Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-04T15:42:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 anneeliselandineferreira.pdf: 1810442 bytes, checksum: 8c99cf95376ca26c12a8487c26e8750e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T13:36:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anneeliselandineferreira.pdf: 1810442 bytes, checksum: 8c99cf95376ca26c12a8487c26e8750e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T13:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anneeliselandineferreira.pdf: 1810442 bytes, checksum: 8c99cf95376ca26c12a8487c26e8750e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / A movimentação dos organismos pode ser considerada uma resposta comportamental mensurável, resultante da combinação de fatores ambientais, estados internos e restrições fisiológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e caracterizar os diferentes padrões de movimentação realizados pelas baleias jubarte (Megaptera novaeangliae), em relação ao gênero e o papel social. Dados de localização por telemetria satelital foram filtrados e modelados pelo Modelo de Estado e Espaço (State-Space Model). A rota obtida foi divida em área de alimentação e rota migratória, considerando como limite a isóbata de 500m. A partir disso, foram calculados os ângulos de virada e as frequências com que ocorrem para o lado direito e esquerdo, utilizando o programa ArcGIS 9.3 e o programa livre R. As médias das angulações variaram significativamente, tanto para o lado esquerdo, quanto para o lado direito na análise comparativa das duas áreas, considerando conjunto total dos grupos. Fêmeas com filhote apresentaram valores de significância maior para ambos os lados, enquanto machos exibiram angulações mais proeminentes para o lado direito. A frequência média relativa de virada para a direita e para a esquerda, mostraram-se significativamente diferentes quando comparadas entre machos, fêmeas e fêmeas com filhote, na área de reprodução, bem como o papel social. Animais categorizados como mães, realizaram mais viradas para ambas as direções, em relação à acompanhantes e animais adultos sem presença de filhote. Concluímos que os animais, quando na área de alimentação, realizam movimentos mais irregulares e que fêmeas apresentam mais variação na movimentação quando associadas a filhotes. Novas ferramentas devem ser associadas à técnica de telemetria para obtenção de dados de fina escala, a fim de avaliar de forma mais apurada a movimentação dos animais. / Organisms movements may be considered a measurable behavioral response which outcomes from a combination of environmental factors, internal states and physiological restrictions. In this work, our goal was to evaluate and characterize the different patterns of movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781), regarding gender and social role. Location data obtained with satellite telemetry were filtered and patterned by State - Space Model. The obtained route was divided in feeding area and migration route going from the isobath of 500 m. In this context, the turning angles and their frequencies to the right and to the left were calculated using ArcGIS 9.3 and the open source software R. The average angulations varied significantly, both to the left and right sides, in the comparative analysis of the areas regarding the whole group. Females with calf showed more significant differences to both directions, while males presented more prominent angles to the right side. The average frequencies for the moves facing right and left turned out to be significantly different when correlated between males, females and females with calf, in the reproduction areas, as well as the social role. Animals categorized as mothers presented more turns to both directions, when compared to companions and adult animals without calves. We have concluded that when the animals are in feeding area, they present more irregular movements and that females with calf are the ones with the highest movement variation. New tools should be associated with the satellite telemetry in order to obtain fine scale data providing a more accurate form to evaluate the animal movement.

