Si algo ha determinado la actualidad de la obra de José María Arguedas (1911 – 1969), ha sido la posibilidad de extraer nuevas lecturas y nuevas aristas de su estilo y su concepción de la literatura. Si bien su obra ha sido, principalmente, objeto de estudios antropológicos y políticos, la forma en que Arguedas estructura sus textos narrativos siempre resulta un misterio por su autoproclamado distanciamiento de las técnicas literarias y de la literatura como un artificio, como una construcción profesional que responde a proyectos personales e, incluso, lucrativos, como afirmará en sus diarios publicados en su novela póstuma. Esa condición abierta e inestable supone una aventura para el estudioso de su obra, porque, aunque Arguedas trate de oscurecerlo, sus obras poseen ejes y estructuras que se basan en otros principios, en otros conceptos que aunque se alejen de los conocidos recursos técnicos, son recursos literarios que sostienen la narración y le otorgan una dimensión literaria especial, particular, diferente y, por lo tanto, enriquecedora para la tradición de la novela occidental. José María Arguedas es un autor que en cada obra establece puntos de conexión con sus obras anteriores y que crea, en cada una de ellas, su propio aparato técnico. Muchas veces estos aparatos tienen una profunda base ideológica o cultural y eso genera el efecto de estar frente estrecha vinculación entre la forma y el contenido, más allá de la lógica vinculación que tienen en todo texto. / Tesis

El proyecto que se va a desarrollar consta de un edificio de 17 pisos destinado a vivienda ubicado en el distrito de Jesús María. El principal beneficio de este proyecto es que incorpora criterios de sostenibilidad en el diseño y clasifica al nuevo bono Mivivienda Verde, lo cual se traduce en un ahorro para el usuario además de hacer el proyecto más estable. Por otro lado, la ubicación es privilegiada, pues está cerca de universidades, hospitales, centros comerciales, supermercados, parques entre otros lugares de recreación que hacen al proyecto más atractivo. Está dirigido a familias, estudiantes, personas independientes e inversionistas; por ello se cuenta con productos de tres, dos y un dormitorio con la mejor distribución siempre pensada en el cliente. / Tesis

Esta tese tem a preocupação de examinar as diferenças e similaridades entre as Novelas amorosas y ejemplares (1637) e sua segunda parte, Desengaños amorosos (1647). Também busca elucidar a conexão entre os inflamados discursos que denunciam os constructos culturais que sustentam a superioridade do homem e a inferioridade da mulher e o trágico fim das personagens femininas de Desengaños amorosos. Ainda, analisar como se organiza e apresenta a defesa da mulher, traço marcante das coletâneas, que foi discutida pela crítica do século XX a partir das diretrizes do feminismo. Apoiando-se nos tratados de arte poética vigentes no século XVII, nos tratados de conduta, nas doutrinas filosóficas, políticas e religiosas que norteavam as práticas sociais e as artes do período, esta pesquisa mostra os aspectos que distinguem e, concomitantemente, unem as duas coletâneas. Com este suporte, distingue a função dos discursos de moldura e dos contos, assinalando sua coerência. Além disso, demonstra que a defesa da mulher se expressa por meio do elogio à virtude e o vitupério dos vícios, de acordo com os padrões éticos e religiosos da Contra Reforma, mas também em consonância com as reivindicações das mulheres da Espanha seiscentista. Mediante a análise da moldura e de dois contos de cada coletânea, a tese faz notar a complexa organização estrutural da obra ao indicar como o significado de cada conto se enriquece quando perfilado aos demais de sua coletânea e, sucessivamente, quando se somam Novelas e Desengaños. Tal disposição revela que a obra de Zayas segue um projeto de unidade. Seu cuidadoso planejamento e diligente execução tornam patente que a escritora compete com a invenção de seus contemporâneos, com vistas a granjear a autorização da escrita feminina e o consecutivo ingresso da mulher no círculo dos autores profissionais. Confirmando as freqüentes denúncias de Zayas sobre a depreciação da mulher nas belas letras da primeira metade do século XVII, a tese propõe que a contista faz de sua obra uma réplica ao difundido modelo das pícaras, celestinas e cortesãs. Conseqüentemente, ao representar mulheres que são exemplo de virtude e homens que são motivo de desengano, por causa de seus vícios, a engenhosa autora inverte os paradigmas e incita o leitor a rejeitar a generalizada difamação da mulher, apresentando-lhe persuasivas razões para respeitá-la e dignificá-la. / This