Parmi les risques naturels, le risque d’inondation est le plus fréquent et le plus dommageable en France avec près de 50 % des communes exposées. Dans le département du Haut-Rhin, c’est 80 % des communes qui sont concernées. L’absence d’étude historique approfondie sur les inondations en Alsace et plus particulièrement sur celles de la Lauch, théâtre des derniers grands évènements, a constitué la principale motivation quant au choix de ce sujet. A défaut de pouvoir éradiquer ce risque, l’Homme a, au cours de l’histoire, engagé des actions palliatives pour s’en prémunir. De quelle manière et dans quelle mesure, les évènements historiques ont-ils été pris en considération dans les politiques de gestion et de prévention du risque d’inondation mises en place dans la vallée de la Lauch, durant plus de deux siècles ? Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons eu recours à une approche diachronique, avec pour point de départ l’évènement funeste de février 1990, et adopté une démarche interdisciplinaire. S’appuyant sur un important corpus de sources, cette thèse met en perspective l’évolution de la gestion des inondations sur la période considérée en fonction des évènements hydrologiques restitués via une méthode régressive, des enjeux, des contextes politiques très contrastés, et des acteurs, tant au plan local, national, qu’européen. S’inscrivant dans une logique de démarche appliquée, cette étude a pour ambition d’améliorer l’information sur les phénomènes et de constituer un « socle de connaissances scientifiques » pour une meilleure maîtrise du risque. Ainsi, il paraît fondamental de connaître l’aléa afin de pouvoir l’anticiper, s’en prémunir et mieux le gérer. / Among the natural hazards, the flood risk is the most frequent and the most harmful in France with about 50 % of the municipalities exposed. In the Haut-Rhin department, 80 % of the municipalities are concerned. We have chosen this subject because no historic study exists about floods in Alsace and especially about the Lauch valley, where the last big events have taken place. In front of the impossibility to eradicate the risk, the Man committed palliative actions to protect himself through history. How have the historic events been taken into consideration in policies of management and prevention of the flood risk in the Lauch valley for more than two centuries ? To answer this question, we have used a diachronic approach which begins with the disastrous event of February 1990, and adopted an interdisciplinary method. Based on an important corpus of sources, this thesis puts in perspective the evolution of the management of the floods over the period considered according to the hydrological events restored via a regressive method, the stakes, the very contrasted political contexts and the actors, over the local, national and European plans. This thesis is part of a logic of applied reasoning and has for ambition to improve the information about the phenomena and to constitute a "basis of scientific knowledge" for a better control of the risk. This way, it seems fundamental to know flood hazard to be able to anticipate it, to manage it better and to protect ourselves.

資源基礎理論指出，策略要建立在自有的資源基礎上，並發展出對應資源 的能力，以取得持久的競爭優勢。中小企業受限於資源不足，只能專精於 整個價值活動中的一個小片斷，要連結其他成員，組織成綿密的企業網路 ，結合大家的資源，共同創造競爭優勢。在企業網路的架構下，專業分工 ，資源需求不高，成員各有專精，效率、效果、規模經濟、學習曲線等優 勢皆可獲得。在企業網路組織中，既合作又競爭，對無法配合的網路成員 ，以市場機制加以淘汰，保持全網路的競爭力。中小企業的小，機動性強 ，遇到問題，彈性應對，可使組織運作順暢。中小企業的管理政策，生產 、行銷、人事、研發、財務，不能自外於網路的需求，這些政策的訂定與 實施，都要能配合網路中的其他成員。以全網路為思考單位，創造全網路 的優勢。同時，也要考量到持全網路的競爭力。

California has one highly-coveted possession: the Bay-Delta, which is the second largest estuary in the United States. Today, tensions are higher than ever as Southern California continues to grow and demand water from the Delta, agriculture suffers from drought and less-than-promised water allocations, and aquatic life diminishes due to environmentally damaging processes like pumping and exporting of water elsewhere. This paper will examine the historic policies that have shaped how the Delta has been managed, their successes and failures, and current plans in discussion for continuing improvement of the Delta. The Bay-Delta Conservation Plan and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley Water Reliability Act (HR 1837) are the specific current plans presented and analyzed for potential effectiveness. Despite some of the promising suggestions in HR 1837 and the Bay-Delta Conservation Plan, the Delta will remain a problem in the 21st century until stakeholders from all perspectives compromise enough to enact a single, clear-cut solution.

