Within this thesis the role of cognitive processes in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) will be examined. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the rate of psychiatric comorbidity in IBS participants, relative to controls, was performed. Evidence supported heightened rates of psychiatric disorder. A novel hypothesis regarding overlapping cognitive vulnerability to IBS and psychiatric disorders was found to fit well with the pattern of comorbidity. Competing hypotheses and the potential moderators were examined. Overall, no single model of psychiatric morbidity in IBS could fully account for the results of the meta-analysis. The implications of this meta-analysis for a cognitive approach to IBS are discussed. Cognitive processes were directly investigated in two experiments. First, in a modified exogenous cueing task, which assessed attention to pain words, there was faster orienting towards, and engagement with pain words in IBS participants relative to controls. Next, participants completed a primed lexical decision task, which indexed interpretation biases by measuring response times to targets after ambiguous illness primes. Relative to controls, IBS participants’ responses were slower to target words presented after ambiguous illness primes, and demonstrated priming for targets related to the neutral meaning of the illness prime. In the second study, different IBS and healthy control participants completed an internet-based survey of autobiographical memory. Participants described and rated painful and emotional autobiographical events. IBS participants reported pain memories from a more observer perspective relative to controls, suggesting a possible coping strategy for pain content. Finally, three cognitive styles, alexithymia, rumination and self-blame, were evaluated using existing and novel self-report measures. Overall, when compared with healthy participants, IBS participants reported: less difficulty identifying feelings as indexed by the alexithymia measure; increased pain-focused rumination; and a general, negative self-blame. These results may imply a vigilance-avoidance model of cognitive processing in IBS.

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM 5) presents an alternate model for personality disorders, blending categorical and dimensional assessment into a hybrid diagnostic procedure. Released concurrently, the Personality Inventory for DSM 5 (PID 5) measures the five domains and 25 facets that comprise the trait components of this hybrid model. However, the PID 5 currently lacks validity indicators to capture intentionally distorted responding. The current study investigated the susceptibility of the PID 5 to defensiveness and feigning among a large sample of undergraduate students. First, a detailed desirability analysis (N = 465) was conducted of the PID 5 items and response options. Responses from the study were used to create three desirability based validity scales. Next, in a between-subjects simulation design (N = 128), the effects of faking were explored at domain and facet levels. As a result, two symptom based validity scales were created. In a separate validation sample (N = 134), the five newly created validity scales were compared with the Paulhus Deception Scales for capturing both defensiveness and feigning. All five scales were evaluated for ruling out faking (i.e., identifying likely genuine respondents) and ruling in either defensiveness or feigning. In most areas, the symptom based scales were more successful than the desirability based scales, though all scales had difficulty identifying defensiveness. These initial results offer fertile ground for additional testing and development of PID 5 validity scales.

Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS; OMIM #182290) is a multiple congenital abnormality and intellectual disability (ID) disorder caused by either an interstitial deletion of the 17p11.2 region containing the retinoic acid induced-1 (RAI1) gene or a mutation of the RAI1 gene. Individuals diagnosed with SMS typically present characteristics such as ID, self-injurious behavior, sleep disturbance, ocular and otolaryngological abnormalities, craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, neurological and behavioral abnormalities, as well as other systemic defects and manifestations. Previous work by Vyas in 2009 showed temporal expression of rai1 in zebrafish embryos as early as 9 hpf. We hypothesize that there is maternal rai1 expression as early as zero hours post fertilization in wild type embryos. Using end-point PCR, we found that in fact there is maternal rai1 expression is detectable as early as 2 hours post fertilization (hpf) in wild type zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we quantified rai1 expression using qPCR and found that rai1 expression declines significantly after 6 hpf. We hypothesize that a down regulation of rai1 or loss of rai1 will lead to morphological phenotypes, especially if that loss of rai1 function occurs during the earliest stages of zebrafish embryogenesis. Using a rai1morpholino oligonucleotide (MO), we found a loss of rai1 expression did not induce a morphological phenotype in in wild type embryos; furthermore, we also found that a loss of maternal rai1 expression did not induce a morphological phenotype as well. Utilizing a mutant rai1 zebrafish line, we found that both rai1 +/fh370 progeny nor rai1 fh370/fh370 progeny exhibited a morphological phenotype and that downstream targets such as bdnf were not affected by a reduction or complete loss of rai1. Prior research has shown that retinoic acid (RA) can induce rai1 expression. We hypothesize that RA can induce expression of rai1 during zebrafish embryogenesis. Using wild type fish and a rai1 in situ hybridization probe, we found that RA treatment at 25 hpf induced expression of rai1. The construction of a rai1 overexpression vector used for overexpression studies was started. Further development of GFP expression vector and zebrafish rai1 antibody are needed to determine if the morpholino is reducing rai1 protein expression.