paper focuses on the examination of the differences and similarities existing in Novelas amorosas y ejemplares (1637) and its second part, Desengaños amorosos (1647). It also tries to illuminate the connection between the heated arguments that denounce the cultural conventions supporting mans superiority, womans inferiority, and the tragic end of the female characters in Desengaños amorosos. Moreover, it analyzes how the defense of the woman is organized and presented, such defense is a remarkable trait of the collections of writings that had been discussed by the 20th. Century critics, bearing in mind the feminist conductress. Supported on the treatises about ars poetica present in the 17th. Century, on the treatises about behavior, on the philosophical, political and religious doctrines that guided the social practices and the arts of such period, this research shows the aspects that distinguish and, at the same time, join both collections. With this support, it highlights the function of the frame speeches and tales, emphasizing its coherence. Besides, it shows that the defense of the woman is expressed by means of praise to virtue and invective against vices, according to the ethical and religious patterns of the Counter-Reformation, but also relating to the 17th. Century Spanish womens demands. By means of the analysis of the frame and of two short novels of each collection, this paper brings to mind the complex structural organization of the work, while showing how the meaning of each short tale is enriched when it is placed alongside the other stories of its collection and successively, when Novelas and Desengaños are added to. Such organization reveals that the works by Zayas follow a project of unit. Her careful planning and attentive execution makes it clear that the writer competes against the invention of her contemporaries, aiming to receive the authorization of the womens writing and the consequent admission of the woman in the circle of professional authors. Confirming Zayas frequent accusation against womens detraction in the belles-lettres of the 17th. Century first half, the thesis proposes that the short-story writer makes up her own work as a response to the widespread model of female picaroons, celestinas (panderesses) and courtesans. As a consequence, when representing women who are examples of virtue and men who are a reason for disillusion because of their faults, the ingenious writer inverts the paradigms and encourages the reader to reject the generalized slander against women, presenting persuasive reasons for respecting and dignifying them.

LA PAGINACIÓ DE LA TESI EN EL DOCUMENT PDF ESTÀ ORGANITZADA AL REVÉS DE MANERA QUE EL PRIMER FULL ES CORRESPON A LA PRIMERA PÀGINA DE LA TESIRESUMENEl presente trabajo es histórico y trata de la relación entre la Conpagnie Auxiliare de Chemis de Fer au Brésil y la ciudad de Santa Maria, en los aspectos urbano y arquitectónico, en el período de 1885, año de la llegada del ferrocarril la ciudad, hasta 1920, año en que se hizo cargo de éste el gobierno del Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.La metodología utilizada se basa en el estudio histórico de los procesos de la ocupación territorial del Estado do Rio Grande do Sul y de la ciudad de Santa Maria, de las corrientes de inmigración y su participación en la arquitectura y de la implantación del ferrocarril. A continuación se estudia la evolución urbana y arquitectónica de Santa Maria a través de planos evolutivos y fotografías de época para establecer, mediante análisis y correlaciones cuáles han sido las influencias del ferrocarril en la expansión urbana y en la arquitectura de la ciudad de Santa Maria. / This work is historical and deals with the relationship between Conpagnie Auxiliaire de Chemins de Fer au Brésil and the city of Santa Maria, in the urban and architectural aspects of the period of 1885, the year of the arrival of the railroad in the city, until 1920, the year of the take-over of the gaúcho railroad by the government of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The method used is based in the historical study of the processes of the territorial take-over of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and of the city of Santa Maria, of the chains of immigration, and their participation in the architecture and of the introduction of the railroad. The following researches the urban and architectural evolution of Santa Maria through evolving maps and photographs of the time, to establish through analysis and correlations what the influences of the railroad were on the urban expansion of the city and the architecture of Santa Maria.