L'augmentation des prix de l'énergie due à la raréfaction des énergies fossiles et la prise en compte des impacts environnementaux rend inéluctable l'engagement des industriels dans une démarche de maitrise de leurs consommations énergétiques et leurs émissions. L'Industrie Diffuse (ID), par opposition aux IGCE, est de plus en plus importante sur le plan économique, énergétique et environnemental. Elle devient ainsi une cible prioritaire d'autant plus que l'on constate qu'elle a été peu traitée dans les analyses énergétiques malgré l'intérêt des politiques en matière d'efficacité énergétique et le nombre considérable d'articles et de livres sur l'énergie. Comment quantifier alors l'implication de l'ID dans la contrainte réglementaire liée au changement climatique ? Quelles technologies et politiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux objectifs fixés par les plans d'actions pour l'efficacité énergétique ?Le travail de cette thèse repose ainsi sur une optimisation technico-économique de la chaine énergétique, à partir du modèle « bottom-up » de TIMES, dans une approche prospective pertinente des conséquences énergétique et environnementale de politiques MDE dans l'ID. Ce modèle s'appuie notamment sur une représentation par usages à l'inverse des IGCE du fait de l'inadaptabilité de l'approche produit/procédé. Dans ce cadre, l'analyse de la valorisation de la chaleur perdue en sortie des procédés à travers le déploiement de PAC dans l'agroalimentaire a été réalisée.Le recours à la modélisation prospective permet notamment d'observer le profil technologique et le timing des investissements des PAC en réponse à des contraintes énergétiques ou de mesures incitatives dans le cadre de Certificat d'Économie d'Énergie ou de valorisation des émissions de CO2. Il peut mettre aussi en lumière, d'une part, une possibilité d'étude sur un ajustement incrémentiel d'une taxe sur les émissions par les autorités de régulation pour atteindre leurs objectifs environnemental et énergétique sur le court, moyen et long-terme. D'autre part, il constitue un bon outil d'aide à la décision en déterminant des coûts différenciés d'économies d'énergie dans le cadre d'investissements de technologies MDE pour un meilleur criblage sectoriel. / The growing energy prices due to the rarefaction of the fossil fuels and the consideration of the environmental impacts makes inevitable the involvement of industrials to promote energy efficiency policy and emissions reductions. We notice that the Non-energy intensive industry (NEI), by opposition to the energy intensive industry (EI), is expected to play an important role because of their economic and energy importance and its relatively high growth rate. It becomes then a priority target especially since it has been neglected in energy analysis despite the continuing policy interest in energy efficiency and the many reports and book written on the topic. How can NEI contribute effectively to the reduction of the energy consumptions and the CO2 emissions? Which technologies and/or policies should be implemented to reach these objectives?This PhD work is then based on a technical economic optimization of the sectoral energy system, by using a “bottom-up” model with TIMES framework, in a relevant prospective approach of the energy and environmental consequences of MDE policies in NEI. This model relies on a representation by energy end-uses contrary to the EI because of the unsuitability of the approach product/process. As part of this, we analyzed the industrial heat recovery on processes through the deployment of HP in Food & Drink industry, the most important NEI's sector.Then, this prospective modelling allows observing the shape of investments of HP in response to energy constraints or incentive policies within the mechanism of Energy Savings Certificate or valuation of CO2 emissions. It can give, on one hand, a possibility of study which giving the different adjustment of a tax on gas emissions by the authorities of regulation to reach their environmental and energy objectives in NEI over a medium or long-term horizon. On the other hand, it is very useful as a good decision-making tool by determining differentiated costs for energy savings within the investments of efficient technologies at the highest level of disaggregation for a better sectoral screening

