometria no IV com adsorção de piridina e TPD de NH3. O desempenho catalítico das mesmas foi comparado em condições de isoconversão inicial de 755%. Verificou-se que as características ácidas e estruturais exerceram forte influência sobre o desempenho catalítico quanto à atividade, estabilidade e seletividade aos produtos da reação. A amostra mais estável foi a HZSM-5 que apresentou maior densidade de sítios fortes e uma estrutura porosa que permite uma circulação tridimensional das moléculas. Já a menos estável, SAPO-34, apresentou a menor concentração de sítios ácidos fortes dentre os materiais estudados e uma estrutura com cavidades com aberturas estreitas (4Å) que oferecem restrições ao acesso dos reagentes aos sítios ácidos do catalisador. Quanto à seletividade a olefinas, a primeira foi mais seletiva a propeno e a segunda, a eteno. A ferrierita não se mostrou seletiva às olefinas leves tendo apresentado, no entanto, comportamento promissor quanto a formação de DME a partir do metanol. Já a HMCM-22 foi seletiva às olefinas leves e aos hidrocarbonetos com 4, 5 e 6 ou mais átomos de carbono. A influência da temperatura no desempenho catalítico foi investigada variando-se a temperatura de reação (300, 400 e 500C). Verificou-se que para a HZSM-5 e HMCM-22, perda da atividade catalítica foi intensificada a partir de 400C. Quanto à seletividade a olefinas leves, apenas a SAPO-34 não se mostrou sensível a variações na temperatura, efeito este que foi nitidamente observado nos outros três catalisadores: um aumento na temperatura promoveu um aumento na seletividade a olefinas leves no caso da HZSM-5 e da HMCM-22 e queda nesse valor para a HFER / The methanol transformation into light olefins was investigated over the molecular sieves HZSM-5, HFER, SAPO-34 and HMCM-22. FRX, DRX, nitrogen fisisorption, MEV, IR with pyridine adsorption and NH3-TPD techniques were used for the physiochemical characterization of the samples. Their catalytic performances were evaluated and compared at isoconversion initial conditions (755%). It was verified that the acid and structural characteristics strongly affected the catalytic performance with respect to activity, stability and selectivity to the reaction products. The most stable sample was HZSM, which presented higher density of strong sites and a porous structure that permits a tridimensional circulation of the molecules. The least stable was SAPO-34, which presented the lowest concentration of strong acid sites and showed a structure with cavities with narrow openings (4Å). This structure restricts the access of the reactants to the acid sites of the catalyst. In what concerns the selectivity to the olefins, the former catalyst was the most selective to propene and the latter was the most selective to ethene. Although ferrerite was not selective to light olefins, it showed promising behavior concerning the DME formation from methanol. On the other hand, HMCM-22 was selective to the light olefins and the hydrocarbons with 4, 5, 6 or more carbon atoms. The catalytic performance under different reaction temperatures (300, 400 and 500C) was investigated. The lowest catalytic activity was verified under temperatures starting from 400C. SAPO-34 was the only catalyst whose selectivity to light olefins was not sensitive to temperature variations. HZSM-5 and HMCM-22 had their selectivity to olefins increased and HFER had it decreased as the temperature was increased

Die wachsende Weltbevölkerung und die stetigen Entwicklungen in der Industrie benötigen einerseits immer größere Mengen an Grundchemikalien und führen andererseits zu einem ständig steigenden Energiebedarf. Die Dissertation behandelt daher die Themen Zeolithe und Kathodenmaterialien, welche zwei aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte der chemischen Industrie darstellen. Der Fokus der Arbeit lag in der Steuerung der Partikelgröße durch die hydrothermale und mikrowellenunterstützte Kristallisation.