Cette thèse se propose d’examiner les représentations de la femme dans Ekomo (1985) de María Nsue Angüe et Hija de la fortuna (1998) d’Isabel Allende. Dans l’un comme dans l’autre texte, la femme est marginalisée en tant que fille, mère et épouse. Dans Ekomo, María Nsue Angüe soutient que cette situation perdure depuis la fondation des tribus fang par l’ancêtre, Afrikara. Une période durant laquelle, la femme s’illustrait tantôt par sa traîtrise, tantôt par sa sorcellerie. L’enseignement de la généalogie des tribus destiné aux jeunes hommes, conforte cette idée. Ainsi, alors que les jeunes hommes sont préparés pour dominer, les jeunes filles de leur côté, sont éduquées pour obéir et se soumettre. Une image de paria dont la femme tant dans Hija de la fortuna que dans Ekomo ne parvient que rarement à défaire. Cependant, deux événements vont accélérer la prise de conscience des femmes de cette marginalisation et favoriser leur libération. D’abord le contact de la tradition fang avec la culture occidentale et l’école en particulier et, ensuite le voyage ou l’éloignement de la femme de la famille. Chez María Nsue Angüe tout comme chez Isabel Allende, la libération de la femme suscite des interrogations tant leurs propositions paraissent inappropriées. / The aim of this thesis is to consider women representations in the books Ekomo (1985) and Hija de la fortuna, respectively written by María Nsue Angüe and Isabel Allende. In both books, women are marginalized. In Ekomo, María Nsue Angüe states that the situation has not been changing since the Fang tribe foundation by the ancestor, Afrikara. During this period women were renowned for treachery and witchcraft. The genealogical teachings given to boys, venerate the male ancestors and dishonor females. Therefore, while boys are trained to dominate and to carry out noble tasks, girls are educated to obey and to be obsequious. Women rarely manage to get rid of this ancestral and historic pariah image in Hija de la fortuna and Ekomo. Two events will accelerate women's awareness of their marginalization and will help them to get free. Firstly, the contact between the Fang tradition and the European culture and particularly school and then the journey and the estrangement of women from their family. With both María Nsue Angüe and Isabel Allende, women freedom gives rise to so many questions because their statements are inappropriate.

In the late seventeenth century the mayors of the cities of Jujuy and Catamarca confronted the mining authorities of Puna de Jujuy and the Yocavil valley. Documents relating to both areas describe, in almost identical ways, how the magistrates defended the scope of their respective jurisdictions by insisting on their jurisdictional rights. The object of this article is, from a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective, to analyze the impact of mining in these two regions of northwest Argentina during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mining was the motivation for occupying these new territories, but it also formed the background for battles over jurisdiction and territorial rights. / A fines del siglo XVII, los alcaldes de las ciudades de Jujuy y Catamarca se enfrentaron a las autoridades mineras de la puna jujeña y del valle de Yocavil, respectivamente. Documentos relativos a ambos espacios describen, casi por duplicado, cómo todos esos funcionarios defendieron el alcance de sus jurisdicciones alzando sus varas de justicia. A partir de lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es, desde una perspectiva comparativa e interdisciplinaria, analizar el impacto que tuvo la minería en aquellas dos regiones del actual noroeste argentino durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, entendiendo dicha actividad como motor de ocupación de nuevos territorios y conformación de jurisdicciones específicas, así como de generación de conflictos y nuevos ordenamientos espaciales.

Jose Maria Arguedas (1911-1969) is one of the most important contemporaryPeruvian writers. His life and literacy work have located in the literature and theanthropology edges, reality and fiction, speaking and writing, the Andean andthe vernacular culture. Arguedas was a narrator, poet, ethnologist, teacher, civilservant, a folklore promoter and a great communicator who built interculturalbridges in Peru. Through the revision of one of his some literacy works, essays,letters and Peruvian musicians’ testimonies, this current article is an attemptto explore one of the author’s little known side: his role as an Andean musicpromoter. / José María Arguedas (1911-1969) es uno de los escritores peruanos contemporáneos más importantes. Su vida y su obra se han situado en las fronteras de la literatura y la antropología, la realidad y la ficción, la oralidad y la escritura, la cultura andina y la criolla. Arguedas fue narrador, poeta, etnólogo, educador, funcionario público, amante del folclor y un gran comunicador que tendiópuentes interculturales en el Perú. A partir de la revisión de algunas de sus obras,ensayos, cartas del autor y testimonios de músicos peruanos, el presente artículoexplora una faceta aún poco estudiada de Arguedas: su rol como promotor dela música andina en el Perú.

