The concept 'mess-understanding' has circulated in online media and is so prevalent that it is now included in the Urban Dictionary. The folk concept of mess-understandings is a pun for misunderstandings arising in an online media context. Posting one's own or others' miscommunication and/or typographical errors has grown to be a popular way of sharing humor via cross-platform sharing on the Internet. The aim of this paper is to analyze short message service (SMS) dialogues shared in social media, with a special emphasis on those with the highest degree of 'shareability' and/or popularity. The study specifically focuses on understanding linguistic and communicative reasons behind these dialogues being treated as humorous by users. As such, the study aims to shed light upon current cultural conceptions of communication and humor. Data was collected from the photo sharing website Pinterest from users who had posted or reposted 'screen shots' from their own or others' SMS conversations. In order to collect as much valuable data as possible, a manual search strategy was developed with three different word strings which resulted in a corpus of 160 dialogues. Content analysis of the data revealed certain recurrent humor themes, such as allusions to sexual conduct or bodily functions, generation gaps, technology difficulties, and lexical ambiguity. / Begreppet ‘mess-förstånd’ har på senare tid cirkulerat på Internet och är nu så allmänt förekommande att det är inkluderat i Urban Dictionary. Mess-förstånd är en ordvits för missförstånd som förekommer på Internet. Att lägga upp sina egna eller andras misslyckade konversationer och/eller typografiska fel har utvecklats till ett populärt sätt att dela humor via olika plattformar på Internet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera vilka lingvistiska mönster av SMS-missförstånd som finns, med speciell betoning på sådana som har den högsta graden av ‘delbarhet’ och/eller popularitet och vad det säger oss om rådande föreställningar om kommunikation och humor. Det empiriska materialet insamlades från fotodelningshemsidan Pinterest från användare som hade lagt upp eller återbrukat ‘skärmavbilder’ från sina egna eller andras SMS-konversationer. För att samla in så mycket värdefull data som möjligt användes en manuell sökstrategi med tre olika ordsträngar som resulterade i en korpus med 160 dialoger. Analyser av dialogerna visade på återkommande humorteman, exempelvis anspelningar på sexualitet eller kroppsliga funktioner, generationsklyftor, teknologiska svårigheter och lexikala tvetydligheter.

No description available.

No description available.

ANOTATION The work deals with translation and interpretation of the original Hebrew text of Genesis 11, making the use of synchronous exegetical method. The method focuses mostly on careful observation of multi-layered meanings of Hebrew terms, direct speeches, macrosyntactical markers, parallelisms and sentence constituents. To reach deeper dimension of the text, the work also takes into account the original non-vocalized text, graphical form of the text, consonances and metathesis. One of the most significant features of this work is the attention paid to the timeless nature of Hebrew verbs, which allows to read the narrative about human desire, pride, non-hearing, illusions, inner decay and the way back to God not as a story from the past, but as a lively anthropological message.