La connectivité écologique se mesure via l'estimation des mouvements réalisés par les organismes au cours de leurs vie. Parmi les outils existants, seule la microchimie des otolithes est capable de reconstruire les mouvements des poissons au cours de leur vie entière, notamment lors des migrations ontogénétiques. Son utilisation au sein des milieux oligotrophes et chimiquement peu contrastés tels que les récifs coralliens reste cependant marginale. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit ce travail sur la microchimie des otolithes des poissons des récifs coralliens et mangroves de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Il se divise en deux parties. La première, méthodologique, est axée sur l'estimation du potentiel de l'outil microchimie des otolithes en Nouvelle-Calédonie, avec un chapitre sur la détermination des signatures multi-élémentaires caractéristiques des différents habitats de la Grande Terre et un chapitre sur l'étude de la relation entre la microchimie de l'environnement et celle des otolithes. La seconde partie se concentre sur l'application de la méthodologie précédemment développée a des thématiques écologiques, avec un chapitre sur le rôle des mangroves sur le cycle de vie et la distribution géographique d'une espèce de Lutjanidae, Lutjanus fulviflamma, et un chapitre centré sur les mouvements réalisés au cours de la vie de cette espèce. Les résultats démontrent que la microchimie des otolithes présente un potentiel élevé en Nouvelle-Calédonie avec un fort pouvoir de discrimination entre la mangrove et les récifs coralliens. La relation entre la microchimie de l'environnement et celle des otolithes est complexe et dépend fortement des espèces considérées. Cependant, les contrastes chimiques marqués de l'environnement se retrouvent au sein des otolithes. Les résultats démontrent une connexion forte entre les différents habitats pour L.fulviflamma, particulièrement entre la mangrove et les récifs coralliens avec une importance cruciale de la mangrove comme zone de nurserie. Trois différents patrons de mouvements entre habitats ont été identifiés. Cette diversité illustre une forte variabilité de la connectivité écologique entre les individus, avec pour certains d'entre eux, une fréquentation de l'habitat juvénile durant la phase adulte. / Ecological connectivity is defined by organism movements between habitats.Among the tools used to measure connectivity, otolith microchemistry is the only one able toreconstruct the fish movement throughout their entire lifetime, and thus include ontogeneticmigrations. However, it is seldom used in oligotrophic environments that typically show poorchemical contrasts such as coral reefs. In this context, this study focused on otolith microchemistryof coral reef and mangrove fishes of New Caledonia. This work comprises two parts. First, amethodological part to assess the potential of otolith microchemistry in New Caledonia, with onechapter on the determination of multi-elemental signatures of habitats from the Main Island and onechapter on the relationships between environmental and otoliths microchemistries. Second, thepreviously developed methodology was applied to ecological questions, with a chapter on theimportance of mangrove on the life cycle and the spatial distribution of a Lutjanidae, Lutjanusfulviflamma, and a chapter on the lifetime movement patterns of this species. Results revealed ahigh potential of otolith microchemistry in New Caledonia with a high power of discriminationbetween mangroves and coral reefs. Relationships between environmental and otolithmicrochemistries were complex and species-specific. However, strong chemical contrasts in theenvironment were traduced in the otoliths. Results showed a strong connection between differenthabitats for L. fulviflamma, in particular between mangroves and reefs with a crucial importance ofmangroves as nursery grounds. Three different patterns of lifetime movements among habitats wereidentified. This diversity illustrates a high variability of ecological connectivity patterns amongindividuals, with a possible return to the juvenile habitat during the adult stage.

Detta arbete har tagit upp ämnen som rörelsemönster, resvanor samt olika reserutiner och hur de har, eller inte har, förändrats under pandemin och det har även diskuterats huruvida detta potentiellt har inneburit några lättnader i miljöpåverkan från denna sektor. Genom insamlad data som delgivits av kommunen och lokaltrafiken, samt en genomförd enkät, har det visat sig att det har skett omfattande förändringar i rörelsemönstren. Det handlar bland annat om att fordonstrafiken och användningen av kollektivtrafiken minskade kraftigt och andelen cyklister ökade, samt att den genomsnittliga körsträckan per vecka per person nästintill halverades och likaså sågs en påtaglig skillnad i antalet flygresor genomförda under pandemin. Slutligen diskuteras framtiden efter Covid-19 när restriktioner och liknande tagits bort, och även om det är svårt, om inte omöjligt, att sia och diskutera framtiden baserat på data har pandemin troligen haft en mer bestående påverkan hos flera personer än hos andra, där det snarare istället finns en hunger och nästan ingen rädsla alls förknippad med att gå tillbaka till ”gamla vanor”. Vidare studier behövs för att kunna dra några slutsatser om långtidseffekter. / This project addresses subjects such as movement- and travel patterns, routines in travel and traveling behavior, with the aim of investigating and determining whether or not there has been a change in these during the pandemic due to restrictions and also if this may or may not have meant any reliefs in environmental impact. Through collected data given in a collaboration by the local municipality offices and local public transport company, and also by performing a survey, it has been shown that there have been comprehensive changes in peoples movement- and travel patterns and ways of traveling. It includes among other things that the vehicle traffic amount has reduced, and the use of public transport has been considerably reduced followed by an increase in traveling by bike. In total the average travel distance by car per person and week reduced by almost 50 percent and also air travel saw a heavily decrease in use during the pandemic. Lastly the future after the Covid-19-pandemic when restrictions and such are going to be removed where discussed and also issued in the survey. Even if it is hard, almost impossible, to prophesy or predict the future based of collected data it has been shown through the respondent’s answers and motivations in the matter that the pandemic most likely has affected people with a more lasting impact that will partly carry on for some time after the pandemics end. That does not imply on all people, some are very eager and express a hunger to go back to “old routines” and travel more. Further research has to be done to conclude any longtime affects.