Uma particularidade notável da narrativa arguediana consiste no fato de seu trabalho literário destacar o embate existente entre a realidade e a língua de forma muito própria. Isto se fez presente, sobretudo, na necessidade de verter para a linguagem literária conteúdos das sociedades e culturas andinas de expressão quéchua. No que diz respeito a isto, o ajuizamento crítico sobre o penúltimo romance de Arguedas, Todas las Sangres (1964), acabou por conduzir a um falso dilema entre representação e fracasso. Arguedas não permaneceu insensível a este debate, ao mesmo tempo era obrigado a aprimorar seus recursos narrativos diante da realidade nova e desconcertante que se propunha a retratar em seu último romance, El Zorro de Arriba y el Zorro de Abajo (1971). Nele, como é sabido, foram levados ao paroxismo os recursos expressivos com os quais o autor estava habituado a lidar. Um desdobramento deste embate surge com o enfrentamento do caráter inconciliável do incondicionado, capaz de furtar-se aos intentos de descrevê-lo, e da linguagem que vem a torcer-se, a refundar-se com o propósito de permanecer fiel ao cenário metamórfico que imita. Buscamos analisar disto que resiste à expressão aproximando-nos de uma forma autônoma e que não é alheia ao romance, o mito. Desde uma concepção determinada do mito, capaz de ser pensada em paralelo à de ideologia, quando o aspecto poiético de ambas é posto em relevo, derivamos para a consideração da mimesis. A abertura da poiesis mimética busca ser preservada nestas passagens. A permeabilidade e a plasticidade criativa que se reserva à noção de mimesis posta em funcionamento deve incidir sobre a realidade do texto. Veremos como a incidência mimética manifesta-se, na textualidade do romance, por intermédio de oscilações de sentido, cuja análise se realiza segundo a perspectiva não retórica da metáfora, para o que recorremos a Paul Ricoeur. Acompanha-se, além disso, o debate em torno da noção de figura, desenvolvido por Erich Auerbach, com o propósito de estabelecer um vínculo entre mediação e invenção. / One remarkable specificity of Arguedian narrative lies in the fact that his literary work highlights the struggle between reality and language in a very particular way. Such tension is present, above all, in the need to translate into literary language the contents of culture and society of the Quechuan-speaking people in the Andes. In this respect, the critical reception of Arguedass previous novel before his last, Todas las Sangres (1964), led to a false dilemma between representation and failure. Arguedas did not remain insensitive to this debate, to the point he felt urged to enhance his narrative resources facing a new and baffling reality he was about to portray in his last novel, El Zorro de Arriba y el Zorro de Abajo (1971). As it is known, in this novel the expressive resources the author was accustomed to cope with were almost taken to a paroxysm. One of the outcomes of this tension springs from the irreconcilable character of the unconditioned, which is able to elude the intentions to describe it, and the language, which comes to twisting itself, to refounding itself so as to remaining faithful to the metamorphic scenario that it imitates. We aim at analyzing what resists expression, which comes close to an autonomous form and is not estranged from the novel, the myth. Starting from a specific conception of the myth, able to be considered in parallel to ideology, as the poietic aspect of both can be highlighted, we approach a discussion about mimesis. The openness of mimetic poiesis tries to be preserved in such passages. The creative permeability and plasticity that are linked to the notion of mimesis must focus on the reality of the text. We will analyze how the mimetic incidence is manifest in the novels textuality through the oscillation of meanings, whose study follows the non-rhetorical perspective of the metaphor, according to the theories of Paul Ricoeur. There is also the discussion on the notion of figure¸ in the terms of Erich Auerbach, in order to establish the link between mediation and invention.

