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A emergência de fóruns reguladores globais : relações e conflitos entre atores locais no processo de regulação do tabacoScheibler, Juliana Luisa January 2006 (has links)
Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.
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Juridicização das relações internacionais e solução de controvérsias: análise do sistema multilateral de comércio / Juridicization of international relations and dispute settlement : analysis of the multilateral trade systemElaini Cristina Gonzaga da Silva 09 May 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o processo de juridicização do sistema multilateral de comércio, por meio da aplicação do modelo teórico de K. W. Abbott et aI (2000) e contraposição dos resultados obtidos à análise do recurso a elementos normativos para justificação das decisões emanadas do sistema em procedimentos de solução de controvérsias em que foi suscitado o artigo XX(g) do GATT para defesa da medida questionada. Observou-se que, apesar do nível de juridicidade tenha permanecido praticamente o mesmo da passagem do GATT-1947 para a OMC, o recurso a elementos normativos para motivação das decisões foi incrementado. A hipótese demonstrada pelos resultados desta pesquisa é que o enfoque restrito no processo de institucionalização por meio de tratados não permite que sejam refletidas, no processo de juridicização, as alterações ocasionadas por outros elementos, como foi o caso, na presente pesquisa, das regras relativas à conformação dos órgãos auxiliares, à interpretação e à tomada de decisão - sejam elas originadas em tratados, costumes ou princípios. / This research aims at analyzing the legalization of the multilateral trade system, applying the theory developed by K. W. ABBOTT et al (2000) and confronting the results with the leveI of recourse to normative elements to justify the decisions issued on disputes where Article XX(g) of GA TT was used in defense of the challenged measure. Notwithstanding the fact that the legalization of the system did not alter from the GATT-1947 to WTO, more normative elements are used for motivation of the decisions taken by WTO. The research shows that excessive focus on the process institutionalization by treaties does not reflected the changes brought about by other elements, such as the configuration of the auxiliary organs - panels and Appellate Body - and the rules related to interpretation and decision making - be them customary international law or principIes.
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A cláusula da nação mais favorecida na ordem econômica internacional: uma investigação sobre o discurso jurídico do artigo I: 1 do GATT / The most-favored-nation clause in the international economic order: on inquiry into the legal discourse of article I:1 of GATTRafael Lima Sakr 24 May 2010 (has links)
Como produto da prática mercantil, a cláusula da nação mais favorecida (CNMF) é um fenômeno jurídico complexo. Enquanto sua estrutura variante não é passível de padronização, por se adaptar às necessidades da sociedade internacional em cada momento histórico, seu núcleo funcional permanece imutável. Na ordem econômica internacional, a descentralização do poder político provoca desconfianças nos agentes econômicos, resultando em um permanente estado de guarda e competitividade predatória. Para assegurar maior estabilidade às expectativas normativas, os Estados celebram tratados, a fim de alterar tais percepções, conferindo durabilidade às relações econômicas internacionais. Resultado da configuração contemporânea da governança econômica internacional, a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) simboliza a consolidação das expectativas normativas dos atores internacionais em torno do sistema multilateral de comércio (SMC). A OMC tem a função de consolidar o SMC, garantindo a posição de autoridade para corrigir as numerosas lacunas e antinomias jurídicas e reforçar a eficácia social, mediante a atuação de seu Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC). O SMC é um ordenamento jurídico, com lógica própria e princípios e regras específicos, que disciplina o mercado globalizado, cuja origem remonta à celebração do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) em 1947. Prevista no artigo I:1 do GATT, a CNMF positiva o princípio da não discriminação, tendo por finalidade sistêmica desempenhar um papel dinâmico e integrado, ao: (i) assegurar transparência e dispersão de conhecimento; (ii) promover a cooperação internacional, a fim de eliminar ou reduzir, reciprocamente, as barreiras às trocas comerciais; (iii) vedar as práticas e instrumentos discriminatórios e protecionistas, tendo por função estender, automática, multilateral e incondicionalmente, as vantagens concedidas; e (iv) conservar as expectativas normativas, mediante a incorporação dos compromissos negociados ao SMC. Contudo, a proliferação de acordos preferenciais de comércio e de medidas protecionistas e