INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia farmacológica de escolha para o tratamento de cães com osteoartrose é o uso de antiinflamatórios não esteroidais. Porém, sua eficácia no controle dos sinais clínicos apresentados pelos animais ainda não foi bem estabelecida em três revisões sistemáticas anteriormente publicadas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados sobre o uso dos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) para o tratamento da dor nos cães com osteoartrose; identificar a melhor opção terapêutica; os principais efeitos adversos envolvidos na sua administração e a eficácia e segurança do tratamento a longo prazo. MÉTODOS: A busca dos artigos foi feita em agosto de 2010 no Pubmed, Cab Abstracts e Lilacs. Referências bibliográficas de revisões sistemáticas e de outros artigos relevantes também foram analisadas. Apenas estudos prospectivos, randomizados, controlados e avaliando a eficácia dos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais por meio de desfechos clínicos foram incluídos. A avaliação metodológica dos artigos selecionados seguiu as diretrizes do conselho editorial do grupo de revisão Cochrane (escala van Tulder) e também do CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). RESULTADOS: Oito artigos que avaliaram quatro AINEs (carprofen, etodolaco, meloxicam e firocoxib) preencheram os critérios de inclusão da presente revisão e foram analisados metodologicamente. No geral, há poucos artigos disponíveis na literatura e os mesmos apresentam várias limitações metodológicas. Os artigos avaliados variaram consideravelmente na forma como mediram a resposta ao tratamento e como descreveram seus resultados. Cinco estudos foram selecionados pois alcançaram a pontuação mínima requerida na avaliação segundo van Tulder. Eles avaliaram a eficácia do carprofen, meloxicam e etodolaco. Os dois artigos que avaliaram o firocoxib não atingiram os critérios mínimos quanto a qualidade metodológica. A subsequente avaliação segundo CONSORT mostrou que os cinco estudos selecionados tiveram outras importantes limitações metodológicas. Em relação a segurança, foram relatados efeitos gastrointestinais leves após o uso do carprofen e do meloxicam. Houve um caso de hepatite idiossincrática ao carprofen e os efeitos adversos após o uso do etodolaco foram urticária, hipoproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia. CONCLUSÃO: É fundamental que sejam publicados estudos de boa qualidade nessa área. Com base na literatura disponível e nos resultados de sua avaliação, pode-se indicar como melhor opção terapêutica para o tratamento de cães com osteoartrose o uso do carprofen em primeiro lugar, em seguida o meloxicam e, em terceiro lugar, o etodolaco. Há, porém ressalvas quanto a essa indicação devido a quantidade de artigos disponíveis, bem como, sua qualidade em termos metodológicos. Não há informações suficientes para que se conclua a respeito dos efeitos da terapia a longo prazo / INTRODUCTION: The pharmacologic therapy most used for treating osteoarthritis in dogs is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, their efficacy in controlling the clinical signs presented by these animals has not been well established in three systematic reviews. PURPOSE: To assess the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials on the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating pain in dogs with osteoarthritis, identifying the best therapeutic approaches, the main adverse effects involved in their administration, and the efficacy and safety of long-term treatments. METHODS: A broad search was made in August 2010 in Pubmed, Cab Abstracts, and Lilacs. References from systematic reviews and other relevant papers were also analyzed. Only prospective, randomized, controlled trials evaluating the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugséffectiveness through the use of clinical outcomes were included. The paper´s methodological analysis followed the guidelines for systematic reviews of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group (van Tulder scale) as well as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). RESULTS: Eight papers that evaluated 4 NSAIDs (carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam and firocoxib) met the inclusion criteria of this review and were methodologically analyzed. Overall, there are few papers available in the literature, and they have many methodological limitations. The assessed papers varied considerably in how they measured the response to treatment and reported their results. Five studies achieved the minimum score required in the van Tulder´s scale: they evaluated the effectiveness of carprofen, meloxicam and etodolac. The two papers that evaluated firocoxib did not reach the minimum criteria for methodological quality. The subsequent CONSORT evaluation showed that all 5 studies had other methodological limitations. Regarding safety, mild gastrointestinal effects have been reported for both carprofen and meloxicam. There was one case of idiosyncratic hepatitis after the use of carprofen. The adverse effects after the use of etodolac were urticaria, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. CONCLUSION: The publication of methodologically sound studies is crucial in this field. Based on the limited literature and the results of this evaluation, the best therapeutic choice for treating OA in dogs is carprofen, followed by meloxicam and then etodolac. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution, due to the limited number of methodologically sound studies addressing this topic. Furthermore, not enough information is available to draw conclusions about the effects of the long-term use of these drugs

The thesis deals with the integration of regional history into the teaching of history, concretely by teaching the regional history of the First and Second World War in the village Krucemburk and its surroundings. The primary objective of the thesis was to show the possibilities of using regional history in history lessons with the help of project education. However, it was found that the pupils of investigated classes are not ready for the intended form of project education due to the initial qualitative research during the observation hours. Because of their abilities, it has been chosen to teach in thematic blocks using the critical thinking program so that appropriate methods are used, while observing the general pedagogical principles of the educational process, which describes a practically focused part of the work. KEY WORDS regional history, The First and Second World War, didactical and methodological potential of regional history, pedagogical research, Krucemburk

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 16 / Nenhuma / O objetivo dessa pesquisa é propor um modelo de apoio informacional metodológico (MAIM) que atenda as principais necessidades da auditoria interna de uma instituição privada de ensino superior, com o uso de Business Intelligence. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa que permitiu um estudo em uma instituição privada de ensino superior localizada na região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Por meio de entrevistas com o Pró-Reitor de Administração e com os Auditores Internos da instituição, foi possível estruturar Etapas Metodológicas para a configuração do modelo proposto, em consonância com as Normas de Auditoria Interna. Do estudo realizado pode-se concluir que, apoiada no modelo informacional proposto, a auditoria interna tem condições de identificar prioridades no seu programa de trabalho, à luz dos planos e metas estratégicas da instituição, de tal forma que o auditor interno pode definir procedimentos operacionais para trabalhar em prol do alcance dos objetivos da organização / The objective of this research is to consider a model of informational methodology support model (IMSM) that takes care of the main necessities of the internal auditorship of a private institution of superior education with the use of Business Intelligence. A qualitative research that permited a study in a private institution of superior education located in the region Metropolitan of Porto Alegre, where, by means of interviews with the pro-reitor of administration and with the internal auditors of the institution, it was possible to structuralize methodological stages for the construction of the considered model, according to the rules of internal auditorship. Of the carried through study it can be concluded that, supported in the considered informational model, the internal auditorship has conditions to identify priorities in its program of work, to the light of the plans and strategical goals of the institution, of such form that the internal auditor can define operational procedures to work in favor of th

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Rodrigues Costa Boavista.pdf: 1392154 bytes, checksum: 07f3bfa1630aa7feecb15343ca51e287 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Relational Frame Theory (RFT) was proposed by Steven Hayes and Aaron Brownstein in 1985. Only in 2001 the first book whose content was exclusively dedicated to present RFT proposal and application fields was released. Inspired by research on stimulus equivalence and operant understanding of language RFT proponents argue that verbal behavior is closely related to a high order operant strengthened since early childhood via multiple exemplars training. This operant - arbitrarily applicable relational responding is defined by the properties of mutual implication, combinatorial implication, and transformation of stimuli function. RFT has received criticism directed to iits philosophical foundations, theoretical assumptions and regarding methodological research practices that guarantee its empirical support. This study aimed to review the empirical literature produced in the light of the RFT analyzing bibliometric aspects (year of publication, authors, affiliation of authors, journals, journals´ relevancy rates), methodological aspects (participants´ age, diagnosis and education, type and site of application, material and equipment used, relational frame employed, experimental task and measurement used) and trials to comprehend phenomena traditionally explore by other areas of knowledge/research lines/theories. 