Bakgrund: Stålet är en av Sveriges viktigaste exportvaror. Det stål som produceras i Sverige går huvudsakligen till exportmarknaden. För att ligga i framkant vad gäller teknik och utveckling samt att vara en attraktiv arbetsplats för framtiden har branschföreningen Jernkontoret arbetat fram en gemensam vision för 2050. En god arbetsmiljö anses vara en framgångsfaktor. Syfte: Syftet med rapporten är dels att utreda arbetsmiljön i kontrollrummen på ett stålverk i Mellansverige för att kunna får en uppfattning om dagens förhållanden. Ytterligare ett syfte är att undersöka hur man vid en ombyggnation av kontrollrum anordnar goda förhållanden ur arbetsmiljösynpunkt och hur de fysiska, kognitiva och psykosociala behoven bör tas i beaktande för att få en god arbetsmiljö som främjar hälsan hos operatörerna och gynnar produktionen. Dessa arbetsmiljöfaktorer ska visas i en kravspecifikation för respektive arbetsmiljöområde. Ett tredje syfte är att undersöka om det finns stöd i litteraturen att en bra arbetsmiljö för operatörer i kontrollrum kan ge kvalitets- och produktionsvinster och på så vis bättre lönsamhet för företaget. Metod/Genomförande: Magisteruppsatsen är baserad på litteraturgenomgång, intervjuer med medarbetare, observationer och exponeringsmätningar med avseende på buller, vibrationer, belysning och termiskt klimat på berörd enhet på företaget. Studiebesök har gjorts hos ett företag som planerar och projekterar kontrollrum. Resultat: Litteraturstudien har visat att de arbetsmiljöfaktorer som undersökts på enheten kan påverka arbetstagares hälsa och prestationer i arbetet. Resultaten av intervjuerna där medarbetarnas uppfattning om brister i arbetsmiljön beskrevs bekräftas också av litteraturstudien. Dessutom påvisas vikten av delaktighet och inflytande vid förändringsarbete. Ytterligare resultat som framkommit påvisar hinder och möjligheter av teknisk karaktär vid flytt av operatörshytterna som måste lösas. Slutsats: Det bekräftas att de faktorer som personalen uppger som brister i sin arbetsmiljö i operatörshytterna idag kan påverka hälsan i arbetslivet, arbetsprestationen och ohälsotalen på enheten. Bedömningen är att en förändring av arbetsmiljön får positiva effekter på undersökta faktorer. Rekommendationen är att flytta operatörshytterna från den direkta arbetsprocessen och utforma enligt de kravspecifikationerna som tagits fram i bilaga 3 för respektive arbetsmiljöfaktor. Många frågor och tekniska utmaningar ur ett MTO-perspektiv måste lösas innan en flytt av operatörshytterna kan bli verklighet. Lyhördhet för medarbetarnas uppfattningar och kunskaper är av största vikt för att få en delaktighet, helhet och ett lyckat förändringsarbete. / Abstract Background: The steel is one of Sweden's most important export goods. The steel produced in Sweden goes mainly to the export market. To be at the forefront in terms of technology and development, and to be an attractive workplace for the future, the industry association Jernkontoret worked out a common vision for 2050. Good work environment is one factor to be successful. Objective: The aim of this report is both to investigate the working environment in control rooms at a steel mill in central Sweden in order to get an idea of the current conditions. Another purpose is to examine how the rebuilding of control arranges good conditions, the working environment and their physical, cognitive and psychosocial needs should be taken into account to get a good work environment that promotes the health of operators and favor the production. These environmental factors are displayed in a requirements specification for each working area. A third purpose is to examine whether there is support in the literature that a good working environment for operators in the control room can provide quality and productivity gains and thus better profitability for the company. Method: Master's thesis is based on literature review, interviews with staff, observations and exposure measurements for noise, vibration, lighting and thermal environment in the relevant department of the company. Visits were made with a company that plans and designs the control room. Results: The literature has shown that the work environment factors examined in the department could affect health and work performance. The results of the interviews, where employees' opinion of deficiencies in the work environment described is also confirmed by the literature. Moreover, the importance of participation and influence to get a successful change management was demonstrated. Additional results obtained, demonstrates the obstacles and opportunities of a technical nature at the relocation of the control room away from the work process that must be resolved. Conclusion: It is confirmed that the factors that staff stated as deficiencies in their work environment in the operator cabins today can affect health in working life, work performance and illness in the department. The assessment is that a change of work environment has positive effects on the investigated factors. The recommendation is to move the operator cabs from the direct workprocess and design according to the specifications developed in Annex 3 for each factor. Many issues and technical challenges from an MTO perspective must be resolved before a relocation of operator cabs can become a reality. Responsiveness to employees' perceptions and knowledge is of utmost importance to get a participatory, holistic and successful change management.

This thesis studies the involvement of customers in a complex line of business. More specifically how SJ AB can let their travellers reportfaults regarding comfort on the trains. The aim of the study is to study how the process of reporting errors is working today and how it preferably should be working in the future. In addition to this it will also be studied what value this process can add to the company. To best be able to answer the posed questions a qualitative study with elements of a quantitative one has been used. Employees from different divisions of the company were involved in the development of the proposal of how the process should work in the future. The results show that the process today has some flaws and that it is desirable to have as much of an automated and simple process as possible in the future. To overcome the gaps between the two processes SJ AB should focus on different measures. Some of these include developing different digitalaids, define what a fault regarding comfort is and further investigation of overcoming other gaps. Through analysis of the results in relation to the theoretical framework this process may result in avariety of values. These include an improved customer relationship, better and more detailed statistics, more efficient business and higher vehicle status.