discriminatórias pelos Estados-membros tem ameaçado o SMC de desautorização. Por recorrerem a exceções válidas à CNMF, esses fenômenos permitem a formação de relações discriminatórias e protecionistas, o que impacta negativamente as expectativas normativas dos agentes econômicos, ameaçando a função unificadora de sentido da CNMF, cujo resultado é a erosão da ideia de livre-mercado mundial. As reiteradas quebras de expectativas implicam problemas de coesão e eficácia normativa ao SMC, os quais são denominados desafios sistêmicos. Com efeito, o SMC sofre um processo de desestruturação, causado pela tensionada interação das dimensões ideacional e fática. Isso exige um controle de legalidade e de licitude dos atos jurídicos e das práticas dos Estados-membros. Em face desses desafios sistêmicos, a dissertação verifica se o artigo I:1 permanece como regra determinante para a decidibilidade do OSC. Para responder adequadamente, empregam-se os métodos analítico, hermenêutico e argumentativo, com um enfoque essencialmente dogmático, dentro de um ângulo crítico zetético. Ao fim da investigação, constata-se que a CNMF vem se consolidando como regra determinante para a construção do discurso jurídico-decisório pelo OSC. A confirmação jurisprudencial da imperatividade e da eficácia normativa do artigo I:1 reverbera reflexamente sobre os desafios sistêmicos, tendo o poderoso efeito de simbolizar a preferibilidade da incidência da CNMF sobre as relações econômicas internacionais. / As a product of commercial practice, the most-favored-nation clause (\"MFN\") is a complex legal phenomenon. While its variable structure is not subject to standardization, since it adapts to the needs of international society in each historical moment, its functional core remains unchanged. In the international economic order, the decentralization of political power leads to distrust of the economic agents, resulting in a permanent state of awareness and predatory competition. To ensure greater stability to the normative expectations, States enter into treaties in order to change such perceptions, providing durability to international economic relations. Result of the contemporary configuration of international economic governance, the World Trade Organization (\"WTO\") symbolizes the consolidation of the normative expectations of international actors around the multilateral trading system (\"MTS\"). The WTO has the mission of consolidating the MTS, ensuring a position of authority to correct the many shortcomings and antinomies of law and strengthen the social effectiveness through its Dispute Settlement Body (\"DSB\"). The MTS is a legal system, with its own logic and specific principles and rules, which regulates the globalized market, and has its origins in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. Set forth in Article I:1 of the GATT, the MFN establishes the principle of non-discrimination and has the systemic purpose of playing an integrated and dynamic role as it: (i) ensures transparency and dissemination of knowl edge,(ii) promotes international cooperation, by eliminating or reducing reciprocal barriers to trade, (iii) deters discriminatory and protectionist practices and instruments, being its function to extend, automatically, multilaterally and unconditionally, the benefits provided, and (iv) maintains the normative expectations, through the incorporation of negotiated concessions to the MTS. However, the proliferation of preferential trade agreements and protectionist and discriminatory measures by the member states has threatened the MTS of disempowerment. By resorting to MFNs valid exceptions, these phenomena allow the formation of discriminatory and protectionist relationships, which negatively impacts the normative expectations of economic agents, and threatening the harmonizing function of MFN; the result of which is the erosion of the global free market idea. Repeated breaches of expectations result in problems of cohesion and normative effectiveness of the MTS, which are called systemic challenges. Indeed, the MTS undergoes a process of disintegration, caused by the tensioned interaction of ideational and factual dimensions. This requires a control of legality and legitimacy of legal acts and practices of the member States. Given these systemic challenges, the dissertation verifies if Article I:1 remains the rule for determining the decidability of the DSB. In order to properly answer that, analytical, hermeneutic and argumentative methods are employed, with a primarily dogmatic focus, within a zetetic critical angle. By the end of the investigation, its stated that the MFN is becoming the consolidated rule for determining the construction of the legal and decision making discourse of the DSB. The confirmation from case law of the imperative nature and of the normative effectiveness of Article I:1 reverberates reflexively on the systemic challenges, having the powerful effect of symbolizing the desirability of MFN impact on international economic relations.