85 articles published between 1991 and May 2013 were reviewed. The Psychological Record led publications (42 articles). Studies majority employed participants from 18 years old onwards. Only 8% considered participants with psychiatric diagnosis. Just one publication was conducted in a group setting. Great part of the studies used computerized tasks. In terms of relational frames 68 studies investigated coordinated relations. 53 publications employed simultaneous matching-to-sample procedure. Between 1991 and 2001 there were nine studies that combined at least two measures but between 2006 and May 2013 there were 35. We found articles in which phenomena traditionally explored by areas such as philosophy, heuristic, clinics, theory of mind, neuroscience, among others, were discussed. Results show that RFT researchers produced empirical data through a variety of methodological conditions. However, we didn´t find evidence on non-human subjects or studies which assessed results in terms of sociodemographic variables or number of training and testing trials / A Teoria das Molduras Relacionais (Relational Frame Theory RFT) foi proposta por Steven Hayes e Aaron Brownstein em 1985. Apenas em 2001 foi lançado o primeiro livro cujo conteúdo era exclusivamente dedicado a apresentar sua proposta e indicar campos para aplicação. Inspirados nas pesquisas em equivalência de estímulos e na compreensão operante da linguagem os proponentes da RFT argumentam que o comportamento verbal está relacionado a um operante de ordem superior fortalecido desde a infância via treino de múltiplos exemplares. Este operante responder relacional arbitrariamente aplicável define-se pelas propriedades de implicação mútua, implicação combinatória e transformação de função de estímulos. A RFT vem recebendo críticas de cunho filosófico, teórico e metodológico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura empírica produzida à luz da RFT analisando aspectos bibliométricos (ano de publicação, autores, filiação dos autores, periódico, índices de relevância dos periódicos), metodológicos (faixa etária, diagnóstico e escolaridade dos participantes, tipo e local de aplicação, material e equipamentos utilizados, moldura relacional empregada, tarefa experimental e medida utilizadas) e tentativas de compreender fenômenos tradicionalmente estudados por outras linhas de pesquisa/teorias/áreas do conhecimento. Foram revistos 85 artigos publicados entre 1991 e maio de 2013. Identificou-se que o The Psychological Record liderou o número de publicações (42 artigos). A maioria das pesquisas tinha como participantes indivíduos de 18 anos em diante. Apenas 8% publicações consideraram participantes com diagnóstico psiquiátrico. Apenas uma publicação foi conduzida em contexto de grupo. A maior parte dos estudos utilizou tarefas computadorizadas. No que tange às molduras relacionais 68 estudos investigaram relações de coordenação. 53 publicações empregaram procedimentos de matching-to-sample simultâneo. Entre 1991 e 2001 foram identificadas nove pesquisas que combinavam ao menos duas medidas, já entre 2006 e maio de 2013 havia 35. Foram observados estudos nos quais fenômenos tipicamente abordados pela filosofia, heurística, clínica comportamental, teoria da mente, neurociências, entre outras, foram discutidos. Os resultados mostram que os pesquisadores que trabalham sob a perspectiva da RFT produziram dados empíricos a partir de uma diversidade de configurações metodológicas. Contudo, não foram identificadas evidências empíricas com sujeitos não humanos, estudos que avaliassem os resultados obtidos em termos de variáveis sóciodemográficas e pesquisas em que fossem correlacionados resultados à número de tentativas de treino/teste