Parmi les réalisateurs, producteurs et acteurs de Bombay, Raj Kapoor (1924-1988) est certainement l’un des plus célèbres et des plus originaux, qu’il s’agisse de son œuvre ou de sa personnalité. Sa vaste filmographie qui rassemble quelques-uns des plus beaux mélodrames du cinéma populaire hindi reste méconnue en France. Proches du peuple, ces mélodrames révèlent un phénomène présent dans différentes situations et sous différents aspects : le sentiment d’incompréhension.Ce travail de recherche, inspiré par la lecture de Peter Brooks et Stanley Cavell sur le mélodrame, se donne pour but de montrer que les mélodrames de Kapoor sont porteurs d’un concept particulier qui les unit et les définit comme un genre cinématographique propre que nous appellerons « mélodrame de l’incompréhension ». Le sentiment de ne pas comprendre ou d’être « mal compris » qui hante ces mélodrames se cristallise non seulement à partir des enjeux esthétiques, historiques, politiques et culturels mais aussi des événements personnels.S’appuyant sur l’esthétique du mélodrame, Kapoor multiplie la présence métaphorique du héros aveugle qui pointe la difficulté ou l’impossibilité de communiquer et fait grief à la société de ne pas le comprendre. Inscrivant sa souffrance dans un contexte plus large, le mélodrame kapoorien dépasse les frontières du drame intimiste pour s’élever au niveau du peuple, voire de la nation, selon certains auteurs. Pour amplifier le phénomène d’incompréhension, le mélodrame utilise le malentendu, la méprise, l’ignorance, la confusion, l’illusion, etc. au point que ces difficultés de communication paraissent très clairement représenter des éléments structurels marqués par la réflexion de Kapoor sur l’incompréhension, teintée de mélancolie et de tristesse. / Among Bombay’s directors, producers and actors, Raj Kapoor (1924-1988) is certainly one of the best known and most original both for his work and for his personality. His vast filmography which constitutes a collection of some of the most beautiful melodramas of Hindi popular cinema remains virtually unknown in France. Close to the people, these melodramas reveal a theme which is universally present, illustrated in a variety of situations and different lights. It is the phenomenon of incomprehension.The present work, inspired by a reading of Peter Brooks and Stanley Cavell on the subject of melodrama, aims to show that Kapoor’s melodramas treat this specific theme which unites them and allows them to be defined as a distinct cinematic genre here termed "melodrama of incomprehension." The feeling of inability to understand or of being misunderstood which haunts these melodramas is gleaned not only from aesthetic, historical, political and cultural subjects but also from personal experience.Drawing on the aesthetics of melodrama, Kapoor multiplies the metaphorical presence of the blind hero illustrating the overwhelming difficulty of communication, and blames society for a lack of understanding. Extending the resulting suffering to a wider context, Kapoor’s melodrama transcends the bounds of individual drama, reaching out to the level of the people as a whole, indeed to the entire nation according to some authors. To amplify the phenomenon of incomprehension, his melodrama uses misunderstanding, scorn, ignorance, confusion, illusion, and more. Kapoor does this to a point at which these difficulties of communication clearly represent identifiable structural elements in his portrayal of incomprehension imbued with melancholy and sadness.

Des femmes missionnaires, poussées par leur « foi en Jésus Christ » et marquées par les préjugés relatifs à la supériorité raciale et à la puissance matérielle de l’Occident, rencontrent entre 1928 et 1960 les femmes autochtones du Congo belge, porteuses d’une culture millénaire, imprégnées elles-mêmes de préjugés et de craintes vis-à-vis des « étrangers blancs ».Ce face-à-face se déroule essentiellement hors du village de la femme indigène, à la « mission », espace « inventé » et « maitrisé » par les Pères et où les religieuses se considèrent comme des « invitées » qui, elles-mêmes, convient ou parfois contraignent les femmes autochtones à la confrontation. Ce rendez-vous se réalise en trois lieux spécifiques : lecatéchuménat, l’école et le dispensaire (ou l’hôpital).A l’occasion de cette confrontation, les religieuses construisent leur image de la femme autochtone pendant que cette dernière élabore, elle aussi, sa représentation de la femme missionnaire, venue « d’ailleurs ». Il y a ici comme une interaction et un jeu de miroirs qui aboutit à ce que les anthropologues qualifient de malentendu productif. / Missionary women, endowed with "faith in Jesus Christ" and prejudices concerning the racial superiority and material power of the West, encounter indigenous women between 1928 and 1960 in the Belgian Congo, with a thousand-year-old culture, imbued with prejudice and fears vis-à-vis "white foreigners".This confrontation takes place essentially outside the village of the indigenous woman, to the "mission", a space "invented" and "mastered" by the Fathers and where the nuns consider themselves as "guests" who themselves , invite or sometimes force indigenous women into confrontation. This encounter is made in three specific places: the catechumenate, the school and the dispensary (or the hospital).At the end of this confrontation, the nuns build up their image of the indigenous woman, while the latter also elaborates her representation of the missionary woman, who had come "from elsewhere". There is here as a game of mirrors that results in what anthropologists call productive misunderstanding.