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O papel do BIRD e BID nas reformas educacionais no Brasil e no Paraguai na década de 1990 / The role of BIRD and BID in educational reforms in Brazil and Paraguay in the 1990sDuarte, Luiza Franco 19 August 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / Throughout the 1990s, several Latin American countries underwent deep economic-political
reforms linked to loans and financing from the World Bank Group for the dissemination of the
Neoliberal Project. In March 1990, the World Conference on Education for All (UNESCO,
1990) expresses the convergence of the function and conception of school education along
the lines defined by the Washington Consensus, 1989. It marks a historic moment of rooting
of the form of organization and management of the education before the process of
economic, political, social and cultural restructuring, in construction with the accomplishment
of the Reformation of the Latin American States, keeping the proportions as the peculiarities
of each country and also of the level of effectiveness of the prescription of the Washington
Consensus, put into practice. In this way, the present bibliographic and documentary
research sought to present the realities and conjunctures of Brazil and Paraguay through the
educational legislation produced in the 1990s, based on BIRD and BID recommendations to
support the process of penetration of the neoliberal project in these countries. The BIRD or
BID loans for school education had their objectives directed to the political orientations of the
governments for the maintenance of the economic order and the deepening of the
internationalization and concentration of capital for the financial sector. Due to the large
financial disbursements of these organizations, with the demand for guarantees from
counterparts of countries and / or federated borrowers, there was a significant increase in
external debts, in the form of legal-political organization of the states, and in the ideological
spread of neoliberalism, which were presented in the said loans for projects in various
sectors of the economy and the social area, particularly those for school education. This
research generally involves an understanding of the role of Multilateral International
Organizations in the formulation and implementation of educational policies guided by the
Neoliberal Project; specifically, the identification in the Brazilian and Paraguayan context of
the influence of IBRD and IDB through technical and financial advice. It is necessary to
emphasize that the loans of these Financial Agencies for the mentioned countries was not
limited to the technical advice, but mainly it permeated an ideological and political character
of the capitalism in its new model of expression. The implications of these agreements were
on the organizational mode and the direction of educational policies. It did not have an
eminently economic character, but it covered the social, political and ideological aspects.
Therefore, the characteristics of the neoliberal reforms in Latin America, in terms of
educational policies, highlighting Brazil and Paraguay were the expansion of schooling time,
through the stipulation of obligatory years, establishes a minimum of workload and school
days through of a school calendar. Another aspect is the redistribution of functions and
responsibility between the levels of the systems, besides the specializations and
rationalization of human resources. / Ao longo dos anos 1990, diversos países da América Latina passaram por profundas
reformas econômico-políticas vinculadas aos empréstimos e financiamentos do Grupo do
Banco Mundial para difusão do Projeto Neoliberal. A realização, em março de 1990 da
Conferência Mundial de Educação para Todos (UNESCO, 1990) expressa a convergência
da função e da concepção de educação escolar com as linhas definidas pelo Consenso de
Washington, em 1989. Assinala um momento histórico de enraizamento da forma de
organização e gerenciamento da educação diante do processo de reestruturação
econômica, política, social e cultural, em construção com a efetivação da Reforma dos
Estados Latinoamericanos, guardadas as proporções quanto as particularidades de cada
país e também do nível de efetivação das receitas do Consenso de Washington, colocadas
em prática. Desse modo, o presente trabalho buscou apresentar as realidades e conjunturas
de Brasil e Paraguai por meio das legislações educacionais produzidas nos anos 1990 a
partir da recomendações do BIRD e BID para respaldar o processo da penetração do projeto
neoliberal nesses países da América Latina. Os empréstimos realizados pelo BIRD ou BID
para a educação escolar tinham seus objetivos direcionados para os encaminhamentos
políticos dos governos para a manutenção da ordem econômica e o aprofundamento da
internacionalização e concentração de capital para o setor financeiro. Em razão dos grandes
desembolsos financeiros destes Organismos, com a exigência das garantias das
contrapartidas dos países e/ou estados federados tomadores de empréstimos, houve
aumento expressivo das dívidas externas, da forma de organização jurídico-política dos
Estados e de uma disseminação ideológica do neoliberalismo, que foram veiculadas nos
referidos empréstimos para projetos em vários setores da economia e da área social,
particularmente os para a educação escolar. Esta pesquisa envolve, de modo geral, a
compreensão acerca do papel dos Organismos Internacionais Multilaterais na formulação e
implementação de políticas educacionais orientadas pelo Projeto Neoliberal e;
especificamente, a identificação no contexto brasileiro e paraguaio sobre a influência do
BIRD e BID por meio do assessoramento técnico-financeiro. É necessário ressaltar, os
empréstimos dessas Agências Financeiras para os referidos países não encontrou-se
limitado ao assessoramento técnico, mas sobretudo permeou um caráter ideológico e
político do capitalismo em seu novo modelo de expressão. As implicações destes acordos
incidiram no modo organizacional e no direcionamento das políticas educacionais. Não
possuiu um caráter eminentemente econômico, mas abrangeu os aspectos sociais, políticos
e ideológicos. Portanto, as características das reformas neoliberais na América Latina,
quanto às políticas educativas, em destaque para o Brasil e Paraguai foram a expansão do
tempo de escolarização, por meio da estipulação de anos obrigatórios, estabelece um
mínino de carga horária e dias letivos por meio de um calendário escolar. Outro aspecto
reserva-se à redistribuição de funções e responsabilidade entre os níveis dos sistemas,
além das especializações e racionalização dos recursos humanos.