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galciani Neves.pdf: 2078225 bytes, checksum: e6e5dee5850304679ab76cd24526dec1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study approaches communicational resources and procedures on the production of Brazilian Art critics, attempting to minimise the great gap and absence of debate around such activity in this country. In Brazil, the critique crisis became a grand cliche. Modes of approaching and mediating artistic events were investigated, as well as public debates on the press, analysis of criteria specially during the 60 s and 70 s. At this time it was possible to perceive a plethora of transformations in the critique and in the professionalization process as well as much diversification in the critic s tasks within institutions, universities, art market, media. Aracy Amaral, Frederico Morais, Ronaldo Brito, Paulo Sergio Duarte, Annateresa Fabris, Paulo Venâncio Filho, Fernando Cocchiarale, Gloria Ferreira, Tadeu Chiarelli, Cristina Freire, Marcio Doctors, Mônica Zielinsky, Maria Amélia Bulhões, Sônia Salzstein were all interviewed ans studied under the light of their processes. These author-subjects talked about their experiences, ways of behave, references, position towards art, culture, politics. They spoke about the dialogues they established with the surroundings, contact with artists, experiences with art, as well as telling about their relationship with Art History and the critique itself, instruments of analysis. Under the Process Critique perspective, proposed by Cecilia Salles based on the Semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce in dialogue with the concept of net proposed by Pierre Musso it was possible to discuss art critique as a sign process extremely marked by communicational issues in a broaden net of connections. Self-refexive and critical thinking, intertwined components of such a net, and understood in their constructive movement, became foundations for the eleven fields of critical procedures in which the communicative dimension of art in a number of directions is made evident: from the critic and their action contexts, in talks with artists and readers, as a perceptive experience when facing the works, as expansion and development of the work, to the public debate. In doing so, this study proposes an understanding of art critique in its complex reality and constant transformation as a creative and inventive exercise an act of communication / Esta pesquisa aborda procedimentos e recursos comunicacionais da producao de criticos de arte brasileiros, tendo como relevância buscar atenuar a grave lacuna e a ausencia de debate acerca de tal atividade no Brasil, onde a crise da critica transformou-se em verdadeiro cliche. Foram investigados modos de aproximacao e mediacao dos acontecimentos artisticos, debates no espaco público das midias impressas, critérios de análise, sobretudo, entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, momento em que se pode observar inúmeras transformacões na critica e um processo de profissionalizacao e diversificacao das tarefas de criticos em instituicões, universidades, mercado de arte, midias. Aracy Amaral, Frederico Morais, Ronaldo Brito, Paulo Sergio Duarte, Annateresa Fabris, Paulo Venâncio Filho, Fernando Cocchiarale, Gloria Ferreira, Tadeu Chiarelli, Cristina Freire, Marcio Doctors, Mônica Zielinsky, Maria Amélia Bulhões, Sônia Salzstein foram entrevistados e investigados a luz de seus processos. Esses sujeitos autores relataram suas experiencias, modos de agir, referencias, posicionamentos frente a arte, a cultura, a politica, diálogos mantidos com o entorno, contatos com artistas, experiencias com a arte, relacões com a historia da arte e com a propria critica, instrumentais de análise. Sob a perspectiva da Critica de Processo, proposta por Cecilia Salles com base na Semiotica de Charles Sanders Peirce em diálogo com o conceito de rede de Pierre Musso foi possivel discutir a critica de arte como processo signico fortemente marcado por questões comunicativas em uma ampla rede de conexões. Pensamentos criticos e autorrefexivos componentes inter-relacionados dessa rede e avistados em seu movimento construtivo tornaram-se subsidios fundamentais para a elaboracao de onze campos de procedimentos criticos, em que se evidencia a dimensao comunicativa da critica de arte em múltiplos direcionamentos: do critico com seus contextos de acao, em diálogos com os artistas e com o público leitor, como experiencia perceptiva diante das obras, como expansao e desdobramento da obra ao debate público. Assim, esta pesquisa propõe uma compreensao da critica de arte em sua realidade complexa e em constante transformacao como um exercicio criativo e inventivo ato de comunicacao

