Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Alessandro Diniz de Sa.pdf: 1051226 bytes, checksum: a112afca1bb3e67f83fa13416ad62c89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis presents the relevant points concerning the consolidation of the Brazilian music industry and its effect on the music scene between 1998 and 2008 caused by the introduction of new digital technology, music piracy and illegal Internet downloading. This thesis also analyzes the position of music producers towards new digital media in relation to production, distribution, marketing and consumption / O objetivo desta tese é o de apresentar os pontos relevantes no caminho da consolidação da indústria fonográfica, especificamente no Brasil. Mostrar a constituição da cena musical brasileira entre 1998-2008. Período que coincide com novos movimentos dentro mercado fonográfico com o surgimento das novas tecnologias digitais e o crescimento da pirataria dos produtos musicais. Com base nesse cenário, analisar o posicionamento dos agentes produtores do campo fonográfico e as novas dinâmicas inseridas pelos novos meios digitais na relação de produção distribuição consumo

Cette étude a pour l’objectif d’examiner l’industrie musicale et le star-system des années 1930 et 1940. Certaines stars de cette période occupent encore une place considérable dans la mémoire collective ; parmi elles, Édith Piaf est encore régulièrement mentionnée par les médias en 2018. Un public de masse et de nouvelles formes culturelles populaires se forment parallèlement aux transformations politiques et économiques de la période du Front Populaire. Les acteurs musicaux commencent alors à déployer des stratégies de répétition et d’innovation. Ainsi, apparaissent : la réinterprétation de chansons à succès, l’imitation du style d’interprètes célèbres et l’introduction du jazz dans la chanson. À l’aube de l’industrie musicale, la radio prend l’avantage sur le disque dans la fabrication de stars. En effet, les stations radiophoniques privées rivalisent et diffusent la musique gratuitement. Par ailleurs, ces médiateurs font apparaître des chanteurs célèbres pour attirer davantage d’amateurs et de consommateurs. Sous l’Occupation, ce médiateur contribue fortement à la déformation de la réalité. Edith Piaf développe un style propre faisant appel aux émotions et développe ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui, la « chanson d’amour » française. Sous l’Occupation son traitement médiatique a pour résultat de la re-former en tant que figure représentant « le passé en bonheur » sur lequel est projeté le « je impuissant » des individus, pour reprendre une expression de T.W. Adorno. L’image d’Édith Piaf et ses chansons sont par ailleurs des espaces de médiation de l’individualisme et du féminisme. Ainsi, la star n’est pas simplement fabriquée par les stratégies du star-system : la répétition et l’innovation. Elle découle aussi du fait que son image, son style, ses œuvres musicales et son discours dans les médias imprègnent certaines idéologies dans la réalité sociale. / This study aims to examine the music industry and the star system of the 1930’s and 1940’s. We still talk today about some stars of the 1930s and 1940s. Among them, one French star that is recalled internationally by the media is Edith Piaf; she continues to be regularly mentioned by the media in 2018. A mass audience and new popular cultural forms appear simultaneously to the political and economic evolutions which occurred at the time of the Front populaire in France. From the 1930’s onwards, the French music industry star-system works with the logic of repetition and innovation, for example, release of cover songs, imitation of the style of famous performers and the introduction of jazz into French popular songs. At this dawn of French music industry and star system, radio stations take priority over record companies in the making of stars. In fact, the commercial radio stations are competing among each other and they play popular songs without extra cost for listeners. Furthermore, in the period of Nazi occupation, radio plays a major role in the propagation of the political ideology of the collaborationist Vichy government. Edith Piaf develops her emotional expressions, and creates her own style, what we call today, the `French love song´. During the German occupation of France, she was transformed into a symbolic figure of `the beautiful days of the past´ on which, as Adorno claims, the `lethargic self of individuals´ is projected. The image of Edith Piaf and her songs are also spaces of mediation for individualism and feminism. In short, the star is not simply manufactured by star-system strategies of repetition and innovation. The star is also born when his image, his style, his musical works and his media discourse penetrate certain ideologies in the specific social reality.