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Le culte de possession autour de María Lionza connaît une importante phase d’expansion au début du XXème siècle, lorsque des flux migratoires intenses se dirigent non seulement vers les champs d’exploitation pétrolière mais aussi vers les espaces urbains qui, en étant les principaux bénéficiaires du miracle économique entraîné par la découverte de l’ « or noir », s’engagent dans un processus vertigineux de modernisation. Originaire du Centre-Nord du Venezuela, cette dévotion s’est donc consolidée parallèlement à l’essor du modèle économique rentier et de l’édification d’un État centralisé bien décidé à mettre en ouevre un ambitieux programme d’unification nationale dont l’historiographie patriotique, alors largement promue par les pouvoirs publics, était le fil conducteur. Curieusement, les grands symboles de cette cosmogonie républicaine se retrouveront progressivement dans les centres « spirites » marialionceros qui prolifèrent surtout en ville : ainsi, vers la fin des années 1950, de nombreuses figures historiques (comme le cacique Guaicaipuro ou le Libertador Simón Bolívar) s’intègrent peu à peu aux autels de culte, toujours prêts à accueillir de nouvelles entités. Ces personnages, désormais considérés comme des divinités, communiquent directement avec les adeptes par le biais de médiums lors du rituel sacré de la transe. Cette thèse s’interroge sur la nature et le sens des interférences et des possibles chevauchements entre les représentations du passé véhiculées par l’État-nation vénézuélien, et celles mises en avant dans le culte de María Lionza. En explorant les métamorphoses subies par la dévotion depuis le XXème siècle, nous examinerons l’extraordinaire capacité de ce phénomène religieux à récupérer des épisodes précis du passé, depuis la Conquête et les guerres d’indépendance jusqu’à la modernité pétrolière non exempte de contradictions. Dans cette démarche, la notion de « mémoire collective » joue un rôle central, puisque cette réappropriation suppose avant tout la réélaboration, au gré des crises politiques et économiques qui ont secoué le pays, de l’Histoire telle qu’elle se présente dans le discours officiel. À partir d’une enquête de terrain menée dans le lieu de pèlerinage le plus important du culte de María Lionza, la montagne de Sorte (État de Yaracuy, Venezuela), nous décrypterons les trames mémorielles qui s’imbriquent et s’enchevêtrent dans ce culte tout au long des deux derniers siècles tout en réfléchissant sur les nouvelles lectures, parfois tout à fait inattendues, qu’elles offrent du passé commun. À cet effet, nous proposerons d’abord une analyse détaillée de la géographie sacrée de Quibayo (montagne de Sorte), pour montrer comment les représentations d’autres époques qui s’y sédimentent vont de pair avec des périodes de crispation sociale dont les coups et les contrecoups ont marqué différentes générations d’adeptes. Ensuite, nous nous intéresserons à la dimension performative de la mémoire collective, en jetant un regard sur l’une des lignées d’esprit les plus populaires, les Indiens, et sa mise en scène dans le principal rituel de possession collectif, « la danse sur le feu ». Enfin, nous retracerons l’évolution récente du culte dans cette période d’enthousiasme révolutionnaire, et nous mesurerons l’impact du retour en force de l’idéologie nationaliste sur la dévotion. / The cult of possession around María Lionza experienced a period of growth at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the heavy flow of migrants supplied not only the operation of the oilfields but also the urban spaces which, as the principal beneficiaries of the economic miracle created by the discovery of the “black gold”, underwent a dizzying process of modernization. This devotion to María Lionza, which originated in the north central region of Venezuela, was therefore strengthened in parallel with the rise of the rentier economic model and the erection of a centralised State determined to implement an ambitious programme of national unification in which the patriotic historiography, then broadly promoted by the authorities, was the driving force. Curiously, the great symbols of this republican cosmogony would gradually come to be found in the “spirit” centres (marialionceros) which flourished, especially in cities: thus, in the late 1950s, several historic figures (such as the Chief Guaicaipuro and the Liberator Simón Bolívar) were gradually integrated into the devotional altars, which were always ready to accept new entities. These characters, who came to be seen as divinities, communicate directly with the followers of the cult through mediums during the sacred trance ritual. This thesis examines the nature and sense of the interferences and possible overlaps between the representations of the past transmitted by the Venezuelan nation-state, and those promoted by the cult of María Lionza. Through an exploration of the mutations undergone by this religious devotion in the twentieth century, we examine the extraordinary capacity of this religious phenomenon to retrieve certain episodes of the past, from the Spanish Conquest and the Wars of Independence to the contradictory oil-based modernity. Within this approach, the notion of “collective memory” plays a central role, because this re-appropriation essentially presupposes the re-elaboration, in accordance with the political and economic crises which have shaken the country, of Venezuela’s history as seen in scholarly discourse. Starting with a field survey carried out at the most important pilgrimage site of the cult of María Lionza, the Sorte Mountain (Yaracuy state), we explain the threads of memory which have become intertwined and entangled in the cult over the course of the last two centuries, while offering a consideration of the new, sometimes completely unsuspected readings which they offer of the shared past. For this purpose, we offer firstly a detailed analysis of the sacred geography of Quibayo (Sorte Mountain) to demonstrate how the collected representations of previous times work in tandem with the historical periods of social tension whose coups and countercoups marked different generations of devotees. We then turn to the performative dimension of collective memory, by focusing on one of the most popular spiritual approaches, that of the Indians, and their staging of the principal ritual of collective possession, the “dance over coals”. Finally, we trace the recent development of the cult in this period of revolutionary fervour, and measure the impact of the powerful return of a nationalist ideology on this religious devotion.