Magister Educationis - MEd / Writing is an important aspect of language learning and a tool for assessment in Basic and Higher Education across the globe. Learners need to acquire proficient writing skills to learn and to demonstrate their knowledge and creativity. Given the importance of creative writing in expressing one’s thoughts, emotions and imagination, this study sought to investigate how creative writing was taught through the medium of English First Additional Language (FAL) to Grade 9 learners in one primary school in the Western Cape province. It also sought to observe and analyse the teaching strategies employed by teachers in creative writing to Grade 9 learners who were isiXhosa home language speakers, and who were taught all the subjects (except isiXhosa language) through the medium of English (FAL). Through the lens of Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism Theory, this study explored how the learners’ social context and language played a role in the teaching-learning process. The Social Constructivism theory assumes that the home environment is a primary factor in learning and it is concerned with how learning is facilitated in the classroom. This study employed a qualitative research design by making use of classroom observations, focus group interviews with randomly selected Grade 9 learners, and an interview with the Grade 9 teacher to determine how English (FAL) creative writing was taught and the barriers encountered by learners when taught writing in this language. Data was collected in a township school in Cape Town where the majority of learners were isiXhosa home language speakers. Thematic data analysis was used to make sense of the collected data. Ethical considerations were observed throughout the data collection process. One of the key findings of this study is that the Grade 9 English teacher made use of a teacher centred approach and code-switching in the teaching and learning of creative writing through the medium of English FAL. The findings also indicate that learners had limited English proficiency due to limited exposure to this language in their home environment. This study concludes that writing in English is a challenge to Grade 9 English FAL learners, and this could impede their success in other subjects across the curriculum.

The purpose of the study was to investigate and to be able to contribute with knowledgeabout preschool teachers' work with integrating children with a mother tongue other thanSwedish in preschool. To investigate how the preschool teachers work in the way ofincluding all the children. In the study, a qualitative method was used by interviewingfour preschool teachers from four different preschools in the same municipality. Theyhave been able to tell their stories based on their own experiences about the integrationwork of children with a mother tongue other than Swedish. The theoretical starting pointthat inspired my study is phenomenology. In the study, an inclusion perspective has beena basis in my analysis work when I have been listening to the stories that the preschoolteachers have described. From that rspective, it was later seen in the results that all fourpreschool teachers work with inclusion in the integration work, although they do it inslightly different ways. Differences were shown when some of the preschool teachersdivide the children into integrated small groups and some did not. The results of the studyalso showed that the four preschool teachers have found, what I interpret as a commonstrategy for the integration work. They performed the work in different approaches but itturned out that they had the same starting points. The starting points resulted in fivecommon tools that the four preschool teachers considered to be of great importance.Those points were the language, guardians, body language, rhymes and rhymes as well asfairy tales. These five are all of great importance for integrating children with a mothertongue other than Swedish in preschool according to the preschool teachers. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka samt att kunna bidra med kunskap kring förskolläraresarbete med att integrera barn med annat modersmål än svenska i förskolan. Att undersökahur förskollärarna arbetar i verksamheten med att inkludera alla barnen. I studien har enkvalitativ metod använts genom att intervjua fyra förskollärare från fyra olika förskolor isamma kommun. De har fått berätta utifrån sina egna upplevelser och erfarenheter kringintegrationsarbetet av barn med annat modersmål än svenska. Den teoretiskautgångspunkten som inspirerat min studie är fenomenologin. I studien har ettinkluderingsperspektiv legat som en grund i mitt analysarbete att lyssna till berättelsernasom förskollärarna beskrivit. Utifrån det perspektivet sågs senare i resultatet att alla fyraförskollärare arbetar med inkludering i integrationsarbetet fast de gör det på lite olikasätt. Det visade sig att några förskollärare integrerade barnen i smågrupper medans någraförskollärare inte delade in barnen. . Studiens resultat visade också att de fyraförskollärarna har hittat en gemensam strategi för integrationsarbetet. De utförde arbetetpå olika tillvägagångssätt men det visade sig att de hade samma utgångspunkter.Utgångspunkterna resulterade i fem gemensamma verktyg som de fyra förskollärarnaansåg var av stor vikt. De punkterna var språket, vårdnadshavare, kroppsspråk, rim ochramsor samt sagor. De fem är alla av stor betydelse för att integrera barn med annatmodersmål än svenska i förskolan.