<p>Title: The engagement letter influence on the expectation gap – An empirical study on the expectation gap between auditors and small incorporated companies.</p><p>Keywords: Engagement letter, Expectation gap, Misunderstanding, Auditing, Audit, External Auditor, Client, Communication, Knowledge, General view</p><p>Problem: People outside the audit society have some mood points in what an external auditor is and what she/he does. Not everybody can understand an audit report and connect the auditor’s responsibility to it. These mood points mutually with ignorance about the auditor and its tasks can result in disagreement between auditors and interested parties, who have different needs and expectations on the auditor, which leaves the auditor-role with a built-in conflict in its role. The authors, in this essay, investigate whether, the relative new law, who request the auditors to establish an engagement letter with the clients, has decreased the misunderstandings between auditors and small limited companies.</p><p>Purpose: This essay is meant to investigate if the engagement letter has decreased the expectations gap between external auditors and clients.</p><p>Method: Facts has been gathered with the help of interviews with external auditors as well with clients. The questions that were asked during the interviews were half-structured, which gave the respondent the freedom to answer the questions freely but within the scope that was interesting for this essay.</p><p>Result: This study show that FAR through its new regulations in RS, in this particular essay, the engagement letter has not fulfilled its purpose to decrease misunderstandings between external auditors and clients, in this case, small firms. The engagement letter has been received as a contract as one of many. Our study shows that there have been no evident differences in knowledge-transfer between external auditors and clients. The engagement letter is designed by auditors with expertise which is not understood by the clients, which leads to a lack of interest by the clients that also reflects on the auditors. It seems though the engagement letter considers as insurance, above all by the auditors in situations when an actual misunderstanding, with legal actions as consequences, occurs.</p> / <p>Titel: Uppdragsbrevets påverkan på förväntningsgapet – En empirisk studie på förväntningsgapet mellan revisorer och små aktiebolag</p><p>Nyckelord: Uppdragsbrev, Missförstånd, Förväntningsgap, Revision, Små aktiebolag, Revisor, Klient, Kunskap, Kommunikation, Allmän syn</p><p>Problem: Det finns delade meningar bland människor utanför revisionskåren om vad en revisor är och vad han/hon gör. Långt ifrån alla kan läsa en revisionsberättelse eller koppla revisorns ansvar till den. Den delade mening och okunskap om revisorn och dennes arbete kan leda till meningsskiljningar och missförstånd mellan revisorn och intressenter som har olika behov och förväntningar på revisorn, vilket lämnar revisorn med en inbyggd konflikt i sin roll. Författarna undersöker i uppsatsen om lagen om införandet av uppdragsbrevet har lett till ett minskat missförstånd mellan revisorer och mindre aktiebolag.</p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om införandet av uppdragsbrevet har minskat förväntningsgapet mellan revisor och klienter.</p><p>Metod: Data har insamlats med hjälp av djupintervjuer med revisorer såväl som klienter. Frågorna som ställdes under intervjuerna var ostrukturerade där respondenterna kunde svara fritt på frågorna men där författarna styrde in diskussionen i områden som var aktuella för uppsatsen.</p><p>Resultat: Uppsatsen visar att FAR genom nya stadgarna i RS, i detta berörande fall, uppdragsbrevet, inte lyckats minska missförstånden mellan revisorer och klienter i småföretag på ett förebyggande sätt. Uppdragsbrevet har mottagits som ett avtal, bland många, där ingen märkbar skillnad kring kunskapsöverföringen mellan revisorer och klienter kan identifieras. Uppdragsbrevet utformas av revisorer vilka besitter expertkunskaper, inom revision, kunskaper som klienterna inte innehar, som i sin tur leder till ett ointresse bland klienterna, som även reflekteras på revisorerna. Däremot upplevs uppdragsbrevet som en trygghetsfaktor för framförallt revisorer vid eventuella fall där ett missförstånd, med rättsliga påföljder, skulle uppstå.</p>

