Consumer behaviour when shopping online differs from their behavior when shopping in a physical store. One contributory reason is the increasing level of consumption and range of goods online. When online shopping increases it demands the payment methods to work as expected. This paper aims to evaluate and analyse the payment methods when shopping online. The paper aims to increase the knowledge of how consumers are affected by these method when shopping online. This has lead us in to our issue: In what way will consumers be affected when it comes to payment methods within shopping online. The study is based on a qualitative and quantitative research design. The empirical data is collected through focus group interviews with subsequent surveys from Swedish consumers. The study combines the theories, Technology Acceptance Model, TAM, with Task Technology Fit, TTF. TAM is based on the theory of individuals' actual reception and acceptance of a technical solution. With the help of TTF you can describe and measure how technology helps users to perform. The conclusion indicates that the payment method is crucial for the consumer, if the payment method does not meet the requirements set by the consumer, the purchase will thus be canceled. There is strong competition between different players and it is easy for the consumer to choose the online store that offers the exact payment method that is best adapted to their needs. The conclusion further shows that there is a payment method that is preferred over others, this method is Klarnas. The study also shows that safety and simplicity are issues that the consumer sees as decisive based on how they make their purchases online. Loyalty is also a factor being dealt with, a customer is not always loyal to a website if it proves to be difficult to complete the purchase. Customers prefer to make a purchase on a website that offers a payment method that another operator does not. / Konsumenters beteende vid näthandel är fluktuerande och skiljer sig från beteenden i fysiska butiker. En av de bidragande orsakerna är expanderingen av nätshopping. I samband med den ökande konsumtionen online ställs det krav på att betalningsmetoder i samband med näthandel fungerar som dom ska. Denna studie berör digitalisering inom näthandel med fokus på betalningsmetoder. Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur konsumenters köpintention påverkas av betalningsmetoder när de näthandlar. Syftet har lett oss in på frågeställningen: På vilket sätt påverkas konsumenter av betalningsmetoden inom näthandeln? Studien baseras på en flermetodsforskning, en blandning av kvalitativ samt kvantitativ forskningsdesign. Empirin är insamlad via fokusgruppsintervjuer med efterföljande enkätundersökning från svenska konsumenter. Studien kombinerar teorierna, Technology Acceptance Model, TAM med Task Technology Fit, TTF. Där TAM som bygger på teorin om individers faktiska mottagande och acceptans av teknisk lösning. Med hjälp av TTF kan man beskriva och mäta hur teknik hjälper användare att prestera. Slutsatsen tyder på att betalningsmetoden är avgörande för konsumenten, uppfyller inte betalningsmetoden de krav som ställs av konsumenten kommer köpet således att avbryts. Det råder stark konkurrens mellan olika aktörer och det är lätt för konsumenten välja den onlinebutik som erbjuder just den betalningsmetod som är bäst anpassat för hens behov. Slutsatsen visar vidare att det finns en betalningsmetod som föredras framför andra, denna metod är Klarnas. Det framgår även av studiens resultat att säkerhet och enkelhet är frågor som konsumenten ser som avgörande utifrån hur de genomför sina köp online. Lojalitet är även en faktor som behandlas, en kund är inte alltid lojal till en webbplats om det visar sig vara krångligt att genomföra köpet. Kunder väljer hellre att genomföra ett köp på en webbplats som erbjuder en betalningsmetod som en annan aktör inte gör.

[pt] A pesquisa procura identificar influências temporais nas tomadas de decisão de consumidores de baixa renda, relacionadas ao endividamento. Inseridos em uma sociedade cuja cultura exalta o consumo como forma de ser e pertencer, os indivíduos dessas classes vivem hoje a oportunidade de possuir bens antes inacessíveis. O incentivo dado pelo crédito facilitado e por um ambiente macroeconômico favorável, onde juros e taxa de desemprego corroboram para a sensação de estabilidade, pode se mostrar uma armadilha para esse grupo de indivíduos, que querem consumir, mas dependem do crédito como forma de ampliar seu poder de compra. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, baseando-se em entrevistas em profundidade. Baseada em narrativas individuais, revelam-se sonhos e aspirações de um grupo de 16 indivíduos e a necessidade de decidir pelo consumo imediato ou poupar para atingir seus objetivos. Apesar de, racionalmente, concordarem com a importância de se pensar e planejar o futuro, a experiência de vida própria, ou de familiares e amigos, testemunha contra qualquer previsibilidade e reforça o pensamento de que o futuro, a Deus pertence. / [en] The research seeks to identify temporal influences in decision making of low-income consumers, relating to indebtedness. Living in a society whose culture glorifies consumption as a way of being and belonging, those individuals have today the opportunity to buy goods previously inaccessible. The encouragement given by easy credit and a favorable macroeconomic environment, where interest and unemployment rates corroborate the sense of stability, may prove a trap for this group of individuals who want to consume, but depend on the credit as a way to expand your purchasing power. The research is qualitative in nature, based on in-depth interviews. Based on individual narratives that reveal the dreams and aspirations of a group of 16 individuals and their need to decide between immediate consumption or saving for achieving your goals. Although rationally agree on the importance of thinking and planning for the future, the experience of life itself, or from family and friends, witness against any predictability and reinforces the thought that the future belongs to God.