The major barriers to a more widespread introduction of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) beyond early adopters are the limited range, charging limitations, and costly batteries. An important question is therefore where these effects can be most effectively mitigated. An optimization model is developed to estimate the potential for BEVs to replace one of the conventional cars in two-car households and to viably contribute to the households’ driving demand. It uses data from 1 to 3 months of simultaneous GPS logging of the movement patterns for both cars in 64 commuting Swedish two-car households in the Gothenburg region. The results show that, for home charging only, a flexible vehicle use strategy can considerably increase BEV driving and nearly eliminate the unfulfilled driving in the household due to the range and charging limitations with a small battery. The present value of this flexibility is estimated to be on average $6000–$7000 but varies considerably between households. With possible near-future prices for BEVs based on mass production cost estimates, this flexibility makes the total cost of ownership (TCO) for a BEV advantageous in almost all the investigated households compared to a conventional vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle. Because of the ubiquity of multi-car households in developed economies, these families could be ideal candidates for the initial efforts to enhance BEV adoptions beyond the early adopters. The results of this research can inform the design and marketing of cheaper BEVs with small but enough range and contribute to increased knowledge and awareness of the suitability of BEVs in such households.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de travaux menés en sciences du sport. Basé sur l’exploration des caractéristiques physiques et physiologiques, les performances techniques et physiques des joueurs de l’équipe de France de Rugby à 7, ont été étudiées au travers de l’analyse de tournois internationaux.Dans une première étude, nous avons observé l’impact de variables contextuelles sur les performances physiques et techniques des joueurs en match. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau de l'adversaire ainsi que le résultat du match influencent l’activité des joueurs.Ces derniers sont susceptibles de réaliser de meilleures performances physiques au cours de match dont l’issue est favorable. En effet, les joueurs augmentent la distance totale parcourue dans un match contre un adversaire plus faible. Pour la première fois en Rugby à 7, nous avons montré que les performances techniques sont elles aussi influencées lorsque les joueurs de l’équipe de France jouaient contre une équipe plus forte. En effet, nous avons observé des diminutions du nombre de passes et de situations où les joueurs sont porteurs de balle.Au travers d’une approche physiologique, une deuxième étude a appréhendé les réponses métaboliques individuelles des joueurs de l’équipe de France durant un tournoi international. Les résultats ont montré des relations significatives entre les concentrations de lactate et les pics d’activité enregistrés dans les trois dernières minutes de jeu, ce qui suggère que la capacité à fournir de l'énergie via la voie de la glycolyse est une exigence fondamentale dans cette discipline. L'équilibre acido-basique modifié de façon significative en fin de match, indique que les joueurs doivent être capables de tolérer un niveau important d'acidose due à une forte sollicitation énergétique lors des matchs internationaux.Enfin, notre dernière étude s’est centrée sur les actions de haute intensité effectuées en match. Ces derniers résultats de recherche ont permis de démontrer qu’un joueur réalise en moyenne ~26 actions de haute intensité par match. De plus et pour la première fois dans cette discipline, nous avons montré qu’environ 4 séquences de répétitions d’actions de haute intensité sont comptabilisées en match, dont la durée moyenne est d’environ 40 secondes et comprennent des temps de récupérations inférieurs à 9 secondes. Ainsi, le Rugby à 7 peut être considéré comme un sport collectif de répétitions d’efforts intenses.Pour conclure alors, ces travaux de thèse vont permettre aux entraîneurs et préparateurs physiques de Rugby à 7, de pouvoir s’inspirer de nos résultats pour planifier et mettre en œuvre des entraînements spécifiques aux exigences du Rugby à 7. / Our thesis research fits within the framework of sport science. Based on the exploration of physical and physiological characteristics, technical and physical performance achieved by the French Rugby 7’s team, were studied through the analysis of international tournaments.In the first study, we observe the impact of contextual variables on the physical and technical performance of players during a Rugby 7’s game. The results demonstrate that the level of the opponent and the match result influence the activity of players. Players are likely to perform better physically during a game for which the outcome is favorable. They increase the total distance run in a game against a weaker opponent. For the first time in Rugby 7’s, we were able to show that technical performance is also affected whilst playing against a stronger opponent as there is a decrease in the number of passes and the number of situations where players are ball carriers.Through a physiological approach, the second study focuses on the individual metabolic responses of players during an international Rugby 7’s tournament. The results show a significant relationship between lactate concentrations and peaks activity recorded in the last three minutes of play, suggesting the ability to provide energy via the glycolytic pathway as a fundamental requirement in this sport. Also, the acid-base balance significantly changes towards the end of a game showing that Rugby 7’s players must be able to tolerate a high level of acidosis because the high amount of energy needed for games at an international level.Finally, our last study focuses on high intensity actions done during a Rugby 7’s game. The results show that a player does on average ~26 high intensity actions per game. In addition and for the first time in this sport, we show that approximately 4 sequences of repeated high intensity actions are recorded in a game, the average duration is 40 seconds and includes a time of recovery of under 9 seconds. Thus, Rugby 7’s may be considered as a team sport of repeated high intensity actions.To conclude, this thesis will allow Rugby 7’s coaches and fitness coaches, to better plan and prepare specific trainings that would be adapted to Rugby 7’s.