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Does an FTA have an impact on trade flows? : An empirical analysis of the FTA between the EU and South KoreaDanielsson, Asako January 2017 (has links)
This bachelor thesis examines if a Free Trade Agreement (FTA hereafter) has a positive effect or not on trade flows. There are many FTAs in the world beside World Trade Organization (WTO hereafter) membership. Many empirical studies have been performed by different methods and most of them show a significant influence on trade flows. In this thesis the impact on the FTA between the European Union (EU hereafter) and South Korea is studied by using the Gravity Model in period between 2007 and 2016. Dummy variables which capture the impact on the implementation of the FTA since 2011 are constructed into the standard trade Gravity equation. In addition, several dummy variables, such as the distance between countries and culture characteristic variables are utilized. The results of two different regression models show that both a positive and a negative impact on the EU’s import from South Korea and a negative impact on South Korea’s import from the EU. Overall, all estimated coefficients used in the models show a significant effect on import trade flows between countries.
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Interaction between international free trade and environmental protection: the continued search for balanceIkoum, Francoise Ongmalik January 2007 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / There is an existing conflict between trade and environmental policies. There are different opinions and attitudes in the relation between free trade and environmental protection. Free trade regards environmental factors as part of the comparative advantages that one country may have over another. However, many environmentalists are critical about trade liberalization. The scope of this paper was limited to the interaction between international free trade and the environmental protection. The main objectives of this study was to examine the interaction between trade(free trade) and environment and to analyse the areas of conflict between free trade under the World Trade Organization and environmental protection. / South Africa
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Small economies and their development in the Multilateral Trade System: correlation between economic and political environment and trade performance of small economiesThierry, Galani Tiemeni January 2007 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy.
Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS. / South Africa
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Caracterização do uso da avaliação ambiental estratégica por agências multilaterais de desenvolvimento / Characterization of the use of strategic environmental assessment by multilateral development agenciesGhislain Mwamba Tshibangu 23 February 2015 (has links)
A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) tem se destacado como um instrumento que auxilia no processo de tomada de decisões de Política, Planos e Programas, com aplicações que se distribuem por vários setores. Nos países desenvolvidos, os sistemas de Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica dispõem dos elementos essenciais para a integração do instrumento aos processos de tomada de decisões estratégicas, ao contrário dos países em desenvolvimento. Nesses países, as Agências Multilaterais de Desenvolvimento (AMD) despontam como grandes responsáveis pela disseminação da aplicação da AAE, o que remete à necessidade de sua adaptação aos diferentes contextos verificados. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação de Mestrado é voltada para a caracterização e análise da utilização da AAE pelas AMDs no contexto dos acordos multilaterais de financiamento estabelecidos com países em desenvolvimento. Para tanto, foram identificados o perfil geral de aplicação das AAES pelas AMDs selecionadas (Banco Mundial, Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, Banco Asiático de Desenvolvimento), bem como as diretrizes operacionais estabelecidas pelas agências para o uso do instrumento, tendo sido cotejadas diante de princípios de boas práticas para a aplicação da AAE. De modo complementar, para seis casos selecionados, foram aplicados procedimentos voltados à identificação dos aspectos estratégicos relacionados aos objetos submetidos à avaliação, bem como o alinhamento entre os Termos de Referência e as Avaliações Ambientais. Finalmente, foram aplicados critérios para revisão da qualidade dos relatórios das AAEs selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as AMDs analisadas têm contribuído para a disseminação da AAE nos países em desenvolvimento, tendo solicitado 214 estudos em 59 países até o ano de 2014. Contudo, a abordagem empregada pelas AMDs - derivadas basicamente a partir das diretrizes operacionais estabelecidas em 1999 pelo Banco Mundial - apresenta diferenças importantes com as boas práticas internacionais no que diz respeito à avaliação de alternativas estratégicas e participação pública, além de serem aplicadas a objetos com baixo enfoque estratégico. Os resultados obtidos a partir da revisão de qualidade dos