<p>Verksamheter behöver ofta hantera förändringar och anpassningar inom organisationen, beroende av inre orsaker eller förändringar utanför verksamheten. Detta medför att verksamheter behöver planera och genomföra förändringar som påverkar människor, IT-system och organisationens struktur. Knutet till förändringar finns det ofta även idag krav om effektivisering och renodling av verksamheter för att optimera affärsprocesser. Det finns alltså en strategisk anledning för verksamheter att undersöka hur förändringar i arbetsflöden, IT-system eller rutiner kan inverka på verksamheten innan de införs för att förstå möjliga effekter. Användning av olika perspektiv är ett sätt att förbereda sig på vad förändringar kan innebära för verksamheter.</p><p>Vi har i denna uppsats använt perspektiven människa, teknik och organisation, vilka har utgått från Rollenhagens (1997) syn på dessa, men som har kompletterats med teorier om bland annat IT-arkitektur och systemförvaltning. Perspektiven har avgränsats från ett av Rollenhagen omfattande material så att de har blivit hanterbara men de har även till viss del utvecklats för att passa den undersökta organisationen. Perspektivet teknik kan med fördel anpassas till verksamheten som ska undersökas, för att ge en större förståelse för verksamheter, som idag innefattar stora och flera IT-system, lika väl som människor och komplexa organisationsstrukturer. Vi har i denna uppsats funnit att perspektiven kan ge oss som undersökare möjlighet att analysera inte bara föreslagna förändringars inverkan på verksamheter, utan även att perspektiven människa, teknik och organisation kan ge en förståelse för verksamheters sammansättning och komplexitet vid verksamhetsanalys. Vi har med perspektiven kunnat tränga in i denna komplexitet och få en förståelse för hur verksamhetens olika delar samverkar, inverkar eller motverkar med varandra i olika sammanhang.</p><p>I denna uppsats har ambitionen varit att undersöka hur man kan förbättra förutsättningarna att få en förståelse för hur föreslagna förändringsåtgärder inverkar på en verksamhet. För att uppnå detta intar vi rollen som forskare och anlägger perspektiven människa, teknik och organisation som en verksamhetssyn och analyserar genom den möjliga effekter i verksamheten. För att kunna undersöka detta har vi som konsulter, genomfört en processorienterad förändringsanalys på en verksamhet som använder IT-system som stöd för sina affärsprocesser. Förändringsanalysen resulterar i en verksamhetsanalys med beskrivningar av verksamheten i text och i grafer, vilka i sin tur utmynnar i förändringsåtgärder. Vi har i verksamhetsanalysen modellerat verksamheten med hjälp av notationstekniken UML, som kan användas vid framtida systemutveckling för verksamheten. Vi finner att den undersökta verksamheten upplever processer som arbetsamma på grund av ett otillräckligt stöd från IT-systemen. Detta grundar sig i att verksamheten saknar en tydlig IT-strategi samt att ansvaret och arbetet med att förvalta IT-systemen ligger på funktioner utanför den undersökta verksamheten.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka, jämföra och diskutera eventuella faktorer till varför det har skett en så kraftig ökning av helikopterhaverier under de senaste tio åren jämfört med stridsflygshaverier. Problemet belyses och analyseras utefter ett MTO- perspektiv (människa, teknik och organisation). Stor vikt i uppsatsen läggs på de haverirapporter som är en följd av haverier mellan 1997 – 2007. Organisationsförändringar, flygmaskiner och utbildning är exempel på några andra delar som också behandlas. Viktigaste slutsatserna med uppsatsen är att helikopterhaverierna till stor del berott på den mänskliga faktorn medan stridsflyget har haft mer varierande orsaker. Faktorer som kan ha påverkat så att helikopterhaverierna har ökat jämfört med stridsflygshaverierna är följande tre.- Sammanslagningen av armeflyget, marinflyget och helikopterverksamheten i Flygvapnet.- Att flygning med helikopter i större omfattning sker på låg höjd.- Fler personer i en besättning kan påverka flygningen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate, compare and discuss possible factors that have contributedto the big increase in helicopter crashes in the last ten years compared to fighter jets. The problem is looked upon and analyzed from an HTO perspective (human, technology and organisation). A lot of the essay is focused on the investigation reports that has followed all crashes between 1997-2007. Organisational change, different aircrafts and education and training are examples of other factorsthat are discussed in the essay. The most important conclusions that have been drawn are that helicopter crashes are mostly due to human factors reasons. Fighter jet crashes have more variation in the causes. Factors that may have been contributing in increasing helicopter crashes compared to fighter jets are:- The fusion between the army, marine and air force helicopter units- Helicopter flying is more frequently done on a lower altitude- There are more people part of the helicopter crew which can affect the flight</p>