<p>The distribution of Blanding’s turtles in North America is centered on the Great Lakes region, where the impacts from high levels of development have reduced and isolated populations. They are particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation because of their broad habitat requirements, migratory behaviour, and relatively large seasonal movements and home ranges. Consequently, Blanding’s turtles have been designated a species at-risk throughout the majority of their geographic range. In 2011 we conducted a radio-tracking program to compare the home ranges and movement patterns of Blanding’s turtles in two eco-regions of Ontario that have contrasting habitat and landscape characteristics: Georgian Bay Islands National Park and Rondeau Provincial Park. We also used GPS loggers to supplement data collection by radio-tracking and to evaluate the effectiveness of GPS loggers in tracking the movements of a semi-aquatic species. We found differences in home range between our two study populations that may be linked to landscape features and seasonal differences in movement within the population in Georgian Bay Islands National Park. We also determined that GPS loggers, when used in combination with radio-tracking, can effectively track the movements of Blanding’s turtles with a higher temporal and spatial resolution than by radio-tracking alone. This study highlights the importance of developing management strategies that are tailored to the spatial requirements of distinct populations, and the need for conservation measures that protect aquatic and terrestrial habitat surrounding the main activity centres of Blanding’s turtles.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte är att undersöka relationen mellan ungdomsmålvakters resultat i vanligt förekommande standardtester som är avsedda att mäta fysisk kapacitet och deras prestation i matchlika aktioner. Syftet är också att undersöka om resultaten skiljer sig mellan målvakter i två olika ålderskategorier. Frågeställningar: Vad är korrelation mellan resultat i standardtester och matchlika aktioner? Skiljer sig resultaten mellan ungdomsmålvakter på U17 och U19 nivå? Metod För att svara på studiens frågeställningar skapades ett testbatteri innehållande fysiska tester designade för fotbollsmålvakter, utifrån deras rörelsemönster och aktioner (verklighetsnära tester), som jämförs med tester som används av dagens fotbollsklubbar (standardtester). Med hjälp av aktuellt forskningsläge tillsammans med information som mottagits från tränare och målvakter, utfördes 6 tester, på 15 målvakter, som registrerades med mätinstrument och höghastighetskameror. Resultatet analyserades med dubbelsidig t-test för att finna en statistisk signifikans mellan två åldersgrupper och Spearmans test för att finna en korrelation mellan standard- och verklighetsnära testerna. Resultat Resultatet från t-testet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan U17:s och U19:s målvakter på samtliga tester (p&gt; 0,05). Spearmans test visade ingen statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan testerna. Slutsats Både standard- och verklighetsnära testerna har sina fördelar men är syftet att utvärdera målvaktens fysiska kapacitet i matchlika situationer genom tester, bör dessa vara utformade utifrån målvaktens agerande under match. Enligt resultaten från denna studie visar detta att man inte enbart kan använda standardtester utan dessa bör kompletteras med tester specifikt utformade för måvakter. / Aim The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between youth goalkeepers' results in commonly used standard tests that are intended to measure physical capacity and their performance in match-like actions. The purpose is also to investigate whether the results differ between goalkeepers in two different age categories. Research questions: What is the correlation between results in standard tests and match-like actions? Do the results differ between youth goalkeepers at U17 and U19 level? Method To answer the study's questions, a test battery was created containing physical tests designed for football goalkeepers based on their movement patterns and actions (match-like actions) compared to tests used by today's football clubs (standard tests). With the help of research, together with information we received from coaches and goalkeepers, 6 tests were designed and performed, on 15 goalkeepers, which were recorded with measuring instruments and high-speed cameras. The results were analyzed with two tailed t-test to find a statistical significance between the two age groups and Spearman's test to find a correlation between the standard and realistic tests. Results The results of the t-test show no significant difference between the U17 and U19 goalkeepers on all tests (p&gt; 0.05). Spearman's test shows that there was no statistic significant correlation between the tests. Conclusions Both standard and realistic tests have their advantages, but if the purpose is to evaluate the goalkeeper's physical capacity in match-like actions through tests, should these be designed based on the goalkeeper's actions during the match. According to the results of this study, this shows that you should not just use standard tests, but these should be supplemented with tests specifically designed for goalkeepers.