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sheila Canevacci Ribeiro.pdf: 36581540 bytes, checksum: 4457fba39baff42f7ba0d86f7a0f3931 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Starting off from the experience crossed by digital culture, a mixture of apparently incongruent communicational elements has been proliferating in the metropolis. This is a phenomenon of communication named here as absurd congruence (AC) for conjugating odd occurrences that, being normalized and legitimized in contemporaneity, collaborate within themselves without, nevertheless, causing strangeness. The absurd congruencies (ACs) break out in unexpected and interspaced situations and locations in the communicational metropolis, fruit of the tension between communication, culture and consumption, hypertexting the verbalimage imbrications so very much accordingly to the environment that the strangeness of what they gather is not noticed. To identify the absurd congruencies , it is necessary to practice a methodology guided by a flâneur itinerancy, both in the city and online life, navigating through an interdisciplinary biographical review (Muniz Sodré), articulating four theoretical axes: a) mediabody theory (Helena Katz e Christine Greiner); b) methodological fetishism (Massimo Canevacci); c) cyber culture studies (Mcluhan, Lemos, Shirky); and d) post-colonial studies of communication (Souza Santos, Bhabha. Fanon). Treating absurd congruencies as glocal samplings promoted by the on/ offline transcodification, the objective of this research is to propose its proliferation as a cognitive symptom of the indexed subjects we are now. The hypothesis proposes AC as a communicational event of expanded authorship in diverse materializations, a mediabody of the communicational metropolis that, as it manifests itself, reveals values already present in the very communication / Um mix de elementos comunicacionais aparentemente incongruentes vem proliferando na metrópole, a partir da vivência atravessada pela cultura digital. Trata-se de um fenômeno da comunicação aqui nomeado de congruência absurda (CA) por conjugar ocorrências estranhas que coadjuvam normalizadas e legitimadas na contemporaneidade sem, no entanto, causar estranhamento. As congruências absurdas (CA) irrompem em situações e locais imprevistos e intersticiais na metrópole comunicacional, fruto da tensão entre comunicação, cultura e consumo, hipertextualizando a imbricação verbal-imagens de forma tão acordada com o ambiente, que a estranheza daquilo que reúne não é percebida. Para identificar as congruências absurdas devese praticar uma metodologia guiada por uma itinerância flâneur , tanto pela cidade quanto pela vida on line, navegando por uma revisão bibliográfica indisciplinar (Muniz Sodré), articulando quatro eixos teóricos: a) teoria corpomídia (segundo Helena Katz e Christine Greiner); b) fetichismo metodológico (Massimo Canevacci); c) estudos da cibercultura (McLuhan; Lemos; Shirky; e d) estudos póscoloniais da comunicação (Souza Santos; Bhabha; Fanon. Tratando as congruências absurdas como sampleamentos glocais, promovidos pela transcodificação on-off line, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo propor a sua proliferação como um sintoma cognitivo dos sujeitos indexados que agora somos. A hipótese propõe a CA enquanto evento comunicacional de autoria expandida em materializações diversas, um corpomídia da metrópole comunicacional que, ao se manifestar, revela valores já presentes na comunicação

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux croyances, représentations et facteurs qui façonnent l’intention de croissance du dirigeant de PME. Produire de la connaissance sur ces éléments est essentiel. A un niveau social, l’intention de croissance constitue un enjeu dans une période marquée simultanément par le chômage et le manque d’attirance des dirigeants pour la croissance. A un niveau académique, la connaissance des micro-fondations de la croissance demeure méconnue et à renforcer (Wright et Stigliani, 2012). L’enquête qualitative est constituée de 32 entretiens individuels, complétée par 2 entretiens collectifs focalisés et des données recueillies lors des salons majeurs de la PME. Les résultats mettent d’abord en évidence la construction cognitive du phénomène de croissance, puis soulignent la nature distincte des croyances qui façonnent l’intention de croissance et ses deux formes de négation identifiées : l’intention de non-croissance et la non-intention de croissance. Des propositions concrètes sont avancées pour encourager l’intention de croissance du dirigeant. / This thesis focuses on the beliefs, representations and factors shaping SMEs owners’ growth intention. Produce knowledge on these elements is crucial. At a social level, growth intention is an issue in a period marked simultaneously by unemployment and lack of attraction of entrepreneurs for growth. At an academic level, knowledge of the micro-foundations of growth remains unknown and need further strengthening (Stigliani and Wright, 2012). The qualitative survey consists of 32 individual interviews, supplemented by 2 focus group interviews and data collected during major exhibitions of SMEs. First results highlight the cognitive construction of growth phenomenon and emphasize the distinct nature of the beliefs that shape growth intention and its two forms of denial identified: intention of no-growth and no-intention of growth. Concrete proposals are put forward to encourage SMEs owners’ growth intention.