The purpose of the current study is to shed light on how preschool teachers work to stimulate the mother tongue of multilingual children and develop second language learning. The theoretical starting point in the study is the intercultural perspective. To answer the purpose of the study, a survey was conducted of which 60 respondents are included in the data analysis. The results of the study show that the respondents who participated in the survey work with multilingual children's mother tongue and second language learning in several different ways and they have a positive view of mother tongue teaching and its impact on second language learning. According to the study's participants, it appears that there are various challenges in the work with children's multilingualism, such as a lack of knowledge in mother tongue teaching and second language learning. There were several different resources that are used in the work, but also what resources the preschool teachers lack in the work with mother tongue teaching and second languages. Finally, the results of the study show that there is a certain lack of knowledge about how the educator should promote the child's mother tongue and second language. According to the preschool teachers, there is a lack of competence development and a lack of time for working with the child's multilingualism. / Syftet i den aktuella studien är att belysa hur förskollärare arbetar med att stimulera flerspråkiga barns modersmål samt utvecklar andraspråksinlärningen.  Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är det interkulturella perspektivet. För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes en enkätundersökning varav 60 respondenter inkluderas i data analyseringen. Studiens resultat visar att respondenterna som deltog i enkätundersökningen arbetar med flerspråkiga barns modersmål och andraspråksinlärning på flera olika sätt och har positiv syn på modersmålsundervisning och dess påverkan på andraspråksinlärning. Det framkommer enligt studiens deltagare att det finns olika utmaningar i arbetet med barns flerspråkighet som bristande kunskap inom modersmålsundervisning och andraspråksinlärning. Det framkom flera olika resurser som används i arbetet men också vilka resurser som förskollärarna saknar i arbetet med modersmålsundervisning och andraspråk. Slutligen visar studiens resultat att det finns en viss brist på kunskap kring hur pedagogen ska främja barnets modersmål och andraspråk. Det framkommer enligt förskollärarna en saknad av kompetensutveckling och brist på tid för arbetet med barnets flerspråkighet.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Writing is an important aspect of language learning and a tool for assessment in Basic and Higher Education across the globe. Learners need to acquire proficient writing skills to learn and to demonstrate their knowledge and creativity. Given the importance of creative writing in expressing one’s thoughts, emotions and imagination, this study sought to investigate how creative writing was taught through the medium of English First Additional Language (FAL) to Grade 9 learners in one primary school in the Western Cape province. It also sought to observe and analyse the teaching strategies employed by teachers in creative writing to Grade 9 learners who were isiXhosa home language speakers, and who were taught all the subjects (except isiXhosa language) through the medium of English (FAL). Through the lens of Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism Theory, this study explored how the learners’ social context and language played a role in the teaching-learning process. The Social Constructivism theory assumes that the home environment is a primary factor in learning and it is concerned with how learning is facilitated in the classroom.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Writing is an important aspect of language learning and a tool for assessment in Basic and Higher Education across the globe. Learners need to acquire proficient writing skills to learn and to demonstrate their knowledge and creativity. Given the importance of creative writing in expressing one’s thoughts, emotions and imagination, this study sought to investigate how creative writing was taught through the medium of English First Additional Language (FAL) to Grade 9 learners in one primary school in the Western Cape province. It also sought to observe and analyse the teaching strategies employed by teachers in creative writing to Grade 9 learners who were isiXhosa home language speakers, and who were taught all the subjects (except isiXhosa language) through the medium of English (FAL).

