In this dissertation, I examine the particular diaspora construction of the overseas Chinese in South Korea focusing on their educational practice, and looking at how it relates to and reflects their identities and subjectivities. The Chinese in Korea, or Korean huaqiaos, have no parallel in that they still retain Chinese (Taiwanese) nationality despite their over one hundred years of settlement in Korea, and in that most opt for full-time Chinese ethnic schooling with exclusively Taiwanese-administered curriculum and support. Different from the previous discussions arguing the nation-making role of the state-sponsored mass education through transmitting national culture and language, in a Chinese high school in Seoul, Korea, I observed that ethnic schooling worked to connect the scattering Chinese in Korea as a community by letting them share similar social, legal, and cultural conditions. Drawing on school documents, student writings, and interviews and discussions with ethnic Chinese students, teachers, parents, and related organization leaders, I elucidate the role of their ethnic education which is transforming as a strategy to deal with one of the most brutal social qualification-college entrance- in Korean society, and as a symbol through which they can remain Chinese diasporans. Students’ indifference to their schoolwork seems to defeat expectations of Chinese heritage transmission, or the making of allies for the ROC. This situation results from changes derived from the Taiwanese political changes against them, and also from the conviction passed down over generations about the futility of hard work due to their minority situation in Korea. Even being aware of their ethnic schools’ failure to properly educate their children in Chinese language and culture, almost all Korean huaqiaos keep sending their children there, unable to resist the immediate admissions advantage foreign high school graduates gain in entering Korean universities, and not wishing to be excluded from their own ethnic community by not attending the same ethnic schools. The way Korean huaqiaos deal with their ethnic education is a typical example revealing their collective characteristics they themselves talked about – “opportunistic”, “gossip-bound”, or “not stepping forward to act” - and I analyzed these self-defined particular Chineseness has been formed while they have gone through continuous unsteady socio-political processes. Through chapters that provide analyses of the historical Korea-China relationship, the context in which Chinese came to settle in Korea, and the ever-changing three-way relationship among Korea, Taiwan and mainland China, I discuss how Korean huaqiaos have formed and transformed their nationality, emotional and cultural belonging, and their unstable legal and social statuses as non-local nationals. This study on the atypical results of Chinese border-crossing and of ethnic education is based on three years of ethnographic field research in the Seoul Chinese High School and in other various social and cultural arenas of the Chinese community in Korea. And it offers a contextualized study of Chinese diaspora which contributes to debunking a generalized and reified imaginary of Chinese, and an ethnographic account of diaspora educational practice which also calls for a new concept of citizenship in this ever-globalizing era. / Anthropology

This thesis interrogates the continued statelessness of more than 12 million stateless people around the world, in the face of Article 15 of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which provides that everyone has a right to a nationality. Its principal argument is that the continued unresolved presence of stateless groups around the world exposes international law’s inadequate protection of the ‘right to a nationality’. It advocates the adoption of a robust approach to protect and enforce this right to nationality of stateless people. Article 15 of the UDHR has been complemented by a host of international and regional instruments relating to the right to nationality. In developing its argument, the thesis reviews the relevant instruments, as well as local and international judicial decisions relating to the right. The review is juxtaposed with local legislation and state practices on the issue of citizenship, for the purpose of determining the status of the right, and whether the right forms part of customary international law. This thesis also examines the emergence of nationality as a human right under international law and the interplay between states sovereignty and the right to nationality, for the purpose of showing the lacuna in international law that allows continued statelessness. It examines the relationship between the possession of nationality and the enjoyment of other human rights vis-à-vis the sufferings that arise from statelessness, as well as the extent to which denationalization is a step toward genocide, for the purpose of showing that protection of the right qualifies as erga omnes obligation. It also argues that suffering of stateless people must be taken seriously, as a step toward taking the right to nationality of stateless people seriously. While the thesis does not necessarily provide the final solution to all the problems arising out of statelessness, it is anticipated that it will make a worthy contribution to addressing the legal questions on statelessness and, more importantly, provide a sound basis for further discussions on the status, importance and the need to protect and enforce the right to nationality of stateless people.