Alcohol Dependence (AD) is a chronic substance use disorder with moderate heritability (60%). Linkage and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated a number of loci; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying AD are unclear. Advances in systems biology allow genome-wide expression data to be integrated with genetic data to detect expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), polymorphisms that regulate gene expression levels, influence phenotypes and are significantly enriched among validated genetic signals for many commonly studied traits including AD. We integrated genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression data with genotypic data from the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a major addiction-related brain region, of 36 subjects (18 AD cases, 18 matched controls). We applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify mRNA and miRNA gene co-expression modules significantly associated with AD. We identified six mRNA modules, two of which were downregulated in AD and were enriched for neuronal marker gene expression. The remaining four modules were upregulated in AD and enriched for astrocyte and microglial marker gene expressions. After performing gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that neuronal-specific modules enriched for oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction and MAPK signaling pathways and glial-specific modules enriched for immune related processes, cell adhesion molecules and cell signaling pathways. WGCNA was also applied to miRNA data and identified two downregulated and one upregulated modules in AD. We intersected computationally predicted miRNA:mRNA interactions with miRNA and mRNA expression correlations to identify 481 significant (FDR<0.10) miRNA:mRNA targeting pairs. Over half (54%) of the mRNAs were targeted cooperatively by more than one miRNA suggesting a potentially important cellular mechanism relevant to AD. After integrating our expression and genetic data we identified 591 significant mRNA and 68 significant miRNA cis-eQTLs (<1 megabase) (FDR<0.10). After querying against GWAS data from the Colaborative Study on Genetics of Alcohol and Study of Addiction: Gentics and Environment, eQTLs for neuronatin (NNAT; rs1780705), proteosome subunit type 5 (PSMB5; rs10137082), long non-coding RNA (PKI55; rs13392737), adaptor related protein complex 1 sigma one subunit (AP1S1; rs12079545) and translocation associate membrane protein 1 (TRAM1; rs13277972) were associated with AD or alcohol related phenotypes at p<10-4.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa ökar i hela världen, även i Sverige, främst hos den unga, kvinnliga befolkningen. Psykiska problem är ofta kopplade till somatisk ohälsa. Kvaliteten på den somatiska vården blir ofta sämre, mycket på grund av att många sjuksköterskor inte har tillräckligt med kunskap och erfarenhet inom psykiatriska omvårdnaden. Syfte: Föreliggande arbete avser att undersöka sjuksköterskors attityder och erfarenheter av patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom den somatiska vården. Metod: Litteraturöversikt av vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteratursökning i databaser med hjälp av lämpliga sökord. Artiklarnas kvalitet granskas sedan med hjälp av granskningsmallar. Resultat: Sammanlagt granskades 15 artiklar, varav 8 kvalitativa och 7 kvantitativa. Undersökningen visar att sjuksköterskor ofta har negativa erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med psykisk ohälsa. En förklaring kan vara bristande kunskap och färdigheter, vilket leder till rädsla, frustration och stress i mötet med dessa patienter. Även miljön nämns som som en stress- och orsaksfaktor till detta. Dessa faktorer leder till att sjuksköterskor till övervägande del har negativa attityder mot denna patientgrupp. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av undersökningen visar att de identifierade bristerna när det gäller kunskap och färdigheter bland annat leder till otrygghet vid vård av patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom den somatiska vården. Förbättring av detta tillstånd kan uppnås genom att höja sjuksköterskors kompetens, t.ex. genom att lägga större vikt på den psykiatriska omvårdnaden inom den praktiska utbildningen. / Background: Mental illness is increasing in the whole world and also in Sweden, mainly among the young female population. Mental problems are often linked to somatic illness. The quality of somatic health care for these patients is often worse, mainly because a lot of nurses don’t have enough knowledge and experience of psychiatric nusing. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine nurses’ attitudes against and experiences of patients with mental illness in somatic health care. Method: Literary review of scientific articles. Literary search in data bases with appropriate search terms. The quality of the articles was examined by using grading templates. Results: In total 15 articles, 8 qualitatives and 7 quantitatives, were examined. The examination shows that nurses have predominantly negative experiences of caring for patients with mental illness. One explanation can be lacking knowledge and skills which leads to fear, frustration and stress when meeting this group of patients. The environment of the work place was also named as a causing factor of stress. These factors are contributing to the nurses’ predominantly negative attitudes towards those patients. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the identified lack of knowledge and skills among the nurses leads to insecurity among other negative emotions while taking care of patients with mental illness in somatic health care. Improving this situation can be achieved by raising nurses’ competence, for example by focusing more on psychiatric nursing during practical training.