The UNFCCC initiated mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an important policy instrument for combating climate change, using payments to create economic incentives for developing countries to preserve their forests. However, there is a need for closer scrutiny of whether the mechanism is able to generate its intended outputs and outcomes. The study assessed REDD+ productivity performance in collaborative governance using an instrumental case study of a Collaborative Governance Regime (CGR), the CarBi project in Vietnam. The assessment was based on Emerson and Nabatchi’s productivity performance matrix encompassing three units of analysis - the Participant Organisations, the CGR and the Target Goals. The study was conducted as a Minor Field Study (MFS) using in-depth interviews, complemented with official documents. The findings showed that progress was made in achieving target goals such as forest restoration and enhanced biodiversity, but that REDD+ was not adapted to suit the CGR’s need for stable payments and was not financially feasible to implement in a conservation focused project. Instead, outputs and outcomes were sustained as a result of the transition to the national Payment for Forest Ecosystem Services (PFES). However, the REDD+ safeguards, supporting the inclusion of local communities and indigenous peoples, were lost in the transition and PFES reliance on funding from hydropower dams posed both environmental and social challenges to CGR sustainability.

Um fato relacionado ao uso de telefones celulares para realizar transferência de recursos e pagamento de obrigações é o seu crescimento acelerado ao redor do mundo, com potencial econômico inquestionável. Projeções otimistas sugerem a substituição de instrumentos de pagamentos tradicionais como os cheques de papel e os cartões de plástico pelos instrumentos de pagamentos móveis. A despeito da relevância das organizações e setores envolvidos, poucos trabalhos teóricos e empíricos focaram no tema, especialmente para o Brasil, onde a referida inovação ainda não atingiu patamar de penetração equivalente a de outros países. Com esse baixo desempenho como cenário, quais os fatores internos às organizações ou ambientais seriam mais importantes ao desenvolvimento dessas inovações? Objetivando responder essa pergunta, este trabalho realizou um estudo de caso com três iniciativas de inovação em instrumentos de pagamentos móveis tipificadas como de sucesso em seus países, i.e., Alipay da China, M-Pesa do Quênia e Nubank do Brasil. Com base em determinantes potenciais selecionados na literatura, as informações e dados das empresas e de seus ambientes foram capturados, selecionados e analisados. De maneira complementar, realizou-se a triangulação das informações dos casos com os resultados de um questionário enviado a 43 especialistas de organizações privadas e públicas, com dados analisados pelo modelo de equações estruturais. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, embebidos em um ambiente regulatório não restritivo, três fatores se associaram ao desenvolvimento de instrumentos de pagamentos móveis, todos relacionados a qualidades dos recursos e da gestão das organizações. O primeiro é o de que organizações com características orgânicas, com comunicação aberta e poder descentralizado, em oposição a organizações de estrutura mecanicista, fechadas e burocráticas, estão associadas ao desenvolvimento da oferta de instrumentos de pagamentos móveis. O segundo fator está integrado à oferta de serviços múltiplos e complementares em um mesmo sistema e sugere a disponibilidade conjunta tanto de serviços de pagamentos móveis como os típicos de mobile banking. O terceiro sugere a adoção de rede antecedente como estratégia para entrada e obtenção de massa crítica mínima, em alternativa ao crescimento vegetativo adotado por algumas fintechs. Como contribuição, apesar de os fatores selecionados não serem inéditos e já terem sido discutidos na literatura, eles usualmente são avaliados de maneira individualizada. Nesse sentido, este estudo sugere que os fatores em conjunto e seus inter-relacionamentos se mostraram como relevantes e devem guiar pesquisas futuras. Para pesquisadores e analistas, os fatores selecionados podem servir como guias em avaliações sobre o setor. Para executivos e gestores, os resultados geraram subsídios para suas tomadas de decisões. / One fact related to the use of mobile phones to carry out resource transfer and payment is its accelerated growth around the world, with unquestionable economic potential. Optimistic projections suggest replacing traditional payment instruments such as paper checks and plastic cards with mobile payment instruments. In spite of the relevance of the organizations and sectors involved, few theoretical and empirical studies focused on the theme, especially for Brazil, where the innovation has not yet reached the level of penetration equivalent to that of other countries. With such a low performance scenario, which internal or organizational factors would be most important to the development of these innovations? In order to answer this question, this paper carried out a case study with three innovation initiatives in mobile payment instruments typified as successful in their countries, i.e. Alipay of China, M-Pesa of Kenya and Nubank of Brazil. Based on potential determinants selected in the literature, the information and data of companies and their environments were captured, selected and analyzed. In a complementary way, the triangulation of the information of the cases was carried out with the results of a questionnaire sent to 43 specialists from private and public organizations, with data analyzed by the structural equations model. The results suggest that, embedded in a non-restrictive regulatory environment, three factors were associated with the development of mobile payment instruments, all related to the qualities of resources and the management of organizations. The first is that organizations with organic characteristics, with open communication and decentralized, as opposed to mechanistic, closed and bureaucratic organizations, are associated with the development of mobile payment instruments\' supply. The second factor is integrated with the supply of multiple and complementary services in the same system and suggests the joint availability of both mobile payment and mobile banking services. The third one suggests the adoption of antecedent network as a strategy for entry and obtaining minimum critical mass, as an alternative to the vegetative growth adopted by some fintechs. As a contribution, although the selected factors are not unpublished and have already been discussed in the literature, they are usually evaluated in an individualized way. In this sense, this study suggests that the factors together and their interrelationships have proved to be relevant and should guide future research. For researchers and analysts, the selected factors can serve as guides in industry assessments. For executives and managers, the results generated support for their decisions.