Productivity loss occurs in organizations that experience high levels of personal Internet use by employees on company time, which includes employees using smartphones to surf without needing the firm's Internet connection. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore reliable ways for organizational leaders to monitor or limit their employees' use of smartphone technology for personal use (cyberloafing) while on the job to minimize wasted work time. Social cognitive theory, which includes an emphasis on human behavioral changes based upon the environment, people, and behavior, served as the conceptual framework. The general research question was as follows: How can managers minimize wasted work time by limiting the personal Internet activity of employees who use personal mobile devices while on the job. Data collection involved gathering information from interviews with 20 frontline supervisors, human resource managers, and information technology managers and specialists in 2 U.S. industries: education and telecommunications. Data analysis included examining word frequencies, keyword coding, and identifying themes. Four management themes emerged: create mobile device usage policy, enforce monitoring technology, create a deterrence strategy, and customize monitoring and tracking technology. This study may be important because the analysis revealed effective ways to prevent or minimize employees from Internet surfing and wasting time at work. The findings could lead to positive social change through increased employee productivity and responsibility by providing managers with information to control or limit cyberloafing activities and by fostering an increased commitment to comply with an organization's Internet use policy.

M. Tech. (Department Management Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Municipal debt has been steadily rising year after year, jeopardizing the financial stability of many municipalities. There is a commonly overlooked provision within the Municipal Finance Management Act, section 64(2)(a), that states that the municipal manager must ensure that the municipality has a functional credit management and debt collection system. However, it is also the obligation of municipal residents to ensure that they pay rates and taxes for the services supplied to them in order to ensure the sustainability of service supply. Municipalities rely on revenue collection to ensure their survival and viability. Due to the importance of this sphere of government, this study investigates whether residents respond to the credit management policy of the municipality and whether it is implemented effectively. The study does so by looking at the relationship between credit management policy implementation and service delivery in the selected municipality in Sedibeng District. The study followed a quantitative research methodology, using self-administered hard copy questionnaires to collect data from 510 residents of municipality A of Sedibeng District municipality. Seven (7) different locations with the demographic of municipality A of Sedibeng District were selected to participate in the study, with a response rate of 100%. Data were statistically analysed through SPSS and testing included correlation analysis, factor analysis, frequency counting and ANOVA testing. The data collected revealed that there is a lack of credit management policy implementation and enforcement when it comes to non-payment of municipal outstanding accounts. According to the quantitative findings, residents have a negative attitude towards the credit management policy. However, the findings also showed that there are factors that influence responsiveness such as poverty, (un)employment and educational level. The findings also revealed a significant relationship between credit management policy and service delivery. Failure to pay municipal debts results in poor service delivery by municipalities. because they lack the financial stability necessary to provide a sustainable service supply. In turn, poor service delivery results in residents refusing to pay municipal debts because they are unwilling to pay for poor services. Recommendations such as continuous review of critical debt recovery policies, rebates and discount granted to residents, the introduction of advanced technical systems, quality service delivery, employee training and development and the like will assist municipalities to improve the effectiveness of their credit management policy implementation. The limitations to of study entails difficulty in obtaining municipal ethical clearance, because municipal officers are concerned about confidentiality. Furthermore, there were the COVID-19 regulations posed by the South African government to curb the spread of COVID-19 which also had an impact in collecting data from participants. The findings may not be generalised to a larger population of all South African municipalities.