The purpose of the study is to investigate the preschool teacher’s attitude and attitude towards working with children who have Swedish as a second language. We are also investigating what working methods and materials preschool teachers use to promote multilingual children's language development with regards to the Swedish language and the child's mother tongue. Issues that we have used are: What attitude do preschool teachers have in working with multilingualism? What working methods and materials do preschool teachers use to promote multilingual children's language development with regards to the Swedish language and the child's mother tongue? To get answers to our purpose, we used qualitative interviews with six preschool teachers from four different preschools in three different municipalities in Stockholm. We have analyzed data collection from a socio-cultural perspective. The result showed that interviewed preschool teachers see the work of multilingualism as an asset. Preschool teachers are aware that it is a resource to know more than one language, as the children can switch between both languages. In our result, it was found that the educator’s main way of working for language development is to work consciously in smaller groups of children. To have a conversation while reading is the most important factor in promoting multilingual children's language development. The educators use books in different languages, concrete materials, and pictures in planned activities such as gatherings and fairy tales. All preschool teachers also believe that rhymes and language-developing games such as memory increase children's language development.

Forskning visar att motivation är betydelsefullt för elevers inlärningsprocess och skolresultat. Med detta som utgångspunkt är syftet med denna underesökning att undersöka vilka orsaker som finns till bristande motivation hos eleverna i samband med modersmålsundervisningen samt vad lärare kan göra för att höja elevernas motivation i deltagandet av modrsmålsundervisningen. Denna kvalitativa studie utgår från sju intervjuer. Tre intervjuer av modersmålslärare och sju intervjuer med elever i högstadiet. Ur intervjuerna med lärare och elever framkom att de faktorer som påverkade elevens motivation var klassrumsklimat, schemat, relationer till omgivningen, gruppindelning och samarbetet mellan modersmålsläraren med övriga lärare inom andra skolämne. / Research has shown that motivation is of great importance for the individual student's learning process and school results. The purpose of the degree project is to investigate the causes of lack of motivation in students who participate in mother tongue teaching and what teachers can do to stimulate this lack of motivation. In a qualitative study, a number of interviews were conducted. On the one hand, three mother tongue teachers in the subjects Arabic, Dari and Polish were interviewed, and on the other hand students from year 6 to year 9. The interviews asked questions about what perceptions students have about their mother tongue, what teachers can do about lack of motivation and what framework factors effect teachers' attitudes. To learn the mother tongue. The results showed that students lack of motivation was due to various factors, including lack of time, work environment, less inclusion of the mother tongue subject, mother tongue teachers relätionship to teachers in other school subject. The conclusion we reached showed the mother tongue subject's role in the diversity ofh the school community, by strengthening the student's identity and personality, and we found som tips on measures for lack of motivation among students and teachers for the subject's mother tongue.

In the past decades Sweden amongst other countries has become more diverse when it comes to both culture and linguistics. Translanguaging is a way of forming a classroom climate that embraces multilingual approaches to teaching. Even though this multilingual approach is much needed for the learning of multilingual students, most English as a second language classrooms are still promoting a “English only” language ideology. Which goes against an epistemic justice for all students to be able to use all their language repertoires. The purpose of this literature review is to find out how multilingual students can benefit from a translanguaging approach in their teaching. By using relevant and new research with the aim to answer that question. The Swedish school has for the past decades adapted the communicative language teaching method (CLT) and our research shows that it’s still not sufficient because of the vast demographic changes in such a short time. CLT is also mostly monolinguistic in its form while the research shows that the multilingual student needs to be able to use all their language repertoires. For this to be possible teachers need to have a positive attitude towards a translanguaging approach.