For western youth social media has become an everyday occurrence. An abundance of information is delivered right to them. But how do they evaluate the credibility of the information they encounter? Web 2.0 and social media has created an easy access to information, but has also made it harder to identify who the creator of the information is when anybody can create content. Which makes it important to constantly critically evaluate the sources one is faced with. T​his study aims to examine how adolescents judge the credibility of information they meet on social media, and also how they use social media and how they see themselves as creators of information. The data was accumulated by conducting two group interviews with three participants in each group. The results has been analyzed with two separate theories, cognitive authorities and also with the theory of uses and gratifications. The results showed that they are more critical to information created by sources that the do not know personally, than they are of users that the know on an closer level. The study also shows that they do not ​perceive that they create content themselves on a regular basis. But they are still constantly connected with their friends on some sort of social media. Based on this study future relevant studies can be made with social media as the focus. This study focus on adolescents with a similar socioeconomic background, the same study but with different socioeconomic backgrounds would be interesting to make. Results in this study shows that an older generation is starting to use social media in a different degree then before, therefore studies in how this generation evaluate information the meet on social media could be interesting since they have an education that differ from the one adolescents get today.

The purpose of this study is to analyse how Swedish public libraries work with media and information literacy towards young people. The research questions are What does the youth activity look like in public libraries? How do public librarians use the term media and information literacy? And how is the work with media and information literacy conducted? These are based on the conception of the librarian's knowledge of the concept media and information literacy and Swedish public libraries work for democracy and young people's popular education. In order to answer these research questions we interviewed six librarians working in different public libraries in different counties. The theory used in this study is based on Sanna Talja’s study about different attitudes towards the library’s collection. The attitudes are referred to as The General Education Repertoire, The Alternative Repertoire and The Demand Repertoire and these attitudes were also used as a framework when analysing the information from our interviews. The results show that depending on what resources the public library has access to, the youth activities look different and the concept of media and information literacy is not well used by Swedish public librarians and that the work with media and information literacy regarding young people is beyond the planned.

The aim of this bachelor thesis Digital Inclusion – An Interview Study with Public and School Librarians on Work to Reduce the Digital Divide is to examine how the democratic task takes shape in public and school librarians’ work to strengthen citizens’ digital inclusion. The research questions are: How do public and school librarians work to support citizens’ digital inclusion? What challenges do public and school librarians experience in this work? How do public and school librarians describe the digital divide? Three themes are in focus: An Active Citizenship, Working for Digital Inclusion and The Digital Divide. Within library and information science this bachelor thesis mainly relates to information practices where media and information literacy (MIL) is studied but also to cultural policy when the democratic role of public and school libraries is examined. A sociocultural perspective is used as a theoretical approach and a few of its concepts – social practices, tools and appropriation – are used as analytical tools. Van Dijk’s cumulative and recursive model of successive kinds of access to digital technologies is used as a structure. The method used is semi-structured interviews with six librarians, whereof three public librarians and three school librarians. The results show that digital tools are significant to public and school librarians’ work strengthening digital inclusion in its users. While school librarians mainly focus on instruction to increase student’s skills concerning digital competence, public librarians focus more on developing skills concerning user’s digital everyday life although MIL goals are also in effect. Activities for learning show that public and school librarians use different approaches but all stress the importance to connect activities to student needs and realities. The professional role is prominent when working for digital inclusion. Relinquishing the role of the expert means that shared learning opportunities can occur which is beneficial for both librarians and users. Regulatory documents such as the curriculum are considered important tools by most of the librarians. Some mutual challenges for the librarians are lack of interest or competence in the digital aspects of the job, lack of time, fear and insecurities related to digital technologies and tools causing users to feel ashamed. While school librarians are challenged by teachers who are inaccessible and students who are overly confident about their competencies, public librarians are challenged by marketing and limitations in what they can and cannot help users with. The librarians observe how the digital divide manifests itself: all users have shortcomings with digital competencies that prevent them from becoming active citizens in society. School librarians claim that students in general are considered more knowledgeable about technical tools such as computers and smartphones but in fact they lack competencies outside their frame of reference. Public librarians claim users are unable to perform daily tasks and that many lack access to technical tools.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine the digital media landscape's requirements for information skills as they are reflected in the governing documents regulating activities in school libraries. This is done through a content analysis based on a theoretical framework, derived from Media and Information Literacy (MIL), that examine the existence of central concepts and how they are presented. The study concludes that the central concepts of information retrieval and digital literacy is a common occurrence within governing documents regulating school library activities. This is expressed in the governing documents through wordings that aim to promote students' competencies and abilities, their learning, and the planning of school library activities. The critical assessment of search is, however, barely visible among the curricula. Although it can be discerned in between the lines of the governing documents. Information literacy is prominent in the documents and is described as a basic ability in a modern information society and for an active citizenship. The role of school libraries in relation to MIL must coincide with its role for developing students' reading and language skills. The study shows how school libraries are attributed to several roles related to MIL. The school librarian is described as an information expert, a teacher or pedagogical resource, an initiator in MIL, as well as being responsible for MIL-training for colleagues.