Structural changes in the economy, such as new technological developments that create new conditions for the production and consumption of goods and services, have had a particularly strong impact on the popular music industry. This dissertation explores how musicians, record companies and publishers deal with the control dilemmas that the current environment poses for them. Music corporations face increasing financial pressures and struggle to find the right formulas for qualitative, yet commercial, music. Musicians try to create meaningful lives which involve writing and performing music. At the same time they try to make a decent living. Through an ethnographically inspired field study, the author finds that commercial sociability in the shape of phony friend-making practices emerges as an important control mechanism in music production, and an award-and-list culture operates as a classificatory control mechanism in music consumption. It is suggested that the popular music industry can be characterized by pseudo-Gemeinschaft. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2008

「知識經濟」時代裡，知識透過流通而生成更多文化資產帶給人類價值。知識，向來就是共有共享的。但起自智慧財產權出現後，開始出現知識私有、知識買賣的情形出現。難道，是著作權(copyright)戰勝了著作義(Copyleft)？近年來全球掀起一片「告！告！告！」的熱潮，無論是美國的Napster訴訟案，還是台灣的「成大MP3」事件；還是微軟在美國的反托拉斯訴訟，或是在台灣面臨合理議價調查，都顯示「著作權」引發的相關問題蔓延全世界。 本研究將知識/文化商品視為資訊資本主義社會的生產工具，並且探討當「智慧」變成「財產」時，資本主義、國家機器爭權奪利的過程中出現的問題與爭議。研究者先就著作權的政治經濟脈絡耙梳出「著作權」不是「道德問題」，而是「經濟問題」，更是國際關係中藉以制衡弱勢小國的利器。 實證部分以1960-2002年間台灣著作權發展過程中三個衝突事件為例，包括1960年代的《大英百科全書》翻印風波、1980年代的「蘋果電腦侵權事件」，及1990年代跨國公司進入後的台灣流行音樂產業作為個案，具體驗證台灣著作權發展過程中，的確受到資本主義與國家機器及國際依賴關係的影響。最終以近年來網際網路發展蓬勃，連帶引出的著作權爭議作結，本研究除了對台灣著作權的政治經濟發展提出看法外，亦在結論中對知識/文化產業，及著作權規範的未來發展提出意見。 / Under knowledge-based economy, knowledge brings more value to human beings by spreading and then generating cultural properties. Although sharing is the essential characteristic of knowledge, there have been some arguments that knowledge is private and knowledge can be traded after the idea of intellectual property rights emerged. Does it mean Copyrights overtops “Copyleft”? In recent years, there have been more and more lawsuits related to copyrights such as Napster vs. RIAA in 1999 in the US, and IFPI vs. NCKU MP3 lawsuit in 2001 in Taiwan. Moreover, Microsoft, the worldwide leading software company, also faced US federal government’s antitrust violations prosecution, and rational price investigation by Taiwan government. All these cases indicate that copyright has caused problems all over the world. This thesis regards both the knowledge and cultural products as the producing tools of information capitalism society. It also discussed the conflicts between Capitalism and state apparatuses when “knowledge” became “property.” By examining the context of political economy in intellectual property, the author achieved two conclusions. First of all, the copyright is not a moral issue but an economic one. Secondly, in international society, copyrights have been the weapon for powerful nations to control the powerless ones. We cited three copyright conflicts in Taiwan from 1960-2002, including the reprint issue of Encyclopaedia Britannica in the 1960s, copyright violation case of Apple Computer in the 1980s, and the international pop music piracy disputes in the 1990s, the author made an empirical research to conclude that the development of copyright in Taiwan indeed was affected by the capitalism, the state apparatuses, and the international interdependency. This thesis ended with the prospective copyright issues originated from the burgeoning Internet industry. Not only did the research indicate some suggestions regard to the development of political economy in copyright, also made comments about the future development of knowledge/culture industry’s copyright regulation.

