Main contents of my diploma is a racial strukcture of countries of the European Union and national conflicts concern on european nationals and nationalities. After specification of territories the treatise tries to define basic terminological notions of two views. Firstly it refers to substabtial difference from using of statistic notions having principle influence to quantification of minorities. Second view defines conceptions: nation and nationality of politic-geographical point of view. The sunbstantial space is dedicated to historic-geographical analysis of present national folder of the EU with view of chosen events of 20th century. In the next charters I specify minorities-numbers and location, too. The last part deals with national conflicts where I point to typologies and point out causes of national competition inside the EU. For example it is the conflict Estonia-Russian tension. I point to its causes, development and suggest methods of solution to reduction of racial situation at the eastern border of Union.

No século XIX, a consolidação do mundo burguês fez surgir uma nova idéia de masculinidade. Esse homem moderno deveria ser capaz de promover regeneração nacional, por meio do progresso econômico, social e cultural. Em Portugal, nesse período, o fenômeno da emigração é uma perturbadora realidade que marca a produção ficcional de Camilo Castelo Branco. Seus personagens brasileiros torna-viagem - portugueses que retorna ao país após emigrar para o Brasil- aglutinam características do homem burguês e moderno. Para demonstrar essa hipótese, foram analisadas as obras Eusébio Macário, A corja, O cego de Landim e Os brilhantes do brasileiro, sob a ótica dos estudos acerca da masculinidade de George Mosse e Pierre Bourdieu e do conceito de fomentador, proposto por Marshall Berman em sua análise de Fausto de Goethe. / In the nineteenth century a new concept of manhood rose from the consolidation of the bourgeois world. This modern man was supposed to encourage national regeneration through financial, social and cultural progress. During this time, in Portugal, emigration started to come out as a disturbing reality, which is a relevant characteristic in the works of Camilo Castelo Branco, where Portuguese characters who had returned from Brazil the torna-viagem- embody features of both the bourgeois and modern man. This paper aims at proving this hypothesis true based on the analysis of Eusébio Macário, A Corja, O Cego de Landim and Os Brilhantes do Brasileiro, theoretical support from the manhood studies perspectives proposed by George Mosse and Pierre Bourdieu and the concept of developer from Marshal Berman\'s examination of Goethe\'s Faust.

Este trabalho analisa a construção literária da idéia de nacionalidade brasileira, sob a inspiração predominante da história das idéias. Esse objetivo será levado a efeito mediante o estudo de dois momentos históricos distintos, o século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. O principal foco da análise é a obra de dois intelectuais que podem ser considerados como representativos de suas épocas, José de Alencar (1829-1877) e Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954). No universo da extensa produção intelectual desses escritores, este trabalho discute especialmente textos críticos e teóricos, o que não impede incursões tópicas em sua produção ficcional. / This work examines the literary construction of the idea of Brazilian nationality, under the predominant inspiration of history of ideas. This goal will be carried out through the study of two distinct historical moments, nineteenth century and the first decades of twentieth century. The main focus of analysis is the work of two intellectuals considered representative of their times, José de Alencar (1829-1877) and Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954). In the universe of the extensive intellectual production of these writers, this work discusses especially critical and theoretical texts, and that does not prejudice topical incursions into their fictional production.

A presente pesquisa visa uma análise aprofundada da cooperação jurídica internacional no campo da adoção internacional, bem como um estudo sobre os efeitos deste tipo de adoção na nacionalidade da pessoa adotada. Pesquisar os procedimentos e regras que compõe o arcabouço jurídico da cooperação internacional em matéria de adoção, e verificar como Brasil e Japão realizam a integração desta pessoa legalmente em seus sistemas jurídicos. É cada vez mais crescente o número de refugiados em países em constantes crises humanitárias e onde crianças morrem diariamente por motivos como a inanição, doenças sem tratamento e como vítimas de guerras civis intermináveis. A adoção internacional é, portanto, um dos instrumentos internacionais e humanitários que permite a aproximação de casais que buscam constituir ou ampliar uma família, e crianças espalhadas pelo mundo desejosas para terem um lar e uma família, é a aplicação da cooperação jurídica internacional em prol da solidariedade. Diretamente relacionado com o instituto da adoção internacional, a preocupação de qual será a nacionalidade que o adotado terá após a decisão que concederá a adoção em definitivo. Esta análise se torna relevante, pois a pessoa adotada após todos os procedimentos legais da adoção passará a responder e a viver em um novo universo jurídico, com deveres e direitos novos para ela. Fica a preocupação de se os direitos e deveres dessa pessoa serão os mesmos que os demais nacionais do país que a acolheu. / This research aims at a deep analysis of international legal cooperation in the field of international adoption, as well as a study on the effects of this type of adoption at the nationality of the adopted person Research the procedures and rules that make up the legal framework for international cooperation in the field of adoption, and see how Brazil and Japan do the lawfully integration of the person in their legal systems. It is increasingly growing number of refugees in countries listed in humanitarian crises and where children die daily for reasons like starvation, disease and without treatment as victims of endless civil wars International adoption is therefore an international, humanitarian approach which allows couples seeking establish or expand a family, and children scattered around the world willing to have a home and a family, is the application of international legal cooperation for solidarity. Directly related to the institution of international adoption, which will be the concern of the nationality that have adopted after the decision to grant final adoption This analysis is relevant because the adopted person after all legal procedures of adoption will respond and live in a new legal universe, with new rights and duties for her Is the concern about the rights and duties of that person, and if, this rights and duties will be the same as other nationals of the country that welcomed that person