The social media app TikTok has recently grown enormously worldwide, especially among young people. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate seven high school students' knowledge regarding advertising literacy between the ages of 17-18, and how it affects their approach to advertising on TikTok. The study uses theories such as the reception theory and previous research studies that are within the subject. These studies consist of stealth marketing, influencer marketing and media literacy.  The study used a qualitative method by conducting semi-structured interviews that were based on showing the respondents two TikTok videos before and after the interview as well as an interview guide that contained the areas and themes the interview would revolve around. These interviews would be the foundation of answering the studies three primary questions: How do the respondents answer towards stealth marketing on TikTok? What strategies do the respondents use to identify influencer marketing on TikTok? And how does the respondents' way of viewing a TikTok video change after an interview that highlights marketing?  The results of the study indicate that the respondents’ approach to stealth marketing on TikTok is influenced by their motivation to take part of the content as well as identifying a certain uncertainty regarding their stance towards stealth marketing. The overall strategies the respondents use to identify influencer marketing on TikTok are through tags and hashtags in the description, when company logos and trademarks appear, noticing the influencer's tone of voice, and if the influencer's content is different from what they normally do. And last but not least, the respondents became generally more critical towards the two TikTok videos after the interview had taken place.  The conclusion of this study is to encourage Swedish schools to become better at teaching students about source criticism and stealth marketing on social media platforms since this study has shown a pattern of uncertainty among the respondents regarding their criticism skills on social media platforms.

The government of Sweden issued a national strategy in 2015 for the Swedish school to develop pupils' digital competence. Hence, The National Agency for Education altered the curricula for schools of all levels to include pupils' development of digital competence in July of 2018. This is an interview study with three upper secondary teachers in civics. The purpose was to examine how these upper secondary teachers in civics interpret and apply the new addition of digital competence in the civics subject. Since the concept of digital competence is widely defined, a decision was made to look into how teachers interpreted and applied the digital competence in general. However, a more specific approach was also taken to examine how teachers were developing pupils' skills in searching information digitally, and if the teachers included search criticism which the National Agency for Education include in their definition of digital competence.The government of Sweden’s national strategy to develop pupils' digital competence was viewed in this paper as a process of implementing a political reform. The main focus was the teachers' perspectives which are the executers of the implementation. There were three main key points that were looked into through this perspective when the political implementation was studied. The key points were if the teachers understood the political reform, if they had the necessary resources that helped them understand the reform, and if they wanted to implement the reform. The questions for the interview were partly designed with this theoretical framework in mind and was the tool to analyze the answers. The study shows that there are problems in implementation of aforementioned strategy. The three upper secondary school teachers partially interpreted and practiced digital competence as it intended by The National Agency for Education. The teachers lacked a deeper knowledge in internet infrastructure and did not practice search criticism. The teachers also had a great deal of resources, but two teachers chose not to utilize these since they felt confident in their ability to develop pupils' digital competence.

Det här arbetet syftar till att reda ut vad forskningen säger om användningen av spelfilm i svenskundervisningen. Arbetet ämnar också att klargöra hur spelfilmen kan användas i svenskundervisningen.  Forskningen visar att läraren kan använda spelfilm för att träna eleverna i olika förmågor såsom att analysera, kritisera och problematisera. Eleverna kan på så sätt bäddas inför framtidens olika utmaningar. I arbetet går det att urskilja fem olika kapitel som presenterar olika modeller och metoder som läraren kan använda sig av i arbetet med spelfilm. De metoder och modeller som presenteras är: Litteratur och film, Filmanalys, Filmen och elevernas förförståelse och erfarenheter, Filmen i arbetet med värdegrundsfrågor och normkritik och Elevers filmskapande.