匯流時代來臨，内容的流傳速度愈來愈快，資訊以即時的方式傳達到世界各地。流行音樂單曲長度大於為5分鐘，相較於其它娛樂商品，音樂本身沒有語言的隔閡，因此音樂在文化產業當中，最適合數位環境，也最容易進行全球化。從音樂產業角度來看，韓國偶像團體「Super Junior」與「少女時代（Girls’Generation）」跨越亞洲，席捲歐洲市場，可説是匯流時代的成功案例。 本研究試圖借鏡韓國音樂產業的案例，找出因應匯流時代的全球化策略與關鍵因素，提供給音樂產業者，也希望本研究能夠幫助台灣音樂產業更發揚光大。 本研究以匯流、全球化及價值鏈為基礎，藉由目前在亞洲市場令人矚目的「Super Junior」與「少女時代」的經紀公司「S. M. Entertainment」(以下簡稱S. M. )案例，去分析匯流時代所帶來的全球化策略與成功因素。主要的研究方法是藉由分析韓國學者與資深記者發表的各種相關研究論文、學術季刊、書籍、新聞、雜誌、網路、影片等，來回答本研究問題，同時也進行S. M.、韓國政府及記者的深度訪談，來彌補文獻資料所帶來的侷限。 從S. M. 的案例研究，發現S. M. 首先建立獨特的培訓系統及全球化策略Culture Technology，再長期投資内容研發與跨國合作，來提高内容的品質，也具備在全球市場上的競爭力；隨著新媒體的出現，S. M. 也積極應用各種手段，加速全球化的發展。另外，S. M. 採用OSMU（One source multi-use）方式進行事業多元化及跨產業合作，不斷發掘新的收入來源。本研究也發現台灣與韓國相似，有市場規模的限制以及有全球品牌智慧型手機的大環境；音樂產業以產製為中心，發掘能吸引全中華市場的歌手；以中國作爲目標市場等共同點。因此可考慮結合兩國的優勢為合作共識，攜手成爲亞洲最合適的合作夥伴。 / Digital convergence leads to a global transformation in entertainment industry. Comparing with films or other entertainment products, music takes the advantage of short performance time for international coverage. Also, music can overcome the language barriers and become popular in global cultural industry. In South Korea, the Super Junior and Girls' Generation are successful cases in the music industry. This study tries to analyze the reasons why these two pop idol groups can become a fashion. By reflecting the global strategies for music industry in the age of convergence, this research also tries to contribute to music industry in Taiwan. This research investigates a famous music company in South Korea, called “S. M. Entertainment”, the management company of Super Junior and Girls' Generation, examines its global strategies in the age of convergence. By interviewing S. M. Entertainment managers, the South Korea government agency and an entertainment journalist, this study gets deep interpretation for the globalization strategy of Korean music industry. Also, researcher collects secondary data by journal papers, books, newspapers, magazines, and films to triangulate the authenticity. This study comes up with a global sourcing framework for culture technology. By sourcing local talents and building a unique incubation system, S. M. Entertainment can keep a qualified talent pool. By cooperating with global music experts and investing in music content innovation, the company can reach outstanding music intelligence globally. By innovating business model, such as “One source multi-use” (OSMU), the company can discover new opportunities by cross boundary cooperation. Taiwan’s music industry is also constrained by the market scale as South Korea. However, Taiwan has competitive technology in smart phone and in other digital technology. By leveraging the advantages of S. M. Entertainment, Taiwan’s music industry may have great breakthrough in Mainland China. Also, it may be an important stage for Taiwan and South Korea to become strategic partners in Asia’s culture industry.

Musicians are cultural entrepreneurs, operating as human brands in the South African music industry. The ability to manage their brand effectively may give them an added advantage to compete successfully in this industry. This study sought to explore the integrated marketing communications (IMC) practices of South African musicians in brand promotion. Using a qualitative design, interviews were conducted with practising South African musicians to collect data. The results revealed that South African musicians use multiple marketing communications tools to promote their brands in multimedia campaigns. However, not all the elements required for integrated marketing communications were in evidence. Results from this study may be used by entrepreneurial South African musicians to create a strategy for integrated marketing communications in promoting their brand in the South African music industry and may also contribute towards the practical application of IMC within the broader field of marketing management. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

This thesis is primarily focused on collecting insights regarding rock music fan that can be applied to marketing communication. Its main aim is to describe how the rock fans are different from the major population in terms of descriptive characteristics, values, opinions and lifestyle. The points of parity and the points of difference are investigated on the level of rock sub-genres. The message, symbolism and main ideas present in rock music are examined, including historical and social context leading to the formation and development of the genre. We also tried to assign a specific archetype to rock and its sub-genres. We assume that rock fans are in some ways different from the rest of the population and that we are able to observe the differences on the level of sub-genres. However, we also expect that there are some points of parity symptomatic for all the rock genres. We suppose that artists and music marketers approach marketing communication mostly from the point of their own intuition and that they frequently use symbolism, historical references and archetypes in their way of communication. The research is comprised of three parts. First part is the analysis of secondary data from MML-TGI database by Median Research Company for year 2013. Used methodology: General analysis and cross analysis. The objective of the analysis was to determine differences between genres and subgenres in terms of descriptive characteristics, value system and verdicts about lifestyle. The next part of the research was the content analysis of notable rock album front covers for the purpose of deeper exploration of rock symbols. The last part of the research is comprised of interviews with music industry professionals who shared their opinion regarding genre characteristics, fans and marketing communication in real life.