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem como finalidade comparar as políticas indigenistas brasileiras e guyanenses voltadas à demarcação de terras, ao autossustento, à educação e à seguridade social. Tem o intuito de perceber a relação entre nacionalidade e acesso a essas políticas por indígenas tranfronteiriços, cujos territórios étnicos foram sobrepostos por uma fronteira nacional. Para tanto, procurou-se compreender as relações dos povos indígenas no contexto histórico de formação dos Estados nacionais brasileiro e guyanense e a delimitação da fronteira entre estes. Compreender, também, o contexto socioeconômico contemporâneo desses países no qual se ambientam as políticas indigenistas e as implicações de nacionalidade para acesso às políticas nacionais por indígenas transfronteiriços. / This dissertation aims to compare the Brazilian and Guyanese indigenous policies focused on land demarcation, self-sustain, education and social security. It has the intention of perceiving the relation between nationality and the access to these policies by transboundary indians, which ethnic territories has been overlapped by a national border. To do so, it was sought to comprehend the relations among the indigenous peoples in the historical context of Brazilian and Guyanese national State formation and the contemporary socioeconomic context of these countries in which take place the indigenous policies and the implications of nationality to access the national policies by transboundary indians.

Submitted by Ana Carolina Talarico (anacarolinatalarico@gmail.com) on 2013-09-28T21:57:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Ana Carolina Talarico_final.pdf: 794527 bytes, checksum: 95b4f034f3aec69307fc529b693d1ae7 (MD5) / Rejected by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br), reason: Ana, bom dia. Por gentileza, insira o Resumo e Palavras-chave neste trabalho, que são itens obrigatórios. Faça uma nova submissão que aprovarei o trabalho. Att, Eliene 3799-3492 on 2013-09-30T14:54:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Carolina Talarico (anacarolinatalarico@gmail.com) on 2013-09-30T15:13:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Ana Carolina Talarico_final.pdf: 797494 bytes, checksum: 72af978f7e500f338279f3aba5ecab61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-09-30T15:49:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Ana Carolina Talarico_final.pdf: 797494 bytes, checksum: 72af978f7e500f338279f3aba5ecab61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T15:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Ana Carolina Talarico_final.pdf: 797494 bytes, checksum: 72af978f7e500f338279f3aba5ecab61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-25 / Companies are moving to a more international structure; going into new markets and having an increased competition in all fronts. Therefore, the practices that lead companies to a more efficient and competitive position are praised. The management of the workforce comes as one of the main concerns of companies, aiming at performance enhancing and at creating better environments that both attract and maintain the professional talents. In an increasingly international environment, companies tend to look for the specialists and best professionals, regardless of their nationality. This new structure with several different nationalities working together poses new challenges for companies. Understanding if and how a more diverse has a relationship with financial performance is the starting point for better managing this new corporate structure. / As empresas estão mudando para uma estrutura mais internacional; entrando em novos mercados com competição mais acirrada. Portanto, as práticas que levam as empresas a serem mais eficientes e competitivas são exaltadas. O gerenciamento da força de trabalho é uma das maiores preocupações das companhias, com foco em melhorar a performance e criar melhores ambientes de trabalho, que atraem e mantem os talentos. Em um ambiente cada vez mais internacional, as empresas buscam os melhores profissionais, independente de sua nacionalidade. Essa nova estrutura com diferentes nacionalidades trabalhando junto é um novo desafio no mundo corporativo. Entender se e como uma empresa com maior diversidade tem relação com a performance financeira é o ponto de partida para um melhor gerenciamento dessa nova estrutura.