Title: The engagement letter influence on the expectation gap – An empirical study on the expectation gap between auditors and small incorporated companies. Keywords: Engagement letter, Expectation gap, Misunderstanding, Auditing, Audit, External Auditor, Client, Communication, Knowledge, General view Problem: People outside the audit society have some mood points in what an external auditor is and what she/he does. Not everybody can understand an audit report and connect the auditor’s responsibility to it. These mood points mutually with ignorance about the auditor and its tasks can result in disagreement between auditors and interested parties, who have different needs and expectations on the auditor, which leaves the auditor-role with a built-in conflict in its role. The authors, in this essay, investigate whether, the relative new law, who request the auditors to establish an engagement letter with the clients, has decreased the misunderstandings between auditors and small limited companies. Purpose: This essay is meant to investigate if the engagement letter has decreased the expectations gap between external auditors and clients. Method: Facts has been gathered with the help of interviews with external auditors as well with clients. The questions that were asked during the interviews were half-structured, which gave the respondent the freedom to answer the questions freely but within the scope that was interesting for this essay. Result: This study show that FAR through its new regulations in RS, in this particular essay, the engagement letter has not fulfilled its purpose to decrease misunderstandings between external auditors and clients, in this case, small firms. The engagement letter has been received as a contract as one of many. Our study shows that there have been no evident differences in knowledge-transfer between external auditors and clients. The engagement letter is designed by auditors with expertise which is not understood by the clients, which leads to a lack of interest by the clients that also reflects on the auditors. It seems though the engagement letter considers as insurance, above all by the auditors in situations when an actual misunderstanding, with legal actions as consequences, occurs. / Titel: Uppdragsbrevets påverkan på förväntningsgapet – En empirisk studie på förväntningsgapet mellan revisorer och små aktiebolag Nyckelord: Uppdragsbrev, Missförstånd, Förväntningsgap, Revision, Små aktiebolag, Revisor, Klient, Kunskap, Kommunikation, Allmän syn Problem: Det finns delade meningar bland människor utanför revisionskåren om vad en revisor är och vad han/hon gör. Långt ifrån alla kan läsa en revisionsberättelse eller koppla revisorns ansvar till den. Den delade mening och okunskap om revisorn och dennes arbete kan leda till meningsskiljningar och missförstånd mellan revisorn och intressenter som har olika behov och förväntningar på revisorn, vilket lämnar revisorn med en inbyggd konflikt i sin roll. Författarna undersöker i uppsatsen om lagen om införandet av uppdragsbrevet har lett till ett minskat missförstånd mellan revisorer och mindre aktiebolag. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om införandet av uppdragsbrevet har minskat förväntningsgapet mellan revisor och klienter. Metod: Data har insamlats med hjälp av djupintervjuer med revisorer såväl som klienter. Frågorna som ställdes under intervjuerna var ostrukturerade där respondenterna kunde svara fritt på frågorna men där författarna styrde in diskussionen i områden som var aktuella för uppsatsen. Resultat: Uppsatsen visar att FAR genom nya stadgarna i RS, i detta berörande fall, uppdragsbrevet, inte lyckats minska missförstånden mellan revisorer och klienter i småföretag på ett förebyggande sätt. Uppdragsbrevet har mottagits som ett avtal, bland många, där ingen märkbar skillnad kring kunskapsöverföringen mellan revisorer och klienter kan identifieras. Uppdragsbrevet utformas av revisorer vilka besitter expertkunskaper, inom revision, kunskaper som klienterna inte innehar, som i sin tur leder till ett ointresse bland klienterna, som även reflekteras på revisorerna. Däremot upplevs uppdragsbrevet som en trygghetsfaktor för framförallt revisorer vid eventuella fall där ett missförstånd, med rättsliga påföljder, skulle uppstå.