abstract: 本论文研究的目的是针对银行卡跨境支付行为，根据不同的跨境支付渠道，结合资金清算的不同模式下的资金清算效率进行研究，并对现有清算系统内，运用理论和模型，对如何提高银行卡跨境资金清算进行阐述分析，力图在现有跨境资金清算金融设施的基础上，对银行卡跨境资金清算的流动性管理、头寸控制、增加清算周期等因素进行研究分析，进而尝试提出清算机制和流程的优化设计，以促进跨境资金提高周转效率，节约社会交易成本和持卡人资金成本。 论文将对相关银行卡跨境支付、清算基本流程、涉及的相关系统进行说明，并对全球和世界主要国家的银行卡市场进行介绍，结合我国银行卡跨境业务的现状、跨境支付清算涉及的主要环节、清算系统，通过不同层次、不同模型的分类比对，提出提高银行卡跨境支付资金清算的关键节点，并加以聚焦、深入测算、推导。研究的最终目的是期望通过对以上的分析，能够对银行卡资金清算参与主体对清算模式的选择、流动性节约、头寸管理等有所帮助，让清算主体能籍此对支付通道、清算模式、账户管理等选择上有所参考，促进卡组织（支付系统）籍此提高清算效率，从而降低整体交易和资金成本，提高支付行业整体资金资源的使用效率。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

Syfte: Identifiera de olika betalningsmedlen för att finna samband mellan upplevelserna av deras säkerhet, enkelhet och hur dessa aspekter påverkar valet av betalningsmedel. Metod: Kvantitativ metod Teori: Litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och empiriska rapporter Empiri: En enkätundersökning gjordes för datainsamling Slutsats: Undersökningen bekräftar att både upplevelsen av säkerhet och enkelhet påverkar konsumenterna i valet av betalningsmedel. Vår undersökning visar att enkelhet ör den vanli-gaste och viktigaste orsaken för en konsument i valet av betalningsmedel. Undersökningen visar även att i olika ålderskategorier skiljer sig användandet av de olika betalningsmedlen åt och den visar även på olika värderingsgrunder vad gäller säkerhet och enkelhet mellan ålders-kategorierna för valet av betalningsmedel. / Purpose: Identify the different payment methods to find a connection between the perceived safety, the ease of use and how those aspects affects the choice of pay method in a buying process. Method: Quantitative method Theory: Literature, scientific articles and empirical reports Empirical foundation: A survey was made to collect data Conclusion: The research confirms that both safety and ease of use affects consumers in the choice of pay method. Our research shows that the ease of use is the most common and im-portant reason for a consumer when choosing a pay method. The survey also shows that in different age categories the use of the various means of payment is different and also shows a difference in the valuation of qualities as safety and ease of use between age categories for the choice of payment.