L’Argentine a suivi au XIXème siècle un modèle de construction de nation inspiré des modèles européens. De nombreux débats ont accompagné ce processus, dans lequel l’organisation du système éducatif a été l’une des préoccupations du pouvoir politique. Dans ce travail, on a principalement étudié la participation progressive de l’Etat dans l’organisation du système éducatif national à travers l’analyse des discours concernant l’importance des langues et leur rôle dans le processus de consolidation nationale.La problématique a été construite autour de trois axes. Le premier concerne l’évolution des enseignements des langues étrangères dans deux domaines (public et privé); le deuxième traite de l'interaction entre la langue nationale et les autres langues, au niveau éducatif et social. Le dernier axe analyse l’impact de l’immigration européenne dans la société, notamment du point de vue des transformations linguistiques, éducatives et culturelles. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche a été organisée autour de l'analyse des discours contemporains présentant l'utilité, voire la nécessité de l'enseignement des langues dans un pays qui se voulait moderne et ouvert sur l’étranger. Les appréciations et les jugements de valeur, les spécificités attribués à chaque langue ont été relevés afin de saisir les enjeux cachés derrière les débats. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de déterminer l'influence des discours sur les langues dans le processus de transformation de la société argentine.Cette thèse veut apporter un autre regard sur les problèmes d'ordre linguistique et identitaire dans une période de forts changements politiques, sociaux et culturels (1810-1910) et ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles recherches dans le domaine de l'histoire de l'enseignement des langues en Argentine. / During the 19th century, Argentina followed a model of nation inspired in European ones. This process, together with numerous debates and the organization404of the educational system was one of the worries of the political power. In this thesis, we studied principally the progressive participation of the State during the creation and organization of the National Education System through the analysis of discourses connected to the relevance of languages and their role in the process of national consolidation.This issue is built around three axes (main points). The first axis is related evolution of foreign languages teaching in both state and private settings; the second one focuses on the interaction between a national language (Spanish) and other languages, in the educational and social area. The last one to analyse is the impact of European immigration in society, particularly from the point of view of linguistic, cultural and educational transformations, principally because Argentina is the only country that received, during the analysed period, a larger number of immigrants than the native population.Within methodological area, in this thesis, we analysed the contemporary discourses that present the utility, better, the necessity of teaching languages in the building of a country that was meant to be modern and open to the outside. Appreciations and judgements, as well as stereotypes and specifications attributed to each language have been analysed with the aim of perceiving what was at stake behind linguistic and didactic debates.The results obtained allowed to determinate the influence of the language discourses in the process of transformation of Argentina’s society. On the other hand, the study plans and the programs analysed made it possible to verify the concrete changes operated in the educational system and to thus establish the interrelation between discourses of the most powerful part of society that show its desire of being able to inscribe Argentina in the concert of the most powerful nations and the concrete actions taken/ put into practice.This thesis wants to offer another look to the linguistic and identity problems, on a period of deep changes, political, social and cultural and to open the way to the new researches in the language learning history in Argentina.

A la différence d'autres catégories de personnes privées, comme par exemple celle des commerçants qui, s'ils peuvent tirer profit des règles internationales mises en place par les États relatives au libre exercice du commerce, n'ont généralement pas la capacité de se prévaloir à titre individuel des droits leur conférant ces règles dans l'ordre international, l'investisseur est devenu aujourd'hui destinataire direct d'un nombre important d'instruments conventionnels, et dispose grâce aux mécanismes de règlement des différends prévus par ces derniers d'un droit d'action individuel à l'encontre des États étrangers. Par le terme « investisseur», les conventions de protection des investissements étrangers désignent aussi bien les individus que les personnes morales. Traditionnellement, en contentieux interétatique, un État ne peut exercer sa protection diplomatique qu'en faveur de ses nationaux, à condition cependant que l'individu ne possède pas en outre la nationalité de l’État destinataire d'une telle réclamation. Le droit conventionnel des investissements a apporté une certaine évolution en la matière. D'une part, de plus en plus de traités étendent leur application non seulement aux nationaux des États contractants, mais également aux individus ayant établi leur résidence sur le territoire de ces derniers. D'autre part, certaines conventions prévoient expressément que lorsqu'un individu-investisseur dispose à la fois de la nationalité de l'un des États contractants d'un traité et de celle d'un autre État contractant, contre lequel il entend adresser une réclamation, c'est la nationalité la plus effective de la personne physique qui doit conditionner la recevabilité de sa demande au niveau international. Concernant le régime de protection des personnes morales, en contentieux de la protection diplomatique la Cour internationale de Justice accorde uniquement à l’État où est constituée la société, le titre pour agir en sa faveur à l'encontre d'un autre État. Cette règle a été très critiquée au motif que souvent l’État d'incorporation d'une société, contrôlée par des ressortissants d'un autre État, n'a pas toujours un intérêt suffisant pour défendre les droits de celle-ci vis-à-vis d'un troisième État auteur d'une mesure préjudiciable pour cette société. L’État réellement intéressé par un recours serait plutôt celui de nationalité des associés de la personne morale lésée. En tenant compte de ce dernier constat, le droit conventionnel des investissements a conféré la capacité aux associés d'une société lésée pour agir en protection des actifs de cette dernière, sans pour autant remettre en cause la qualité à agir de la société pour la protection de ces mêmes biens et avoirs. Lorsque le titulaire d'un investissement est une personne morale, celle-ci n'est alors plus perçue comme un seul investisseur, mais comme une pluralité d'investisseurs potentiels. La société peut être traitée soit comme une personne juridique unique, soit comme une addition des personnalités de tous ses associés, détenant directement ou indirectement son capital, et disposant le cas échéant de nationalités différentes, et donc de titres juridiques multiples leur permettant d'agir à l'encontre de l’État ayant porté atteinte à l'investissement réalisé par une telle personne morale. / No English summary available