O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar uma discussão sobre a identidade cultural no processo de aprendizagem do Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE). Trataremos da caracterização de fatores que, a rigor, situam-se antes do processo de aprendizagem da língua, mas que nele têm uma participação crucial. As tensões existentes no processo de interação professor/aluno, por exemplo, podem ser um reflexo do desconhecimento das identidades em jogo, assim como, o uso de estereótipos, clichês e estigmas na elaboração da identidade do Outro. Assim, é importante pensarmos a identidade, não como uma somatória das variáveis sociais (sexo, classe, país de origem, etc.), mas como fator aglutinador das referências psico-histórico-sociais de um povo que se apresentam em um sujeito do discurso. Não é possível afirmarmos que o reconhecimento da identidade facilite ou induza a aprendizagem, mas pode dar um novo valor ao estudo de PLE, ou melhor, ao estudo de língua estrangeira, se a pensarmos como fonte de cultura e caracterização da identidade cultural. Refletindo sobre as relações sociais, encontraremos o que foi gerado pelos processos históricos e, mais fundamentalmente, aquilo que somos ou desejamos ser. Por esta razão, o estudo da identidade tem em seu fundo uma visão psicanalítica que retrata o jogo da identidade social virtual e real, explicitadas pelo sociólogo canadense Erving Goffman. À luz da antropologia social goffmaniana, reexaminaremos os conceitos de estigma, identidade social, identidade pessoal, o eu, o Outro e traçaremos um quadro de nossa identidade cultural. / The purpose of this work is to present a discussion about cultural identity in the learning process of Portuguese as a foreign language (PFL). We will look at the characterization of factors that are rigorously placed before the learning process of a language, but play a crucial role in that process. The existing tensions in the interactive process between teacher and student, for example, could reflect unfamiliarity between the identities in play, as well as the use of stereotypes, clichés and stigmas in the elaboration of the other player’s identity. Therefore, it is important that we consider identity not as a culmination of social variables (gender, social-economic class, ethnicity, etc.), but as a unifying factor of a people’s psycho-historic-social reference being represented through one of its members. We are unable to affirm that identity recognition facilitates or prompts learning, but it may give a new value to PFL studies, or more importantly, to the study of foreign language, if we think of it as a source of culture and a characterization of cultural identity. Reflecting upon social relations, we find what was created by historical processes, and more fundamentally, what we are or desire to be. For this reason, the study of identity has a psychoanalytical base, which portrays the virtual and real social identities in play, as explained by the Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman. In light of Goffmanian social anthropology, we will reexamine concepts of stigma, social identity, personal identity, us versus them, and we will form an idea of our own cultural identity.

La plupart des développements qui ont été effectués ces dernières années dans le domaine de la RMN rapide ont permis d’accélérer considérablement l’acquisition des expériences multidimensionnelles. Cependant, dans le cas de l’étude des interactions proton-proton, qui constituent des sondes structurales précieuses des molécules, l’ensemble du processus analytique demeure une tâche difficile et longue pour les chimistes. Une raison est la complexité et la quantité des informations rendues disponibles qui contribue au profil spectral global, même dans le cas de molécules de petites et moyennes tailles. En l’état de l’art actuel, il était difficile d’optimiser simultanément la résolution des spectres de corrélations et la durée d’analyse nécessaires pour les acquérir et les exploiter. Ce projet de thèse avait pour but de développer une approche RMN nouvelle et générale basée sur un encodage spatial fréquentiel de l’échantillon afin de simplifier et d’accélérer l’étude de molécules plus ou moins complexes. L’encodage spatial fréquentiel permet de contrôler sélectivement les évolutions de spins dans des régions localisées de l’échantillon et de les combiner dans des spectres RMN haute résolution dans lesquels le contenu analytique est aisément accessible. Dans une première partie, la théorie de l’encodage spatial en fréquence est présentée. Une méthode de simulation du signal RMN encodé est présentée, puis utilisée pour décrire la localisation du processus d’excitation sélective d’un système de spin modèle, en allant de l’analyse d’une cohérence unique vers la reconstruction du spectre encodé à travers le tube RMN. En parallèle, l’influence du champ magnétique sur la largeur de coupe et de sensibilité de ce type d’expériences est également étudiée