The abiblity to find, critically evaluate and use information in a conscious and responsible way is a skill that is increasingly important in tje high paced flow of digital information. This belongs to the school librarian's area of expertise and efforts are being made to involve school librarians to a greater degree when it comes to the teaching of such competencies.  This study aims to examine how education in media and information literacy (MIL) is conducted in Swedish cumpulsory school and through this gain knowledge on the collaboration between teachers and school librarians within the topic of MIL. This was done by conducting interviews with five separate school librarians. The results was then alalyzed using Montiel-Overalls theory Teacher and librarian collaboration, which allowed the depth of the collaboration to be measured.  The findings show that school librarians are used as a pedagogical resource in the classroom instructing students in MIL. The collavoration between teachers and the school librarians taking part in this study was for the most part to give the librarian insight into the teachers content area to be able to plan the MIL-instruction around given the content area. This made MIL to be mostly taught separately rather than integrated into the content area. This divide can ble explained by a lack of time to co-plan and fully integrate MIL in the curriculum as well. This is also what keeps the collaboration between the professions to reach the deeper levels of collaboration in Montiel-Overalls model.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur svenska professionella hanterar utbildning riktad mot gymnasieungdomar om pornografi och pornografikonsumtion. Studien gör detta genom att undersöka hur professionella, såsom skolkuratorer och personal på ideella verksamheter, möter sex- och samlevnadsfrågor i sitt arbete.  Tidigare forskning har visat att det inte finns någon konsensus när det gäller pornografi och hur det påverkar tonåringar, bortsett från det faktum att det har en påverkan. Tidigare forskning har också visat att pornografi är en komplex form av media som inte har en tydlig definition av vad pornografi faktiskt innebär. Dock har tidigare forskning inte visat hur människor som arbetar med tonåringar tar upp ämnet pornografi. För att undersöka hur dessa professionella utbildar och samtalar om pornografi ställdes följande forskningsfrågor; Hur får ungdomar information om pornografi enligt aktörerna? Vilken typ av information får ungdomarna? Vilka normer utmärker samtalen med och/eller informationen till ungdomarna enligt aktörerna? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna genomfördes åtta, kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer baserat på en strategisk, målinriktad urvalsprocess. Genom att använda ‘teorin om sexuella manus’ och ‘medie- och informationskunnighet’ som ett teoretiskt ramverk har det visat att utbildning om pornografi skiljer sig kraftigt mellan de yrkesverksamma, beroende på följande faktorer; deras kunskapsnivå, deras syn på pornografi och intresse av ämnet i sig. Det har även visat att genusnormer och ett heteronormativt perspektiv påverkar den utbildning om pornografi som ungdomar får. Resultatet visar även att utbildning om pornografi är i ett stort behov av ett enat kunskapsmaterial som ges till professionella, men också till andra vuxna (så som föräldrar och/eller vårdnadshavare) då dessa är viktiga för ungdomar.

This study aims to investigate how school librarians work with media- and information literacy, MIL, with middle- and highschool pupils with intellectual disability, ID, in Sweden.  The Swedish government has decided that all Swedish citizens shall be digitally included, but there are people that are not. For example people with different disabilities. In Sweden it is common that school librarians work with MIL in schools – but it is also common to not have either a school library or an educated librarian in the school library.  In this study I have interviewed three school librarians that are educated and work full time in their schools´ library, with all the pupils in the school, also the pupils with ID. The theory in the study is the TLC-model, Teacher and Librarian Cooperation, by Professor Patricia Montiel-Overall. The model is explaining how teachers and librarians can work together in school, to fulfill the curriculum for every student. The model has four stages, where the first stage is not working together so much at all, and up to the fourth stage, where teachers and librarians work closely, and also plan the lessons and education, together. Monitel-Overall´s model is based mainly on sociocultural theory, which means that we learn things best in a social context, as the Russian philosopher and psychologist Vygotsky said. His thoughts on sociocultural theory has often been used and referred to in pedagogical research and also in school context. This study shows that the school librarians that are interviewed all have support from their headmasters and the teachers. The librarians are creative and often make their own material. But it also shows that librarians often are quite lonely in their profession in school, even when they have teachers as colleagues. / Denna studie undersöker hur skolbibliotekarier arbetar med medie- och informationskunnighet, MIK, med elever i mellan- och högstadiet med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, IF, i Sverige.  Den svenska regeringen har bestämt att alla medborgare ska vara digitalt delaktiga. Men det finns de som inte är det, exempelvis personer med olika funktionsnedsättningar.  Det är vanligt att skolbibliotekarier arbetar med MIK i skolor, men det är också vanligt att inte ha antingen ett skolbibliotek eller en utbildad bibliotekarie i skolbiblioteket.  I denna studie har jag intervjuat tre bibliotekarier som är utbildade och arbetar heltid i sina skolbibliotek med alla elever i skolan, även de som har IF. Studien har använt sig av professor Patricia Montiel-Overalls samarbetsmodell, som grundar sig i en sociokulturell teori, som den ryske filosofen och psykologen Vygotskij lade grunden till. Han menade att vi lär oss bäst i en social kontext och hans teori har ofta använts i pedagogisk forskning och i skolans praktik. Studien visar att bibliotekarierna är kreativa och använder olika sorts material när de undervisar elever med IF, men att de också måste ta fram mycket material själva. Den visar också att de har rektorns och lärarnas stöd.  Men den visar också att skolbibliotekarier ofta är ensamma i sitt yrke på skolan, även om de har lärare som kollegor.