Tautinio identiteto sklaida ir teatrinis ugdymas yra svarbūs edukologinės veiklos aspektai lemiantys sėkmingą humanistinio ugdymo procesą, bendros ugdytinio ir ugdytojo dvasinės kultūros formavimą, skatinantys Tėvynės meilės ir didžiavimosi ja jausmus. Spartėjant globalizacijos procesams, informacinės visuomenės kontekste itin svarbi ir aktuali pasidarė tautiškumo sąvoka. Tautinis sąmoningumas užtikrina tautos gyvavimo tęstinumą. Tautiškumo ugdymas ypatingai svarbus tautinėms mažumoms, kur pilietiškumo ugdymas nėra tapatus tautiniam ugdymui. Šis darbas tiria tautiškumo ugdymą teatru Punsko krašto lietuvių bendruomenėje. Aptarta Punsko krašto lietuvių gyvavimo specifika, teatrinės veiklos ištakos ir raida tautiškumo išsaugojimo kontekste. Analizuota dabartinė situacija. Šiam tikslui tarnavo empiriniai tyrimo metodai: ekspertų metodas, focus interviu metoas, anoniminė anketa. / The object of the work is the civic education through theatrical activities in Lithuanian national minority in Poland. Nacionality is value form the most inportant layer of person‘s spiritual life. The reflect what a person values most from cultural, psichological, social, moral and aesthetic viewpoints. Values rule a person. Only theatre teachers, and students that attended the theatre group participated on this reserch. These participant were chosen in order to learn about their attitudes towards the expression of values and if it‘s implemented in theatrical activities. After conducting the research it was found the teachers care very much about teh expression of nacionality value.

Tauta yra valstybės bei jos politinės santvarkos kūrėja. Dalyvavimą valstybės valdyme bei priklausymą valstybinei tautai rodo piliečio statusas. Tarptautinėje teisėje yra įtvirtintas principas, kad kiekviena valstybė pagal savo teisę nustato, kas yra jos piliečiai. Tuo pat metu valstybės turi gerbti laisvą tautų apsisprendimo teisę. Kokiai tautybei save priskirti, kokią kultūrą bei tradicijas puoselėti, yra asmens apsisprendimo reikalas ir negali būti reguliuojama jokiais valstybės teisės aktais. Pilietybė dažniausiai yra įgyjama gimimu arba natūralizacijos būdu. Valstybės vykdo tam tikrą pilietybės politiką priklausomai nuo tautinės savivokos. Pavyzdžiui, JAV, kur viena šalia kitos yra daugelis kultūrų ir tautų, yra įtvirtintas taip vadinamas individualus-civilinis pilietybės modelis. Vokietijoje, kurioje tauta suvokiama kaip valstybės pagrindas, yra pasirinktas kolektyvinis-etninis pilietybės modelis. Prancūzija, kur tauta suvokiama kaip valstybės kūrinys, yra civilinio-kolektyvinio pilietybės modelio šalininkė. Lietuvos Respublikoje po Konstitucinio Teismo 2006m. lapkričio 13d. nutarimo, kuriame yra pabrėžiama, jog Lietuvos valstybę reikia suvokti, kaip pilietinę tautą, kilo daugybė diskusijų dėl to, kokia yra Lietuvos tautinė savivoka. Skirtingų valstybių ne vienodas pilietybės instituto teisinis reguliavimas kartais gali lemti, kad asmuo turės dvigubą pilietybę. Svarbu išsiaiškinti ar dvigubos pilietybės įgijimo sąlygos gali būti pagrįstos tautinės priklausomybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The people are the most important element of the country. Every person, that is a part of the nation of the particular country, so that to belong to the civic nation must hold the status of the citizen. It is an international law principal that every country according to its national law defines who its citizens are, but at the same time the country must not violate the right to self-determination. Every person has a right to decide himself what nationality he considers himself or what nationality he wants to belong to. The option in any case cannot be regulated by the decisions of the government. The most common way in any country to get a citizenship is by birth or naturalization. The policy of citizenship depends of the countries ethnic identity that is how the country understands what the people in it are. For example, USA, traditional multicultural country has individualistic- civic model of citizenship, according to which the nation is conceived as a collective of sovereign individuals. Germany has a collectivistic-ethnic idea of nation and nationality, where the fusion of citizenship and nationality mean that the non-nationals would be treated as non-citizens. French have civic-collectivistic model, according to which an individual can acquire nationality, that is, citizenship through a process of assimilation. After the decision of November 13, 2006 of Constitutional Court of Lithuania, the issue of what is the ethnic identity of Lithuania became an open debate. The... [to full text]

The number of multinational corporations (MNCs) has increased tremendously since the 1990s, as companies have started to act in a more global environment. This has resulted in more integration between economies, where companies have to adjust to this changing environment. In this paper, we study the impact of internationalization on nationality diversity in boards of Swedish MNCs during the period 1994-2012. Our propositions suggest that board size, a company’s degree of internationalization and country of origin are contributing factors that affect how a board is composed. Our findings concluded that companies with a high degree of internationalization often are more nationality diverse and that Swedish companies have gradually increased the number of non-Swedes in their boards over time.