Os transtornos psiquiátricos frequentemente têm início na infância e adolescência, podendo persistir até a idade adulta. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a prevalência, os fatores de risco e a continuidade dos transtornos psiquiátricos no início da adolescência (11 anos) na Coorte de Nascimentos de 2004 do Município de Pelotas-RS. Métodos. Estudo 1: O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos no início da adolescência, examinar a distribuição dos transtornos psiquiátricos conforme características maternas e infantis e avaliar a ocorrência de comorbidades psiquiátricas. Todos os adolescentes de 11 anos, que participaram da Coorte de Nascimentos de 2004 de Pelotas-RS, foram convidados a participar deste estudo. O instrumento utilizado para avaliar a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos foi o Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). Foram avaliados 3.562 indivíduos e a prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos de acordo com os critérios do DSM-5 foi de 13,2% (IC95% 12,1-14,4); 15,6% entre os meninos e 10,7% entre as meninas. Os distúrbios mais comuns foram transtornos de ansiedade (4,3%), transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (4,0%) e transtorno de conduta/oposição (2,8%). Baixa escolaridade materna, tabagismo durante a gestação, presença de sintomas de humor durante a gestação ou sintomas depressivos crônicos e graves maternos nos primeiros anos de vida do adolescente, sexo masculino, Apgar < 7 no nascimento e parto prematuro foram associados a uma maior chance de distúrbio psiquiátrico aos 11 anos. Comorbidades psiquiátricas foram observadas em 107 indivíduos (22,7%), dos quais, 73, 24 e 10 tinham dois, três e quatro diagnósticos psiquiátricos, respectivamente. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância dos transtornos psiquiátricos como condição prevalente no início da adolescência, o que repercute diretamente no planejamento de políticas públicas e serviços específicos de atenção à saúde mental nessa faixa etária. Estudo 2: Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a incidência de transtornos psiquiátricos entre as idades de seis e 11 anos e avaliar a continuidade homotípica e heterotípica desses transtornos, entre os membros da Coorte de Nascimentos de 2004 de Pelotas-RS. Todos os nascidos vivos na cidade de Pelotas no ano de 2004 foram localizados e 4.231 recém-nascidos foram incluídos no estudo (recusas < 1%), sendo acompanhados em diferentes idades ao longo do tempo. Aplicou-se o Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) em 3.585 indivíduos com seis anos e em 3.563 indivíduos com 11 anos. Os resultados do SDQ para as quatro subescalas (sintomas emocionais, problemas de conduta, hiperatividade/falta de atenção e problemas de relacionamento com os pares) foram categorizados como normais ou anormais (indivíduos nas categorias limítrofe e anormal) conforme manual do instrumento. Para examinar as associações entre transtornos mentais ao longo do tempo, os transtornos aos seis anos foram inseridos na regressão logística como variáveis independentes e aqueles aos 11 anos foram inseridos como variáveis dependentes. Entre os seis e 11 anos, houve um aumento de 50% na prevalência de sintomas emocionais e um aumento de 45% dos transtornos de hiperatividade/falta de atenção. Entre as crianças que tinham \"qualquer dificuldade no SDQ\" aos seis anos, esse status persistiu em 81% dos indivíduos aos 11 anos. Durante a transição da infância para o início da adolescência, houve continuidade homotípica para sintomas emocionais, problemas de conduta, hiperatividade/falta de atenção e problemas de relacionamento com pares. Nossos resultados indicam que os transtornos mentais nessa faixa etária são moderadamente estáveis, com taxas de transtornos e padrões de continuidade semelhantes aos observados em outros estudos / Psychiatric disorders often begin in childhood and adolescence and may persist into adulthood. The objective of the study was to study the prevalence, risk factors and continuity of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence (11 years) in the 2004 Birth Cohort of the Municipality of Pelotas, RS. Methods. Study 1: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence, to examine the distribution of psychiatric disorders according to maternal and infant characteristics and to evaluate the occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities. All 11-year-old adolescents who participated in the 2004 Pelotas-RS Birth Cohort were invited to participate in this study. The instrument used to evaluate the presence of psychiatric disorders was the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). A total of 3,562 individuals were evaluated and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders according to DSM-5 criteria was 13.2% (95% CI 12.1-14.4); 15.6% among boys and 10.7% among girls. The most common disorders were anxiety disorders (4.3%), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4.0%) and