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research focuses on the black rhinoceros and ecotourism in three conservation areas in the Kunene region of Namibia. The reciprocal impact between black rhino and community-based ecotourism is analysed. The research is located in two communal conservancies, #Khoadi-//Hôas and Torra, and in a photographic tourism concession, the Palmwag Concession Area. The research aims to explore and describe the reciprocal impact of community-based ecotourism efforts and black rhino spatial movement patterns in three conservation areas in north-west Namibia. An in-depth literature review was undertaken on the reciprocal impact between rhino-tracking tourism and conservation. A comparison was also made between the effects of human-induced disturbance on spatial movement patterns of black rhinos and the perception of tourists about tracking black rhinos. The value of black rhinos to community-based ecotourism was also determined. Quantitative research methodology was used for this study. Explorations of objectives were conducted through direct field observation with the aid of radio-telemetry tracking and aerial surveying for data gathering. The researcher employed SRT (Save the Rhino Trust) trackers in the study areas to assist with the tracking. The sample consisted of 24 transmitter-fitted black rhino in the three conservation areas. Rhino not fitted with transmitters have been included in the sample for more accurate results. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed at four tourist lodges in the study area. The hypothesis that sustainable ecotourism does not influence black rhino spatial behaviour was rejected. Rhinos in the study were easily disturbed and did not readily return to undisturbed behaviour. Their major response to disturbance was to run away. The disturbance was influenced by their initial activity when found. The highest disturbance occurred early in observations. Rhinos illustrated similar causes of disturbance throughout the study sites. The Springbok River emerged as the area with the most severe reactions to disturbance. This was supported by home range data and ecological constraints. Analysis of tourist responses regarding rhino tracking indicated a high demand for and level of satisfaction. This was the single determining factor for tourists to return to the Kunene region to do rhino tracking again. Tourists were willing to pay close to market price to track black rhino. It is recommended that tracking of black rhino should be avoided in the Springbok River and Aub/Barab areas. Tracking protocols should stipulate that tracking should only be conducted early in the morning; that rhinos may only be approached from downwind; that observation time may not exceed 15 minutes; that groups must be kept small; and that the approach distance may not be less than 100 metres. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die navorsing is op swart renosters en ekotoerisme in drie bewaringsgebiede in die Kunene streek van Namibia. Die wedersydse wisselwerking tussen swart renosters en gemeenskaps-gebaseerde ekotoerisme is nagevors. Die navorsing het plaasgevind in twee kommunale bewaringsgebiede, #Khoadi-//Hôas en Torra asook ‘n konsessie vir fotografie in die Palmwag Konsessie Gebied. Die doel van die navorsing was om die wedersydse wisselwerking van gemeenskapsgebaseerde ekotoerisme en swart renosters se geografiese bewegingspatrone in drie bewaringsareas in noordwes Namibië te ondersoek en te omskryf. ‘n Deeglike literatuurstudie is gedoen ten opsigte van die wedersydse wisselwerking tussen toerisme met die doel om renosters waar te neem deur spoorsny en bewaring van die spesies. Die uitwerking van versteuring deur mense op die geografiese bewegingspatrone van swart renosters is vergelyk met die persepsie van toeriste ten opsigte van spoorsny van swart renosters. Die waarde van swart renosters ten opsigte van ekotoerisme is ook bepaal. Kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie is gebruik in die studie. Die doelstelling van die navorsing is uitgevoer deur direkte veld waarnemings met behulp van radio-telemetriese opsporing en data insameling met behulp van lugsensusse. Die navorser het spoorsnyers van SRT (Save the Rhino Trust), wat in die studiegebied werk, in diens geneem om van hulp te wees met die spoorsny van renosters. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 24 swart renosters toegerus met seintoestelle in drie bewaringsgebiede. Renosters wat nie seintoestelle gehad het nie, is ook in die steekproef ingesluit ten einde beter dekking te verkry. Vierhonderd vraelyste is by vier toeristeoorde in die studiegebied versprei. Die hipotese dat volhoubare ekotoerisme nie ‘n invloed uitoefen op die geografiese gedrag van swart renosters nie, is verwerp. Renosters in die studie-gebied is maklik versteur en het nie geredelik teruggekeer tot onversteurde gedrag nie. Hulle reaksie op versteuring was gekenmerk deur weg te hardloop. Die mate van versteuring is bepaal deur die renosters se aanvanklike aktiwiteit by opsporing. Die meeste versteuring het gedurende vroeë waarneming plaasgevind. Dieselfde oorsake van versteuring is in al drie gebiede gevind. Die Springbokrivier was die gebied waar die sterkste reaksies ten opsigte van versteuring bespeur is. Dit word ondersteun deur die grootte van die loopgebiede van die renosters en ekologiese beperkings van die gebied. Data-analise van toeriste-vraelyste het aangetoon dat daar ‘n groot aanvraag en belangstelling is in die spoorsny van renosters. Die grootste bepalende faktor vir toeriste om na die Kunene streek terug te keer, is om renosters te sien deur middel van spoorsny. Toeriste is gewillig om die heersende markprys vir spoorsny van renosters te betaal. Navorsingsaanbevelings sluit in dat spoorsny van swart renosters in die Springbokrivier en Aub/Barab gebiede vermy word. Spoorsny-protokol moet stipuleer dat dit net in die vroeë oggend gedoen word, dat renosters slegs van onderkant die wind genader word, waarnemingstyd mag nie 15 minute oorskry nie, groepe moet klein wees en die afstand vanaf die diere mag nie nader as 100 meter wees nie.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-01T13:19:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) MTTolotti_EcologyConservationOceanicWhitetipShark_VF_FichaCatalografica.compressed aprovada.pdf: 5871232 bytes, checksum: 4af848c7c53529f3e28ffa5d085443f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T13:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) MTTolotti_EcologyConservationOceanicWhitetipShark_VF_FichaCatalografica.compressed aprovada.pdf: 5871232 bytes, checksum: 4af848c7c53529f3e28ffa5d085443f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / CAPEs / O objetivo principal da presente tese consistiu em agregar informações ao conhecimento sobre o tubarão galha-branca oceânico (Carcharhinus longimanus), principalmente no que se refere à sua distribuição, índices de abundância e preferências de habitat. Apesar de ser uma espécie muito capturada na pesca oceânica de atuns afins, informações acerca destes aspectos ecológicos são escassas e até mesmo ausentes na literatura relacionada à espécie. A tese é apresentada como um conjunto de capítulos autônomos, representando artigos científicos individuais. No primeiro capítulo-artigo foram discutidos os possíveis efeitos de medidas de manejo restritivas, implementadas recentemente por Organizações Regionais da Pesca Atuneira e que incluem algumas espécies de tubarões oceânicos. Medidas restritivas isoladas terão pouco impacto na redução da mortalidade de tubarões oceânicos. Um conjunto de medidas mitigadoras integradas será mais eficaz na conservação e recuperação das populações dessas espécies. No segundo capítulo-artigo foram analisados dados de captura e esforço de 14.835 lançamentos de espinhel pelágico realizados por embarcações arrendadas da frota atuneira brasileira, nos anos de 2004 a 2010. A CPUE nominal exibiu uma tendência de aumento gradual ao longo dos anos, variando de 0,04 em 2004 para 0,15 em 2010. A CPUE foi padronizada através de uma abordagem delta-GLM, entretanto, o índice de abundância padronizado não diferiu significativamente da CPUE nominal. Os modelos indicaram que as capturas de tubarões galha-branca são maiores para a estratégia de pesca espanhola, que se caracteriza pela utilização de anzóis em profundidades mais rasas. No terceiro capítulo-artigo, a interação entre tubarões galha-branca e a pesca de rede de cerco nos Oceanos Atlântico e Índico foi analisada, com o objetivo de investigar o potencial da utilização do banco de dados dessa pescaria para derivar índices de abundância e determinar tendências populacionais para a espécie. Dados de observadores de bordo da frota francesa combinados com dados históricos da União Soviética foram utilizados na análise. A série temporal combinada incluiu os anos entre 1986 e 2014. No Oceano Atlântico não foi possível determinar uma tendência populacional, uma vez que o índice de ocorrência foi