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka modersmålslärares strategier för att välja läromedel samt motiven som ligger till grund för dessa val på deras modersmålsundervisning i somaliska och arabiska.Studien bygger på ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och ramverk som betonar att elever lär sig i samspel med andra människor, med hjälp av fysiska och intellektuella språkliga redskap liksom läromedel.Denna studie använde en kvalitativ forskningsmetod för att genomföra tio intervjuer med tio modersmålslärare från tre olika kommuner. Nio av intervjuerna genomfördes på plats, medan den tionde genomfördes via Zoom.Studiens empiriska resultat presenteras utifrån lärarnas upplevelser om läromedelsval, och analyseras utifrån olika teoretiska perspektiv.Resultatet har visat att elevernas språknivå och inlärningsbehov vara av yttersta betydelse när de modersmålslärarna väljer läromedel. Resultatet har också visat att läraren strävar efter att hitta läromedel som ofta stämmer överens med Skolverkets läroplan, även om att det är omöjligt att hitta läromedel som täcker hela delar i centrala innehållet i ämnet modersmål.Resultat har även visat att tillgänglighet och ekonomi är två avgörande faktorer som styr skolors inköp av läromedel. / The purpose of our study is to investigate mother tongue teachers' strategies for selecting teaching materials and the motivations underlying these choices in their mother tongue instruction in Somali and Arabic. The study is based on a sociocultural perspective and a framework that emphasizes that students learn in interaction with others, using physical and intellectual linguistic tools as well as teaching materials. This study employed a qualitative research method, conducting ten interviews with mother tongue teachers from three different municipalities. Nine of the interviews were conducted in person, while the tenth was carried out via Zoom. The empirical results of the study are presented based on the teachers' experiences with the selection of teaching materials and analyzed from various theoretical perspectives. The results have shown that students' language proficiency and learning needs are of utmost importance when mother tongue teachers choose teaching materials. The results have also indicated that teachers strive to find teaching materials that align with the Swedish National Agency for Education's curriculum, even though it is impossible to find materials that cover all aspects of the central content in the subject of mother tongue. Furthermore, the results have shown that accessibility and economics are two crucial factors influencing schools' procurement of teaching materials.

In Sweden today there is an increase of newcomer pupils that need to be accommodated into the school system. This paper highlights remote education as a concept to support this process. Based on previous studies on videoconferencing and blended learning approaches as well as state of the art technology current remote education was explored. Conducted interviews and observations showed how technology is used in schools today through presentations, videos and tablet usage. They also explored the aspects of education that did not utilize technology e.g. whiteboards, physical material and the teachers’ use of the physical environment. A series of experiments were designed to transform specific aspects of the present teaching approaches into remote education. The study showed that the most important factor for remote education is to redesign todays face-to-face lessons based on the educational content. Physical practices will have to be transformed to fit the new format while already digital practices need fewer modifications. Remote education has the possibility to give pupils access to education otherwise unattainable. It could e.g. increase the number of mother tongue languages available to newcomer pupils and prevent pupils having to travel for their entitled education. / Sverige har just nu en ökning av nyanlända elever som måste integreras in i skolsystemet. Denna rapport lyfter fjärrundervisning som ett koncept för att stödja denna process. Aktuella metoder för fjärrundervisning har utforskats genom tidigare studier om videokonferenser och blandade lärmiljöer (eng. blended learning) samt relevanta teknologier. Intervjuer och observationer utfördes för att studera hur teknik används i skolan idag genom till exempel presentationer, videoklipp och surfplattor. Dessa visade också vilken del av undervisningen som inte utnyttjade teknik; så som whiteboards, fysiskt material och lärarnas användning av den fysiska miljön. En serie experiment utformades för att omvandla nuvarande undervisningsmetoder för fjärrundervisning. Studien visade att det viktigaste för fjärrundervisning är att omforma dagens klassiska undervisning baserat på det pedagogiska innehållet. Fysiska metoder måste omformas så att de passar det nya formatet medan redan digitala metoder behöver färre modifieringar. Fjärrundervisning har möjligheten att ge elever tillgång till undervisning som annars vore omöjlig att få tillgång till. Det skulle till exempel kunna öka antalet tillgängliga språk i modersmålsundervisning för nyanlända elever samt förhindra att elever behöver resa för att få sin berättigade utbildning.