Nos travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la définition d’architectures pour la conception des applications informatiques se basant sur l’interactivité avec l’utilisateur. Nous nous plaçons dans un contexte de système médiateur, dans lequel les interactions sont traitées par le système afin de maitriser au mieux l’exécution de l’application interactive. Un point-clé de notre approche est l’hypothèse que le concepteur conçoit son application interactive en fonction d’un présupposé qu’il a sur l’utilisateur (compétence, comportement...). Afin de maintenir la cohérence de l’exécution vis-à-vis du comportement de l’utilisateur pour l’activité en cours, le mécanisme d’adaptation doit alors prendre en compte la logique perçue et interprétée de l’utilisateur. Le principe d’exécution adaptative permet donc à un système interactif d’ajuster sa logique d’exécution en fonction de l’état, des comportements, des réactions et des capacités de l’utilisateur. Ainsi, le point de départ de l’exécution adaptative est la définition des propriétés caractérisant l’état de l’utilisateur et/ou de son environnement, et l’observation ou la capture de cet état, qui permettra par la suite de prendre une décision sur la poursuite du déroulement du scénario. Cependant, cette décision d’adaptation peut être influencée ou entravée par la distance entre l’état observé et l’état réel de l’utilisateur, ainsi que par la distance entre l’état observé et l’état prédit (espéré) par le système. Les principaux obstacles à l’exécution adaptative dans un système interactif sont de 3 types : les ambiguïtés, les incohérences et les quiproquos. Ils peuvent survenir à chaque fois qu’un ensemble d’acteurs du système considéré interagissent, partagent des connaissances globales et gèrent leurs connaissances locales. Un quiproquo se produit lorsque deux acteurs ont des connaissances incohérentes dans leurs visions locales et les utilisent pendant leurs interactions ; cela peut entraîner une déviation de ces interactions. L’ambiguïté causant possiblement des mauvaises perceptions est une des origines de quiproquo. Les ambiguïtés et les quiproquos sont des entraves pouvant entrainer des conséquences graves pour le système, tel que la déviance du scénario, la propagation des quiproquos, l’interruption des interactions, la perte de motivation des utilisateurs... Ils diminuent à la fois la qualité de l’adaptation et la pertinence de l’interaction. La question principale à laquelle veulent répondre nos travaux est : comment peut-on gérer les quiproquos entre les acteurs du système lors de l’exécution, afin d’améliorer l’adaptativité dans les applications interactives ? Le principe de notre solution est de proposer un gabarit de conception et d’organisation des interactions ainsi qu’un gabarit de mécanisme de gestion de cohérence, que les concepteurs d’une application interactive pourront reprendre comme support pour développer leurs propres algorithmes de détection ou de correction. Ce modèle d’architecture doit être générique et réutilisable, les mécanismes doivent être transparents et préserver les propriétés importantes des systèmes interactifs. Pour atteindre cet objectif, notre recherche s’est divisée en trois points : proposer un cadre méthodologique à base de la notion de « situation » pour la conception des applications interactives, pour confiner les interactions et suivre les parcours d’actions de chaque acteur, afin de contrôler l’utilisation des ressources et assurer la cohérence des visions locales ; proposer une architecture robuste à base d’agents avec la surcharge des composants spécifiques en tant qu’infrastructure des systèmes interactifs adaptatifs ; enfin, transférer des techniques du domaine de la sûreté de fonctionnement et de la tolérance aux fautes, vers le domaine de l’interactivité et l’adaptativité pour traiter les quiproquos. / Our works focus on defining an architectural model for interactivity-based computer applications. The research context is placed in the mediator systems where the interactions are treated by the system itself, and in the scenarized applications where its execution is considered as a scenario. This aims to manage at best the interactive application execution. The observation and adaptation are key points of our approach where the designer develops his interactive application according to the presuppositions about users (behaviour, skills...). To maintain an execution consistence towards user’s behaviour in current activities, the adaptation mechanism has to take into account the perceived and interpreted user’s logic. That allows the system to adjust its execution logic to user’s state, behaviour, reactions and capacities. Hence, the starting point of adaptive execution is to define a set of proprieties characterising user’s state and his environment of which the observation permits thereafter to make decisions about the future scenario continuity. However, this decision can be influenced or hampered by the difference distance between the observed state and the real state of user, also the distance between the observed state and the expected one by the system. The principal obstacles against the adaptation and interactions are : the ambiguity, the inconsistency, and the misunderstanding. They can occur when the participant actors interact, share global data, and manage the local knowledge contained in their local visions at the same time. A misunderstanding in interaction arises during actors’ interactions using the inconsistent data in their local visions that can impact badly on interaction. The ambiguity causing possibly the wrong perceptions is one of the principal misunderstanding origines. Theses obstacles lead to serious consequences for the system and application such as scenario deviation, misunderstanding propagation, interaction interruption, user’s motivation lost...They decrease the adaptation quality and interaction pertinence. Hence, the principal question of this thesis is : how can we handle the misunderstanding in interactions between the actors during system execution in order to improve adaptability in the interactive applications ? Our solution principle is to propose a model for interaction designing and organizing, together with a model for consistency handling mechanisms that application designers can employ as a necessary support to install his own detection or correction algorithms. These models have to be generic, reusable to be applied in different types of application. The consistency managements have to be transparent to users, and preserve important properties of interactive systems. To attain this objective, our works follow three major points : propose a situation-based methodological model for interactive application designing to confine a sequence of interactions into a situation with the constraints of context and resource utilisation. This structuration into situations propose a robust system architecture with additional specific components that ensure misunderstanding in interaction detection and management. Integrate the adaptive treatment mechanisms to the dynamic system’s execution through the proposed situation-based architectural model. They are inspired and adapted from fault-tolerance techniques in dependability domain.

Communication / MA (Communication)