muito baixo e não variou significativamente com o tempo. No Oceano Índico foi observada uma mudança bem-marcada no índice de ocorrência, oscilando em torno de 20% entre meados dos anos 80 e 90 e caindo para menos de 10% a partir de 2005. No quarto capítulo-artigo, a vulnerabilidade do tubarão galha-branca à pesca de espinhel pelágico foi avaliada utilizando dados dependentes e independentes da pesca. Os dados dependentes incluíram informações de diários de bordo (1999- 2011) e observadores embarcados (2004 a 2010), num total de 65.277 lançamentos de espinhel. Os dados independentes foram obtidos a partir de 8 tubarões marcados com marcas do tipo “pop-up satellite archival tag” na área onde a frota de espinhel operou. Locais de marcação e desprendimento das marcas foram relativamente próximos uns dos outros. Entretanto, os indivíduos marcados tenderam a viajar longas distâncias antes de retornar para a área de marcação. Foi observado um certo grau de filopatria à área. “Hotspots” de alta utilização dos tubarões marcados correspondeu à área sob forte pressão pesqueira. Todos os tubarões exibiram uma forte preferência por águas quentes e rasas da camada de mistura, gastando, em média, mais de 70% do tempo acima da termoclina e 95% acima de 120 m. Esse resultado justifica a maior capturabilidade da espécie em espinheis mais rasos. No quinto e último capítuloartigo, os movimentos verticais dos tubarões marcados foram analisados em detalhe. Apesar da distribuição vertical restrita, os dados indicaram que o tubarão galha-branca apresenta padrões de movimento complexos, incluindo padrões de migrações circadianas distintos e mergulhos profundos. O padrão circadiano mais frequentemente observado é caracterizado de um deslocamento à superfície durante o nascer do sol e uma tendência a permanecer em profundidades mais baixas durante o dia. Os movimentos verticais também foram influenciados pela temperatura da superfície do mar, o que pode indicar a ocorrência de termoregulação para espécie. A integração dos resultados de cada capítuloartigo proporcionou boas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de medidas de mitigação. A evidência em relação à preferência do tubarão galha-branca por águas quentes e rasas é sólida, indicando que a remoção dos anzóis rasos do espinhel pode ser proposta para reduzir a captura incidental da espécie. O fato de variações na CPUE já terem sido observadas, sugere que esta pode ser uma medida eficaz. O comportamento filopátrico observado para o OCS também indica que a espécie pode se beneficiar com a criação de áreas marinhas protegidas. / The ultimate goal of this thesis was to generate knowledge regarding the ecology of the oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) and contribute for an ecosystem-based fishery management. The work focuses on the interactions between tuna fisheries and the species and its habitat preferences. Despite being frequently caught on high-sea fisheries, there are wide knowledge gaps regarding the ecology of the oceanic whitetip shark. The thesis is presented as a set of selfcontained standalone chapters, constructed as individual research articles. The first article-chapter provides a discussion concerning pelagic sharks and the recent species-specific banning measures implemented by Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs) in charge of tuna fisheries. It is unlikely that banning measures alone can reduce the high level of fishing mortality and recover pelagic shark’s depleted populations. Managers should be fully aware that the development and implementation of mitigation measures are critical for a more effective conservation strategy. In the second article-chapter, catch and effort data from 14,835 longline sets conducted by foreign tuna longline vessels chartered by Brazil, from 2004 to 2010, were analyzed. The nominal catch per unit of effort (CPUE) exhibited a gradual increase, varying from 0.04 sharks/1000 hooks in 2004 to 0.15 in 2010. A CPUE standardization was performed using a delta-GLM approach, but the standardized index of abundance did not differ significantly from the nominal CPUE. The models indicated that the catches of oceanic whitetip sharks are higher for the Spanish fishing strategy, which is characterized by the deployment of hooks at shallower depths. In the third article-chapter, the interaction between oceanic whitetip sharks and the purse seine fishery in the eastern Atlantic and western Indian oceans was analyzed, in order to investigate the potential of using this fishery’s database to derive abundance indexes and determine population trends for the species. Observer data from the French purse seine fleet combined with a historic database from the Soviet Union were used in the analyses. The combined time series