conduct/opposition disorder (2.8%). Low maternal schooling, smoking during pregnancy, presence of mood symptoms during pregnancy, or chronic and severe maternal depressive symptoms in the first years of the adolescent life, male sex, Apgar < 7 at birth and premature delivery were associated with a greater chance of psychiatric disorder at age 11 years. Psychiatric comorbidities were observed in 107 subjects (22.7%), of whom, 73, 24 and 10 had two, three and four psychiatric diagnoses, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of psychiatric disorders as a prevalent condition in early adolescence, which directly affects the planning of public policies and specific services for mental health care in this age group. Study 2: The objectives of this study were to investigate the incidence of psychiatric disorders between the ages of six and 11 years and to evaluate the homotypic and heterotypic continuity of these disorders among members of the 2004 Pelotas-RS Birth Cohort. All live births in the city of Pelotas in the year 2004 were located and 4,231 newborns were included in the study (refusals < 1%), being followed at different ages over time. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was applied in 3,585 subjects aged 6 years and 3,563 subjects aged 11 years. The SDQ scores for the four subscales (emotional symptoms, behavioral problems, hyperactivity/inattention and peer relationship problems) were categorized as normal or abnormal (individuals in the borderline and abnormal categories) according to the instrument´s manual. To examine the associations between mental disorders over time, disorders at six years were inserted into the logistic regression as independent variables and those at 11 years were entered as dependent variables. Between six and 11 years, there was a 50% increase in the prevalence of emotional symptoms and a 45% increase in hyperactivity/inattention disorders. Among children who had \"any difficulty\" according to the SDQ at age six, this status persisted in 81% of individuals at age 11. During the transition from childhood to early adolescence, there was homotypic continuity for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems. Our results indicate that mental disorders in this age group are moderately stable, with rates of disorders and patterns of continuity similar to those observed in other studies

Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar a frequência de interações medicamentosas (IM) potenciais do tipo fármaco-fármaco em pessoas atendidas em Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF) e classificá-las em relação à gravidade, à qualidade de evidências científicas e ao tempo de início; caracterizar em usuários de psicofármacos atendidos nas ESF, a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e a ocorrência de IM potenciais; avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes atendidos nas ESF em relação ao Transtorno Mental Comum (TMC), o uso de psicofármacos e as IM; e elaborar um modelo de equações estruturais para identificar as variáveis associadas às IM, TMC, uso de psicofármacos e QV. Trata-se de estudo transversal de caráter correlacional descritivo, realizado em dez ESF de um município mineiro (n=452). Utilizou-se de questionário para coleta de dados demográficos, socieconômicos, farmacoterapêuticos, doenças clínicas e uso de psicofármacos, além de instrumento de rastreamento de TMC (SRQ-20), avaliação da adesão ao medicamento (MAT) e da QV (WHOQOL-brief). Uso de psicofármacos, IM, TMC e QV foram consideradas variáveis dependentes. Todavia, quando não ocuparam, na análise, a posição de desfecho, foram consideradas independentes. Para análise univariada foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado e para analisar as relações entre o conjunto de variáveis de interesse, utilizou-se Modelo de Equações Estruturais Generalizado. A IM foi prevalente em 66,59% da amostra. Em pacientes que consumiam cinco ou mais medicamentos tal prevalência foi de 85,37%. A prevalência de TMC foi de 24,56% e a de uso de psicofármacos foi de 77,65%, havendo maior frequência de IM potenciais nas prescrições dos usuários dessa classe de medicamentos. Ainda, 31,91% do total de usuários de psicofármacos utilizavam tais medicamentos sem prescrição médica. Houve maior porcentagem de IM potenciais classificadas como graves (47,47%) seguidas pelas moderadas (35,13%). As variáveis associadas à IM foram polifarmácia e renda. O uso de psicofármacos mostrou-se associado ao TMC, renda, diabetes e sexo. Na análise direta, o uso de psicofármaco e TMC influenciaram negativamente os padrões de QV em todos os domínios. A baixa renda foi indicativo de pior padrão de QV nos domínios psicológico, social e meio ambiente. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes influenciaram de forma negativa a QV nos domínios psicológico e meio ambiente. Na análise indireta, renda, diabetes e TMC, mediado pelo uso de psicofármaco, influenciaram negativamente a QV em todos os domínios. O sexo, mediado pelo uso de psicofármaco, foi indicativo de pior padrão de QV nos domínios físico, social e meio ambiente. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de implementação de estratégias direcionadas à segurança do paciente quanto à ocorrência de IM potenciais, prescrição racional de psicofármacos, bem como do rastreamento e intervenção para TMC, visto que este estudo identificou, na amostra investigada, que as referidas variáveis estão associadas à percepção de pior QV / The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of drug-drug-drug interactions (DDI) in people treated in Family Health Strategies (FHS) and to classify them in relation to severity, quality of scientific evidence and the time of start; characterize in users of psychopharmaceuticals attended in FHS, adherence to drug treatment and the occurrence of potential DDI; to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of the patients treated in the FHS in relation to the Common Mental Disorder (CMD), the use of psychotropic drugs and the DDI; and to elaborate a model of structural equations to identify the variables associated with DDI, CMD, use of psychoactive drugs and QOL. This is a cross-sectional descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out in ten FHS of a city of Minas Gerais (n = 452). A questionnaire was used to collect demographic, socioeconomic, pharmacotherapeutic, clinical and psychopharmacological data, as well as a CMD screening tool (SRQ-20), drug adherence assessment (DDA) and QOL (WHOQOL-brief ). The use of psychoactive drugs, DDI, CMD and QOL were considered dependent variables. However, when they did not occupy the position of outcome in the analysis, they were considered independent. For univariate analysis, the Chi-square test was used and to analyze the relations between the set of variables of interest, a Generalized Structural Equation Model was used. IM was prevalent in 66,59% of the sample. In patients who consumed five or more drugs such prevalence was 85,37%. The prevalence of CMD was 24,56% and the use of psychotropic drugs was 77,65%, with a higher frequency of potential MIs in the prescriptions of users of this class of drugs. Still, 31,91% of all users of psychoactive drugs used such drugs without a prescription. There was a higher percentage of potential DDI classified as severe (47,47%) followed by moderate (35,13%). The variables associated with DDI were polypharmacy and income. The use of psychoactive drugs has been associated with CMD, income, diabetes and gender. In the direct analysis, the use of psychotropic drugs and CMD negatively influenced the QOL patterns in all domains. Low income was indicative of a worse QOL pattern in the psychological, social and environmental domains. Systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes had a negative influence on QOL in the psychological and environmental domains. In indirect analysis, income, diabetes and CMD, mediated by the use of psychoactive drugs, negatively influenced QOL in all domains. Sex, mediated by the use of psychoactive drugs, was indicative of a worse QOL pattern in the physical, social and environmental domains. The results point to the need to implement strategies directed to patient safety regarding the occurrence of potential DDI, rational prescription of psychotropic drugs, as well as the screening and intervention for CMD, since this study identified, in the sample investigated, that said variables are associated with the perception of worse QOL

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o rápido processo de envelhecimento populacional, a incapacidade funcional em idosos tem se tornado um importante problema de saúde pública globalmente. Depressão é uma morbidade bastante prevalente nessa fase da vida e pode estar associada com uma proporção significativa da incapacidade funcional na população de idosos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os níveis de incapacidade funcional, os principais fatores associados e o impacto dos transtornos mentais na incapacidade funcional de idosos vivendo na comunidade; examinar os fatores preditores de incapacidade funcional em um período de dois anos. MÉTODO: A presente investigação é parte da coorte prospectiva de base populacional \"São Paulo Ageing & Health Study\" (SPAH), que incluiu idosos com 65 anos ou mais, residentes de uma área economicamente menos favorecida na região Oeste da cidade de São Paulo. Os participantes foram identificados por arrolamento domiciliar e entrevistados em seus domicílios seguindo protocolo padronizado de pesquisa. A avaliação de incapacidade funcional foi realizada com o instrumento \"World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0\", criado para avaliar níveis de incapacidade conforme as definições e critérios da International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health da Organização Mundial de Saúde, na sua versão com 12 itens. Depressão pelos critérios diagnósticos da CID-10 e sintomas