relatórios analisados mostram-se coerentes e alinhados com o contexto de aplicação das AAEs, apresentando baixa qualidade em termos da descrição da baseline, estabelecimento de alternativas e participação pública. / Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been highilighted as an instrument that assist the process of Policy, Plan and Program decision making, with applications distributed in various sectors. In developed countries, the SEA systems have the essential elements which promote the integration of this instrument to strategic decision making processes, as opposed to developing countries. In these countries, the Multilateral Development Agencies (MDA) emerge as responsible for the widespread of SEA application, which lead to the need to adapt this tool to different contexts. In this sense, this Master\'s thesis is focused on the characterization and analysis of the use of SEA by MDAs in the context of multilateral financing agreements established with developing countries. Thus, the general profile of SEA applications required by MDAs (World Bank, African Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank and Asian Development Bank) and the SEA operating guidelines established by these agencies have been identified, and faced to principles of SEA good practice. Moreover, to six selected cases, procedures were applied aimed at identifying the strategic aspects related to the objects undergoing assessment as well as the alignment between the Terms of Reference and Environmental Assessments. Finally, criteria to review the quality of reports were applied to the selected SEAs. The results indicate that MDAs analyzed have contributed to the spread of the SEA in developing countries, requiring 214 studies in 59 countries by 2014. However, the approach used by MDAs - basically derived from the operational guidelines established by the World Bank in 1999 - has important differences compared to international best practice with regard to the evaluation of strategic alternatives and public participation, beside being applied to objects with low strategic focus. The results from the reports quality review are conherent and aligned to the SEAs context application, showing low quality in the baseline description, alternatives establishment and public participation.
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Migrant Child Labour in Turkey : A critical analysis of multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour in Turkeyİren Yıldızca, Bediz Büke January 2019 (has links)
Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.
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La protection des investisseurs directs étrangers au Cambodge / The protection of foreign direct investors in CambodiaRa, Sotheavireak 19 December 2014 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur une étude de l’efficacité des régimes protecteurs d’investissements directs étrangers actuellement au Cambodge, en faisant une comparaison avec ceux connus des pays étrangers, spécialement de la France. La protection internationale des investisseurs directs étrangers se définit comme l’ensemble des principes et des règles, de droit international comme de droit interne, qui ont pour objet ou pour effet d’empêcher ou de réprimer toute atteinte publique à l’existence ou à la consistance de l’investissement international. La sécurité de l’investisseur étranger est un point essentiel pour attirer des investissements internationaux. L’atteinte publique ou une mesure prise par le Cambodge ne peut pas créer des obstacles à l’investissement étranger. En voulant protéger mieux des investisseurs directs étrangers, le Cambodge est en train de se doter de règles juridiques, spécialement le droit des investissements afin d’attirer des investisseurs étrangers. C’est la raison pour laquelle, le Cambodge a adhéré à l’Association des Nations de l’Asie du Sud-Est (ANASE ou ASEAN) en 1999 et à l’OMC le 13 octobre 2004. Le Cambodge coopère également avec d’autre Pays en concluant des conventions bilatérales dans la matière de la protection de l’investissement. / This work focuses on a study of the effectiveness of the current legal rules which protect foreign direct investments in Cambodia, by making a comparison with the foreign countries’ legal rules, especially the French legal rules. The international protection of foreign direct investment is defined as the set of principles and rules of international law and domestic law, which have as their object or effect of preventing or suppressing any public detriment to the existence or consistency of international investment. The security of the foreign investor is a key point for attracting international investments. Public involvement or action taken by Cambodia can not create barriers to foreign investment. In wanting to better protect foreign direct investors, Cambodia is establishing legal rules, especially the investment law to attract foreign investors. That is why, Cambodia joined the Association of Asian Nations Southeast (ASEAN) in 1999 and the WTO on October 13, 2004. Cambodia also cooperates with another Country by concluding bilateral agreements in the field of the protection of the investment.
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