spanned from 1986 to 2014. The occurrence index was very low for Atlantic Ocean and no marked temporal trend was observed. For the Indian Ocean a well-marked change on the occurrence index was observed, fluctuating around 20% from mid 80’s to mid 90’s and dropping to less than 10% as from 2005. In the fourth article-chapter, a combination of fisheries dependent and independent data was used to assess the vulnerability of the oceanic whitetip shark to pelagic longline fisheries. Fisheries dependent data included information from logbooks (from 1999 to 2011) and onboard observers (2004 to 2010), totaling 65,277 pelagic longline sets. Fisheries independent data were obtained from 8 oceanic whitetip sharks tagged with popup satellite archival tags in the area where longline fleet operated. Tagging and pop-up sites were relatively close to each other, although individuals tended to travel long distances before returning to the tagging area. Some degree of philopatry was observed. High utilization hotspots of tagged sharks fell inside the area under strongest fishing pressure. All sharks exhibited a strong preference for the warm and shallow waters of the mixed layer, spending on average more than 70% of the time above the thermocline and 95% above 120 m. This result explains the higher catchability of the species on shallow longline gear. In the fifth and last article-chapter, the vertical movements of tagged oceanic whitetip sharks were analyzed in detail. Despite its restricted vertical distribution, the analyses reveled that oceanic whitetips perform complex movement patterns, including distinct diel patterns and deep diving behavior. A correlation between vertical movements and sea surface temperature was also observed, suggesting the occurrence of thermoregulation for the species. The combined results of each article-chapter have provided good insights towards the development of mitigation measures. The evidence regarding oceanic whitetip shark’s preference for warm and shallow waters is solid and this information suggests that the removal of the shallow hooks from the longline gear could be proposed as a technique to reduce OCS bycatch. The fact that CPUE variations were already observed suggests that this might be an effective measure. The philopatric behavior observed for the OCS also indicates that the species could benefit from time-area closure measures.

La vie en collectivité confère de nombreux avantages, mais aussi des inconvénients avec lesquels l’animal doit s’accommoder. Afin de maintenir la cohésion sociale, les membres d’un groupe doivent donc faire des compromis et résoudre rapidement les conflits d’intérêts. Comprendre comment les individus arrivent à des décisions communes et optimales permet d’en savoir plus sur l’organisation sociale, les patterns de mouvements et l’utilisation de l’habitat de l’espèce. En retour, ces informations sont essentielles au développement de nouvelles stratégies de gestion. Dans ce contexte, je me suis intéressée à la vie de groupe et aux déplacements collectifs chez le bison d’Europe, espèce expérimentant son grand retour sur son continent d’origine. Mes travaux ont pu mettre en évidence que (1) les liens matrilinéaires étaient au cœur de la vie sociale de l’espèce, (2) le bison européen, contrairement à l’idée populaire, était loin d’être un animal strictement forestier et (3) les déplacements de groupe étaient préférentiellement menés par les femelles dominantes les plus âgées et ayant un veau à leur charge. La prise en compte de ces résultats pourrait grandement améliorer la réintroduction et la gestion des populations de bisons et permettre, par là même, une meilleure cohabitation avec l’Homme. / Community life gives many advantages, but also disadvantages with which animal must accommodate. In order to maintain social cohesion, group members must therefore make compromise and resolve quickly conflicts of interest. Understanding how individuals reach common and optimal decisions helps to learn more about the social organization, movement patterns and habitat use of the species. In return, this information is essential to the development of new management strategies. In this context, I was interested in group life and collective movements of the European bison, species which experiencing its great come back on its continent of origin. My works have shown that (1) matrilineal ties were at the core of the species’ social life, (2) the European bison, contrary to popular opinion, was far from a strictly forest animal and (3) group movements were preferentially lead by the oldest dominant females which had a calf. Taking into account these results could be greatly improve the reintroduction and management of bison populations and, thereby, allow a better cohabitation with humans.