Diploma thesis deals with the influence of technologies on the music industry in terms of music distribution. In the first part the two major issues are discussed for deeper understanding of the topic. The change of perception and creation of music over certain period of time and the development of technologies related to music in historical context. Following chapters are mainly focused on current technologies, digitalization and the internet, and global turnovers which have had impact on distribution of music as a consequence of technological spread. In addition to this, the issue of legal aspects related to sharing and downloading music via internet is described. The strategies have been created and adopted by the music industry representatives as a response to the situation of increasing intensity of infringing copyright law by unauthorized sharing and decreasing number of physical media sales. The goal of these strategies has been aimed at support expansion of online music services and raising of public copyright awareness. The work analyses and assesses above mentioned strategies and estimates the possible future development of music industry. Assumptions are created on the basis of historical background and current situation. The partial objective is to evaluate whether the sales of physical media have future as a main source of income for music industry or not.

MAAS / Department of Music

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to explore disruptive innovation and to determine whether Christensen’s latest version (2015) of the disruptive innovation theory can explain the success of multisided platforms in the music industry. Thus, we analyze three cases studies based on the theory: Napster, Spotify and Apple Music. At the end, we present our results concerning Christensen’s theory’s capability to explain the recent success stories of digital multisided platforms. Research Question - “Does the theory of disruptive innovation explain the success of Multi-sided Platforms in the music industry?” Methodology - A comparative case study with three levels of success gives us a width that we think is necessary in order to draw conclusions. Spotify is considered to be a global market leader while Apple Music is highly successful and market leader in the US. Napster, however, is not considered successful due to the legal issues it has encountered. Secondary data is used on all cases, and an in-depth literature review of the theory which supports the theoretical framework that we use to compare the cases. Findings - This research explores Christensen’s theory that is widely misinterpreted and misapplied in the recent years. Christensen’s theory is heavily built upon a technology factor that drives disruptive innovation, however, this can not explain for instance Spotify’s success, which is according to the original theory is not disruptive. We argue that business model innovation is the driver of disruption in some cases where technology is merely an enabler for business to reach disruptive effects. We would like to propose a stronger categorization of disruption types, such as “technology driven disruption” or “business model driven disruption” in order to identify disruption with different roots. / Syfte - Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka disruptiv (omstörtande) innovation och att avgöra om Christensens senaste version (2015) av den disruptiva (omstörtande) innovationsteorin kan förklara framgången med flersidiga plattformar inom musikbranschen. Således analyserar vi tre fallstudier baserade på teorin: Napster, Spotify och Apple Music. I slutet presenterar vi våra resultat avseende Christensens teoris förmåga att förklara de senaste framgångshistorierna för digitala flersidiga plattformar. Forskningsfråga - “Förklarar teorin om disruptiv innovation framgången med flersidiga plattformar i musikbranschen?” Metodik - En jämförande fallstudie med tre nivåer av framgång ger oss den bredd som vi tycker är nödvändig för att dra slutsatser. Spotify anses vara en global marknadsledare och Apple Music är mycket framgångsrikt samt marknadsledande i USA. Napster anses emellertid inte framgångsrikt på grund av de rättsliga problem som uppstått. Sekundär data används i alla exempel, samt en djupgående litteraturöversikt av teorin som stöder den teoretiska ramverk som vi använder för att jämföra fallen. Resultat - Denna undersökning utforskar Christensens teori som är brett misstolkad och felaktig tillämpad under de senaste åren. Christensens teori bygger starkt på en teknikfaktor som driver disruptiv innovation, men detta kan inte förklara exempelvis Spotifys framgång, vilken enligt den ursprungliga teorin inte är disruptiv. Vi argumenterar för att affärsmodellinnovation driver störningar i fall där tekniken bara är en katalysator för att verksamheten når disruptiva effekter. Vi skulle vilja föreslå en starkare kategorisering av disruptionstyper, till exempel “tekniskt driven disruption” eller “affärsmodelldisruption” för att identifiera disruptioner med olika rötter.