The Commission for making the river Vltava and the river Labe in Bohemia navigable was founded in 1896 on the basis of a decree of the ministry of interior as the first water management office to be systematically engaged in making Czech rivers navigable by the canalization method. The Commission was headed by the vice-regent of the Kingdom of Bohemia to whom the members of state's and country's curia were subordinate. The executive section was represented by the central office, composed of the technical and administrative departments. Its activities were financed by two thirds by the Austrian state, one third was paid from the Czech country's treasury. After the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak republic, both curias were dissolved and the Commission was put under the control of the ministry of public works. The president of the country's political administration was appointed as the head of the Commission. The competence of the Commission was step by step extended from the initially entrusted task of making the river Vltava and the river Labe in the division Prague - Ústí nad Labem navigable also to making the river Vltava in Prague navigable as well as to the adaptation of the Holešovice port in Prague to a modern trade port and to drawing up studies on the utilization of water...

Preventing cyberterrorism is becoming a necessity for individuals, organizations, and governments. However, current policies focus on technical and managerial aspects without asking for experts and non-experts values and preferences for preventing cyberterrorism. This study employs value focused thinking and public value forum to bare strategic measures and alternatives for complex policy decisions for preventing cyberterrorism. The strategic measures and alternatives are per socio-technical process.

This exploratory study identified generational preferences for receiving information from management through different communication channels and determined if age predicted productivity for productive and unproductive information received through different communication channels. This is the first study to empirically examine the relationship between age cohorts, communication channel preferences, information categories, and productivity. Sample participants worked as Extension agents at a major land-grant university. The four generations represented in the sample utilized multiple communication channels and were geographically dispersed throughout the state. The survey was administered electronically and completed by 204 (74%) of the eligible 275 employees in the organization. Independent Samples t-tests, General Linear Modeling, ANOVA’s, means analysis and linear regressions were employed to analyze the data to test the hypotheses. Regarding channel preference, the findings determined that face-to-face communication was preferred by both generations for receiving private and confidential information and for training. Media was preferred by both generations for routine and procedural and time-sensitive information. Lastly, the analysis revealed that written documents were the preferred method of both generational cohorts for compensation and benefits. Regarding productivity, the findings determined that age predicted a perceived increase in productivity tasks for production information received face-to-face from management, but did not predict a perceived increase in productivity tasks for the other communication channels. Both generational cohorts perceived productive information received face-to-face from management to increase morale and decrease stress. The cohorts, however, differed on the increase of trust as a result of receiving productive information face-to-face. Both generational cohorts perceived unproductive information received from management through all communication channels to negatively impact productivity tasks. Finally, both cohorts perceived unproductive information received face-to-face from management to negatively impact morale, trust and stress. Empirical examination of generational workforce issues is relatively new to Human Resources and research is needed to further examine generational perceptions. The study begins to open dialogue that the supposed differences inherent in the multigenerational workforce are not as much a factor of the generation as the information. The development of the new instrument in this study provides a new tool to examine organizations preferences and productivity.

Sustainability practices produce programs and services that meet current needs while preserving the environment and natural resources for the future. City parks and recreation departments are facing budget shortfalls and increasing expectations from customers. Governments are now embracing sustainability practices to create financial savings while also fostering relations with customers. The purpose of this single case study was twofold: (1) to examine the effectiveness of one city department’s strategies in outsourcing its environmental sustainability program through a performance contract with Ameresco; and (2) to examine the perceptions of key department employees about the effectiveness of the sustainability initiative. A snowball sample of 14 employees, stratified by employee class (upper administrative, middle management and, line staff) was drawn from the City of Knoxville, Tennessee’s parks and recreation department. Qualitative data generated from semi-structured interviews was coded and thematized to analyze the perceptions of the employees included in the sample about the agency’s sustainability practices. Additionally, financial archival data from utility bills (N = 96) were analyzed over the implementation phase of the contract to determine if cost savings were realized. Key findings of the study included: (1) financial savings were realized across key operating areas as a result of the contract with Ameresco; (2) employees identified positive feelings towards investment in environmental initiatives; (3) sustainability can be obtained through the implementation of an environmental sustainability performance contract; and (4) sustainable practices can further increase efficiency of facilities operation. The results of this study may be generalized to cities of similar size and governmental structure.