Significant criminological attention has been given to the relationship between immigration and crime. However, this relationship has not been researched in the UK to any great extent, and consequently the information on the UK context is limited. This research investigates how the criminality of foreign nationals have been constructed by examining the nature of immigration policy, foreign criminality discourses, and the media in the UK to understand how crime in particular has been used to define, refine, and inform control of immigrants. This study refers to the legislative, policy, and political factors that underpin this process, and particularly explains how immigration policy and political debates have emphasised the criminality of foreign nationals in the UK. In order to achieve these goals, this research reviews a brief history of British immigration policy and legislation and outlines the connections made between foreign nationals and non-immigration criminal offences. In addition, secondary data from different British institutions and data collected via the Freedom of Information Act 2000 have been used to illustrate the level of foreigners’ criminality as well as the type of crimes compared to the British representation. Finally, Parliamentary debates and related political discourses have been used to examine the role of politics has in reinforcing the relationship between foreign nationals and crime and elevating negative public sentiment and the relationship with media reports. This research highlights the limitations of existing data relating to the criminality of foreign nationals in offending records in England and Wales, partly due to the disorganised recording of offender nationality. This study reveals that nationality is the new racism; whilst immigration has become a central focus in political and public discourses on crime they as a group in statistical terms exhibit low levels of offending but are more likely to be imprisoned for less serious crimes. The relationship between foreign nationals and crimes is thus a political issue rather than a legal one. As such, foreign nationals supposed criminality has been used to control immigration, avoid the blame of failing policies, gain electoral votes, and facilitate changes in immigration and crime policies.

The phenomenon of psychic distance has been thoroughly researched regarding its influence on the internationalization patterns of firms into foreign markets. Psychic distance has been determined by a plethora of existing literature as an inhibitor to trade; however, much of this research only takes on the perspective of the firm. The construct of psychic distance has primarily been examined on the supply side, while a lack of literature exists examining the impact of psychic distance from the consumer’s perspective. Furthermore, the academic world has devoted little attention to applying the psychic distance construct to e-commerce, especially in terms of retail. Due to the continuously rising significance of e-commerce, especially in terms of cross-border retail, understanding the way in which consumers perceive foreign international online vendors (IOVs) is essential to business success. This thesis contributes to the existing research regarding psychic distance, by seeking to answer the following research questions: "How do varying levels of perceived psychic distance impact the online purchasing behaviors of consumers?" and "How does the impact of perceived psychic distance on purchasing behaviors vary based on consumer’s nationality?". To answer these questions, empirical data is collected through the conduct of five focus groups of varying nationalities, each either containing consumers of French, German, Swedish, Russian or Chinese nationality. The analysis of empirical data is built upon a theoretical foundation using the conceptualization of distance defined by Dow & Karunaratna (2006), consumer nationality and retailer country of origin (COO). The findings of this thesis conclude that perceived psychic distance likely has somewhat of an influence on consumer online purchasing behaviors. However, factors such as development level of retailer COO, retailer COO familiarity, development level of consumer nationality, and consumer ethnocentrism have more measurable impacts on the purchasing behaviors of consumers in the online retail context.