grâce à cet outil de simulation. Dans une deuxième partie, deux développements méthodologiques sont présentés. Tout d’abord, l’expérience PCR-COSY donne accès, en un seul spectre, à la mesure totalement éditée et attribuable des couplages scalaires proton-proton pour une molécule donnée. Ensuite, l’expérience push-G-SERF permet de mesurer l’ensemble des couplages impliquant un proton sélectionné à partir d’un spectre présentant des signaux J-résolus dans la dimension indirecte et -résolus dans la dimension directe du spectre. Dans une troisième partie, les expériences basées sur un encodage spatial de l’échantillon sont appliquées à l’analyse conformationnelle d’un saccharide synthétique. Tout d’abord, les avantages et inconvénients de la mise en œuvre des techniques d’encodage spatial en fréquence à très haut champ sont discutés. Enfin, une stratégie d’analyse conformationnelle basée sur la spectroscopie J-éditée est présentée et appliquée avec succès à l’étude de cet oligosaccharide. / Most of the developments that have been made during the last years in the field of fast NMR have allowed for considerably accelerating the acquisition of multidimensional experiments. However, the analysis of proton-proton spin interactions, which are very important structural probes in molecules, still constitutes a tedious and time-consuming analytical process for most of the chemists. One reason is the complexity and the high number of homonuclear couplings that contribute to the overall lineshape in proton spectra, even for small or medium-sized compounds. It is thus nowadays very difficult to optimize both the resolution of correlation spectra, and the experimental time needed to acquire them, using state of the art high resolution methods. This thesis project aimed at developing a novel and general approach based on a spatial frequency encoding of the NMR sample in order to simplify and thus to accelerate the analysis of complex molecular systems. Spatial frequency encoding consists in controlling selectively spin evolutions in localized regions of the sample, and in combining them into high resolution experiments whose analytical content is easily accessible. In a first part, the theory of spatial frequency encoding is presented. A general method for simulating the encoded NMR signal is introduced, and it is applied to describe the localized selective excitation process of a model spin system, from the analysis of a single spin coherence, to the reconstruction of the whole NMR spectrum encoded throughout the sample. The magnetic field dependence of the slice selection process, as well as the overall sensitivity is also addressed through this simulation tool. In a second part, two methodological developments are presented. Firstly, the PCR-COSY experiment gives access, in a single spectrum, to a fully edited and assignable measurement of all the proton-proton scalar couplings in a given molecule. Secondly, the push-G-SERF experiment allows for measuring all the couplings involving a selected proton on correlations showing a J-resolved and a -resolved structure in the indirect and direct domain of the resulting 2D spectrum, respectively. In a third part, high-resolution experiments based on a spatial frequency encoding of the sample are applied to the conformational analysis of a synthetic saccharide. First, advantages and drawbacks of an implementation of spatial frequency encoded techniques at very high field are discussed. Then, a conformational analysis strategy based on J-edited spectroscopy is introduced, and successfully applied to the study of this oligosaccharide.

Cette recherche vise la mise au jour du lien entre la formation à la méthodologie de l’enseignement du français comme langue étrangère et le développement de l’agir professionnel de l’enseignant novice. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre plus général des travaux ayant pour objet la formation des enseignants et leurs pratiques effectives. La mise en place d’un appareillage, la trame méthodique repère (TMR), destiné à la conception d’unités didactiques et à la formation des pratiques professionnelles enseignantes, est au coeur de la première partie de cette étude qui, dans un second temps, montre de quelle manière la modélisation proposée par la TMR rend possible la circulation des savoirs d’ingénierie, de la formation au développement de l’agir des enseignants novices. / This research brings to light the link between French second language teacher training and the development of beginning teachers’ actions. It is set in the wider field of language teacher education research and teachers’ real practice. The first part of this study presents the implementation of a language teaching methodological framework aimed at lesson design and language teacher training. The second part shows how the sequence of language objects and activities of the framework makes it possible for vocational language teaching knowledge to evolve from training to teaching.