Praėjęs dešimtmetis Lietuvai atnešė negatyvų demografinį rekordą. Pirmą kartą Lietuvos istorijoje taikiu periodu ir nesikeičiant šalies teritorijai nuo 1992 m. pradėjo mažėti gyventojų. Daug emigravo ir emigruoja. Aukštos kvalifikacijos darbuotojų emigracija. Savižudžių gausėjimas pirmauja Europoje. Mirtingumas ženkliai viršijo gimstamumą. Juk panaši situacija būdavo tik per karus, badmečius, kai dėl išorinių veiksnių labai padidėdavo gyventojų mirtingumas. O kur dar nesantuokinių vaikų gimimas, jau vejasi santuokoje gimusių vaikų skaičių. Šeima vienas iš institutų, kuris įskiepija, ugdo meilę tėvynei, tautinį tapatumą ir tautiškumą. Tad ar pavyks išsaugoti mūsų tautines vertybes, lietuviškumą, etninę kultūrą, tautinę savimonę kintančio pasaulio kontekste? Todėl kyla klausimas, koks gi jaunimo požiūris į tautiškumą kaip vertybę ar ji įtakoja jų elgseną bei savimonę. Darbo tikslas – ištirti, koks jaunimo požiūris į tautiškumą kaip vertybę, kokie veiksniai turi įtakos šio požiūrio formavimuisi. Tyrimo dalykas - jaunimo požiūris į tautiškumą kaip vertybę. Tyrimo objektas - Druskininkų miesto jaunimas. Uždaviniai: Apibendrinti vertybės sampratos teorinius aspektus; Apžvelgti tautiškumo aiškinimą įvairių sociologijos autorių darbuose; Išanalizuoti globalizacijos iššūkius tautiškumui; Remiantis atlikto tyrimo duomenimis, nustatyti, kaip reiškiasi tautiškumo ir jo išsaugojimo būdai. Tyrimo hipotezės: Tautiškumas, šiuolaikiniam jaunimui, nėra prioritetinė vertybė (pasitvirtino)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The work was made by Irma Kruckaite, Political sociology master’s degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is young attitude towards national identity as a value and its conservation opportunities of globalization (Druskininkai town case). The director of the work is Dr. V. Senkus. The work size is 60 pages. The aim of work: explore what young people view about nationalism like value, what are the main factors affecting the formation of such an approach. For this purpose there were tasks raised: • Summarize the theoretical aspects of the concept of values. • An overview of the various sociological authors’ interpretations about nationality. • To analyze the challenges of globalization for nationality. • Based on research results to establish how nationality is expressed and its preservation ways. Hypotheses of the research: 1. Nationality for young people today, is not a priority value – was proved. Young people understand what is nationality, but the general answer is perception that young people represent not emigration if feel safe in Lithuania. Young people need motivation, that nationality wasn’t a burden but an asset to be transferred to their future generations. Nationality invaded the consciousness of people, the recovery of Lithuania's independence in 1990. But now it has spread dangerously overshadow people’s material poverty, social vulnerability. Young people are a passive observer; they... [to full text]

Darbo tema – Lietuvių, lenkų ir rusų tautybės moksleivių vertybinių orientacijų lyginamoji analizė (Vilniaus m. atvejis). Darbo problema, aktualumas ir naujumas. Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkai pažymi, kad šiuolaikiniam jaunimui būdinga dezorientacija, apatiškumas, blaškymasis tarp priimtinų ir kitų jiems primestų vertybių. Vyksta žmonių susvetimėjimas, nyksta atsakomybės jausmas, vyksta vertybių devalvavimo procesas. Niekas nedrįstų teigti, kad vertybių visuomenėje iš viso nėra. Tačiau labai svarbu išnagrinėti, kokios jos yra. Ir pradėti vertybių analizę reikia nuo jaunimo vertybinių orientacijų analizės, nes tai leis suprasti, kokiais gyvenimo prioritetais vadovausis visuomenė artimiausiu metu. Palyginti skirtumus tarp lietuvių, lenkų ir rusų jaunimo vertybių yra svarbu tam, kad būtų galima skirti daugiau dėmesio vertybėms, mažiau išplėtotoms vienoje ar kitoje tautinėje grupėje. Taip pat po šio tyrimo galima taps skirtingų vertybių susiformavimo priežasčių analizė, bus galima išsiaiškinti, kokie veiksniai turi įtakos skirtingų prioritetų atsiradimui. Darbo tikslas - Ištirti lietuvių, lenkų ir rusų tautybės moksleivių vertybines orientacijas: pasitelkus lyginamąją analizę išnagrinėti skirtingų tautybių jaunimo vertybinius prioritetus bei nustatyti jų skirtumus ir panašumus. Tyrimo uždaviniai – 1) Išanalizuoti vertybių sampratą, formavimąsi bei struktūrą. 2) Atskleisti Lietuvos jaunimo vertybių hierarchiją pagal atliktų tyrimų duomenis. 3) Išnagrinėti jaunimo vertybinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of work – The comparative analysis of value orientation of Lithuanian, Polish and Russian students (Vilnius city case). The problem of work, relevance and novelty. Lithuania‘s and foreign scientists allege that disorientation, listlessness and toss between acceptable and other people intruded values is common feature amongst mod. Alienation between people is in progress, responsibility sense vanishes, process of values devaluation takes place. No one could dare to state there are no values in society. However, it is essential to analyse, which of the values still exist. It is important to begin values analysis from evaluation of mod values orientation, because it allows to understand which of the priorities society would follow at an early date. It is substantial to compare distinctions amongst Lithuanian, Polish and Russian mod values because it enables to focus on those values which are less common in one or another national group. Also after this research study there would be available analysis of different values development reasons and exploration of factors that impact distinct priorities origin. The purpose of work – to explore Lithuanian, Polish and Russian students values orientation: with reference to comparative analysis to inspect different nationalities mod values priorities and identify their differences and similarities. The goals of research - 1) To analyse the conception, formation and structure of values. 2) To exhibit the hierarchy of... [to full text]