depressivos foram avaliados com o instrumento Geriatric Mental State. Foram examinadas as associações independentes entre os transtornos mentais e incapacidade funcional através de modelos de regressão multivariada e modelos longitudinais multinível. Também foi calculada a Fração Atribuível na População dos transtornos mentais na incapacidade funcional dos idosos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 2.072 idosos no período de 2003 a 2005. Mobilidade, atividades de vida diárias e participação na sociedade foram os domínios de incapacidade funcional mais afetados nessa população. A prevalência de depressão clinicamente significativa foi 26,2% (IC 95% 24,3 - 28,1), sendo 4,8% para depressão CID-10 e 21,4% para sintomas depressivos. Demência, depressão CID-10 e problema em membros apresentaram as associações de maior magnitude com as médias dos escores totais padronizados de incapacidade funcional, seguidos por sintomas depressivos, AVC e DPOC. Sintomas depressivos e depressão CID-10 foram responsáveis por 25,0% do total de incapacidade funcional grave nessa população. Dos idosos incluídos no SPAH, 1.661 foram reavaliados após dois anos. No seguimento, 56,1% dos idosos permaneceram com o mesmo nível de incapacidade funcional, 21,8% melhoraram e 22,1% pioraram. Os idosos que apresentaram sintomas depressivos, depressão CID-10 e demência na inclusão tiveram maior chance de piora da incapacidade funcional após dois anos, independentemente da categoria de incapacidade na inclusão do estudo e das morbidades físicas presentes. CONCLUSÃO: Os transtornos mentais em idosos, principalmente os sintomas depressivos e a depressão CID-10, apresentam associações e impacto importantes na incapacidade funcional. Além disso, são fatores preditores de piora na incapacidade funcional em idosos. Sabe-se que depressão e sintomas depressivos são doenças potencialmente preveníveis e tratáveis, e que sua adequada abordagem em idosos pode culminar com a diminuição da incapacidade funcional, melhora da qualidade de vida e diminuição dos custos em saúde / BACKGROUND: With the fast population aging, functional disability in the elderly has become a major public health issue globally. Depression is a very prevalent morbidity in this life period and may be associated with a significant proportion of functional disability in the elderly population. AIMS: To assess the level of functional disability, the main comorbidities associated and the impact of mental disorders on functional disability in the elderly living in the community; to investigate the predictors of functional disability in a period of two years. METHOD: The present investigation is part of a population-based prospective cohort study \"São Paulo Ageing & Health Study\" (SPAH), which included participants aged 65 or older living in an economically underprivileged area in the western region of São Paulo city. Participants were identified by household enrollment and interviewed in their homes using a standardized research protocol. The assessment of disability was performed with the 12-item version of the \"World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0,\" created to assess levels of disability according to the definitions and criteria of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health of the World Health Organization. ICD-10 depression and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Geriatric Mental State instrument. We examined the independent associations between mental disorders and functional disability through multivariate regression models and longitudinal multilevel models. We also calculated the Population Attributable Fraction of mental disorders on functional disability in elderly. RESULTS: We included 2072 elderly from 2003 to 2005. Mobility, activities of daily living and participation in society were the most affected domains of functional disability in this population. The prevalence of clinically significant depression was 26,2% (CI 95% 24,3 to 28,1), 4,8% for ICD-10 depression and 21,4% for depressive symptoms. Dementia, ICD-10 depression and limb problems were highly associated with the mean of functional disability overall standardized scores, followed by depressive symptoms, stroke and COPD. Depressive symptoms and ICD-10 depression accounted for 25,0% of severe functional disability in this population. Among the elderly included in SPAH, 1661 were reassessed after two years. In this follow-up, 56,1% of the elderly remained with the same level of functional disability, 21,8% improved and 22,1% worsened. The elderly who presented depressive symptoms, ICD-10 depression and dementia at baseline had a higher risk of worsening disability after two years, independently of the category of disability and physical morbidities at baseline. CONCLUSION: Mental disorders in older adults, particularly depressive symptoms and ICD-10 depression, have significant associations and impact on functional disability. Also, they are predictive factors of worsening disability. It is known that depression and depressive symptoms are potentially preventable and treatable diseases and a proper approach may lead to a decreased functional disability, improved quality of life and decreased healthcare costs

Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral identificar a prevalência de Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC), uso de drogas e a qualidade de vida (QV) em gestantes atendidas na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no município de Campinas, São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo quantitativo, de caráter correlacional, realizado de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016 com plano amostral estratificado e proporcional (n=287). Cada estrato foi formado pela Unidade Básica de Saúde sorteada, na área de abrangência de cada um dos cinco distritos de saúde da cidade. Foram instrumentos de pesquisa: questionário sociodemográfico, econômico, farmacoterapêutico e de histórico de saúde; o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) para o rastreamento do uso do álcool; o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), para estimar a prevalência de TMC e o World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-brief), para mensurar escores de QV na amostra. TMC, QV e uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foram considerados variáveis dependentes. Para análise das variáveis TMC e uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foi utilizado o teste de regressão logística simples e múltipla e QV a regressão linear múltipla. Das 287 gestantes entrevistadas 30% foram positivas para TMC. As variáveis associadas à TMC foram: idade (OR 6,63), situação conjugal (OR 2,15), histórico de transtorno mental (OR 4,34), gravidez desejada (OR 3,33), idade gestacional (OR 5,86), relato de ter sofrido violência (OR 18,47) e uso de chá (OR 2,47). Identificou-se que 95,8% declararam ter utilizado pelo menos um medicamento durante a gravidez e desses 2,09% utilizaram sem prescrição. Em relação à classificação de risco, 58,47% dos medicamentos utilizados são da classe A; 30,87% da classe B; 8,84% da classe C, 1,09% da classe D e 0,73% sem classificação. Quanto ao uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas 19,5% relataram o uso sendo a droga mais utilizada o álcool (8,71%), seguido do tabaco (6,61%); sete (2,43%) usaram essas duas substâncias concomitantemente e quatro (1,4%) utilizaram drogas ilícitas associadas ao álcool e/ou tabaco. Por meio do AUDIT, identificou-se que durante a gestação, 2,8% das mulheres foram classificadas como em uso de risco e 0,7% em provável dependência. As variáveis associadas ao uso de drogas lícitas não prescritas e/ou ilícitas foram idade (OR 6,91) e idade gestacional, sendo no segundo trimestre (OR 2,68) e no terceiro trimestre (OR 2,81). Quanto a QV, a média dos escores foi maior no domínio relações sociais enquanto o mais baixo foi no domínio meio ambiente.O preditor mais significativo para menor QV foi TMC. Assim, os achados desta pesquisa poderão ser utilizados na sensibilização dos profissionais da atenção primária, com vistas a maior adequação das ações desenvolvidas no pré-natal e redução de complicações tanto para a gestante quanto para o feto. Além disso, esses indicadores poderão subsidiar a elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas que proporcione uma assistência pré-natal mais integral e qualificada / The objective of this research was to identify the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD), drug use and quality of life (QoL) in pregnant women treated at primary health care in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. It is a quantitative, correlational study, carried out from August 2015 to August 2016 with a stratified and proportional sampling plan (n = 287). Each stratum was formed by the Basic Health Unit drawn in the area of coverage of each of the five health districts of the city. They were research instruments: socio-demographic, economic, pharmacotherapeutic and health history questionnaire; The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for tracking alcohol use; Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), to estimate the prevalence of TMC and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-brief), to measure QoL scores in the sample. TMC, QV, and use of nonprescription and / or illicit drugs were considered dependent variables. The simple and multiple logistic regression test and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the MCT variables and use of nonprescription and / or illegal drugs. Of the 287 pregnant women interviewed, 30% were positive for CMD. The variables associated with CMD were: age (OR 6.63), marital status (OR 2.15), history of mental disorder (OR 4.34), desired pregnancy (OR 3.33), gestational age 86), suffered violence (OR 18.47) and tea (OR 2.47). It was identified that 95.8% reported having used at least one drug during pregnancy and 2.09% used no prescription. Regarding the classification of risk, 58.47% of the drugs used are class A; 30.87% of class B; 8.84% of class C, 1.09% of class D and 0.73% without classification. Regarding the use of nonprescription and / or illicit drugs, 19.5% reported the use of alcohol (8.71%), followed by tobacco (6.61%), seven (2.43%) Used these two substances concomitantly and four (1.4%) used illicit drugs associated with alcohol and / or tobacco. Through the AUDIT, it was identified that during pregnancy, 2.8% of the women were classified as using risk and 0.7% in probable dependence. The variables associated with nonprescription and / or illicit drug use were age (OR 6.91) and gestational age being in the second trimester (OR 2.68) and in the third trimester (OR 2.81). Regarding QOL, the mean of the scores was higher in the social relations domain while the lowest was in the environmental domain. The most significant predictor for lower QOL was CMT. Thus, the findings of this research may be used to raise awareness among primary care professionals, with a view to improving the adequacy of the actions developed during prenatal care and reducing complications for both the pregnant and the fetus. In addition, these indicators may support the development and implementation of public policies that provide more comprehensive and qualified prenatal care

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) considera que os transtornos mentais menores, que incluem depressão e ansiedade, afetam aproximadamente 30% dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: Verificar a freqüência, e a taxa de prevalência de transtornos mentais entre Comissários de Bordo afastados das atividades profissionais. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários de 648 comissários de bordo, 105 homens e 543 mulheres, que realizaram perícia durante um período de cinco anos e receberam como parecer de afastamento pelo menos um diagnóstico do agrupamento F00-F99 da CID- 10, associado ou não a doença ou transtorno orgânico. Resultados: Comissários de Bordo ingressam cedo no mercado de trabalho (50,5 por cento dos homens e 70,5 por cento das mulheres recebem sua certificação profissional entre os 18 e os 22 anos), e também adoecem cedo (81,9 por cento dos homens até os 41 anos; 84,3 por cento das mulheres até os 35 anos), em média após 10 anos de trabalho (11,9 anos para homens, 9,4 anos para mulheres). Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes como causa de afastamento foram, pela ordem, F32 episódios depressivos (44,5 por cento homens; 35,49 por cento mulheres), e F41 outros transtornos ansiosos (20,1 por cento dos homens; 22,9 por cento das mulheres). Discussão e Conclusão: As mulheres adoecem mais ced por cento o do que os homens, e são afastadas do trabalho principalmente por episódios depressivos. Os homens são afastados principalmente devido a transtornos ansiosos. Os dados concordam com a literatura, que aponta menor número de homens diagnosticados com transtornos mentais menores. A maior freqüência desses transtornos entre Comissários de Bordo, em comparação com as demais categorias profissionais, pode se dever a fatores associados à organização do trabalho e a fatores psicossociais do trabalho, mas os dados coletados neste estudo não permitiram verificar essa hipótese. / According to the World Health Organization (WHO), minor mental disorders, which include depression and anxiety, affect about 30 per cent of workers. Objective: To verify the frequency and the prevalence index of mental disorders among Flight Attendants withdrawn from their work. Methods: The electronic files of 648 flight attendants 105 male and 543 female were analyzed. They were evaluated during a 5-year delay, and were withdrawn from work due to at least on diagnostic of group F00-F99 of IDC-10, associated or not to organic disease(s) or condition(s). Results Flight Attendants begin to work early: 50.5 per cent of males and 70.5 per cent of females get their professional certification between 18 and 22 years old, and also get sick early: 81.9 per cent of males up to 41 years old; 84.3 per cent of females up to 35 years old, and after 10 years of work, approximately: 11.9 years for males, 9.4 years for females. The most frequent diagnostics registered as cause of withdrawn from work were F32 Depressive episode (44.5 per cent of males; 35.5 per cent of females), and F41 Other anxiety disorders (20.1 per cent of males; 22.9 per cent of females). Discussion and Conclusion: Women get sick sooner than men, and are withdrawn from work mostly due to depressive episodes. Men are withdrawn from work mostly due to anxiety disorders. The data agrees with the literature, which points out a smaller number of males diagnosed with minor mental disorders. The larger frequency of these disorders among Flight Attendants, in comparison with other professional groups, might be due to factors linked to the work organization and psychosocial factors of the job, but the data collected in this study did not allow to verify this hypothesis.