Photography and tourism have been developing in parallel with each other and leaving memories of the trip in photographs still remains as a significant part of traveling today. Tourist photograph is an effective tool to display the way tourists see the destination they visited. However, while there are studies regarding general relationships between photography and tourism, what tourists see and photograph in each destination has not yet profoundly been investigated.This study first investigates images of Kiruna, Sweden, utilized in its promotion as atourist destination to understand how it is expected to be perceived by tourists. Then these images are compared with tourist photographs to understand how they actually respond to this expectation.Also, this thesis aims to add a new perspective to the concept of ‘hermeneutic circle’ proposed by John Urry (1990). Specifically, it takes particular note of ‘nationality’ and ‘culture’, and focuses on two specific tourist groups in Kiruna, Japanese and German tourists, to investigate differences between these nationality groups in the way they perceive Kiruna as a tourist destination. In order to fulfill this aim, Volunteer Employed Photography (VEP) was applied and photographs they took in Kiruna were collected. In order to enrich the photographic data, semi-structured interviews were also conducted with each study participant.The results revealed that the study participants photographed subjects that were both appeared and not appeared in the promotional images of Kiruna. The study also revealed that there were certain differences between Japanese and German tourists in the way they perceived Kiruna and each nationality group has its own hermeneutic circle.

Every employee embodies manifestations of every demographic that attach to him or her different minority and majority statuses at the same time. As these statuses are often related to organizational hierarchies, employees frequently hold positions of dominance and subordination at the same time. Thus, a given individual's coping strategies (or coping behavior) in terms of minority stress due to organizational processes of hierarchization, marginalization and discrimination, are very often a simultaneous coping in terms of more than one demographic. Research on minority stress mostly focuses on single demographics representing only single facets of workforce diversity. By integrating the demographics of age, disability status, nationality, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and religion into one framework, the intersectional model proposed in this article broadens the perspective on minorities and related minority stress in the workplace. It is shown that coping with minority stress because of one demographic must always be interpreted in relation to the other demographics. The manifestation of one demographic can limit or broaden one's coping resources for coping with minority stress because of another dimension. Thus the manifestation of one demographic can determine the coping opportunities and coping behavior one applies to situations because of the minority status of another demographic. This coping behavior can include disclosure decisions about invisible demographics. Therefore organizational interventions aiming to create a supportive workplace environment and equal opportunities for every employee (e.g. diversity management approaches) should include more demographics instead of focusing only on few. (author's abstract)

Koreans resident during the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) were in a complex position. They remained Japanese nationals until a sovereign Japan and “Korea,” which was divided into two ideologically opposed states, negotiated their nationality status. Though most Koreans in Japan held family registers in South Korea, both North and South Korea claimed them as nationals, and most Koreans in Japan came to support Kim Il-sung’s North Korea. Moreover, racists in the Allied and Japanese governments used the Koreans as convenient scapegoats. Race, nationality, and ideology thus converged to create a difficult situation for all parties concerned. The hardships Koreans faced during the Occupation have often been blamed on Japanese and American racism. Though race played a significant part in their treatment, this dissertation argues that the mixing of race and nationality as categories of analysis, as well as the mixing of Western legal facts with Japanese ones, has misconstrued the history of Koreans in Occupied Japan. For a fuller understanding of this complex period, this dissertation uses nationality as a lens through which to examine the origins and the growth of the Korean community in Japan in their own words and to analyze the meaning and use of race and nationality as they were employed during the Occupation; and incorporate the American, Japanese, and South Korean point of view by placing the Korean experience in Japan in a wider geographical and political context of the early Cold War. All parties in Japan, including Koreans in Japan, pursued their political goals by employing the concept of nationality in their own ways. / Graduate