The principle of equality is one of the common principles of law which serves as a foundation for the entire legal system. In order to protect every individual’s right to dignity and economic independence, it is important to apply this principle also when estimating the remuneration. For this study, the following questions were analysed: What are the premises of the equal pay principle in Lithuania? When do employees have the right to equal pay? What are the circumstances in which the pay disparity is justified? How and why should the issue of occupational segregation be resolved? And how can a more effective application and implementation of this principle be achieved. Though the equal pay principle is anchored in legal provisions, its substance can only be disclosed by studying case law. Since there are no such practices in Lithuania, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice must be taken into consideration. On the other hand, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, established in 1998, partially addresses the lack of such practices with regard to the equal pay principle in Lithuania. With reference to the case law of the European Court of Justice, it may be concluded that in order to enforce the right to equal pay, it is necessary to put a stop to both direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Particular attention needs to be paid to the remuneration of part-time female workers and employees working in female-dominated economic sectors. Various job... [to full text]

Kontantanvändningen i Sverige minskar drastiskt för varje år som går, samtidigt som e-handeln ökar i stadig takt. Tidigare forskningsresultat visar att förtroende är en av de allra viktigaste förutsättningarna för framgångsrik e-handel. Andra studier har visat att en av de vanligaste anledningarna till att konsumenter avbryter sina köp i e-butiker är att de betalningsmetoder som föredras inte finns tillgängliga. Att undersöka vilka betalningsmetoder konsumenter vill använda och hur e-handlare påverkas av vilka metoder de erbjuder är det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie.Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en metodkombination för att kunna undersöka flera olika aktörer på den svenska online-klädmarknaden. Vid insamling av empiri har såväl enkäter som intervjuer och finansiell information från årsrapporter använts för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Studiens resultat tyder på att konsumenter verkar prioritera säkra betalningsmetoder vid högre transaktionsbelopp och smidiga metoder vid lägre belopp. Det verkar inte som att antalet betalningsmetoder som en e-butik erbjuder har någon nämnvärd påverkan på dess försäljning och finansiella prestation. Slutligen verkar förtroendet för tredjepartsaktörer i form av betalningsleverantörer som Klarna och Qliro ha en tydlig påverkan på förtroendet för e-butiken. / While the use of cash in Sweden is quickly decreasing, e-commerce spending is increasing at a substantial rate. Previous findings suggest that trust is an essential condition for successful e-commerce. Other studies report that one of the most common reasons why customers abandon their shopping cart online is because they were not able to pay using their preferred method of payment. The main scope of this study is to examine which payment methods are preferred by customers and how e-tailers are affected by which payment methods they provide.The study has been conducted using multiple methods of research in order to enable a comprehensive analysis of the Swedish online fashion industry. Data has been collected through surveys as well as through interviews and financial statements. The findings of the study indicate that customers seem to prefer safe payment methods when making bigger transactions, and convenient methods with lower transaction fees when making smaller payments. The number of payment methods provided by a e-tailer doesn’t seem to have a notable effect on sales or financial performance. In conclusion, the consumer’s trust in third parties, for example payment service providers like Klarna or Qliro, seems to have a distinct impact on trust in the e-tailer.

This master thesis "Payment cards in the Czech republic" deals with payment cards, which are currently the most widely used payment instrument. Theoretical part is focused on the formation and development of the first ancestors of payment cards, various kinds of payment cards, there is historical development, basic characteristic, division, possibilities of their current use and future of payment cards. Also there are introduced different types of the payment cards according to different criteria, according to their mode of operation and safety. In the first part practical part of the work is an analysis of the current situation and developments in the payment cards market in the Czech Republic. Subsequently, there is analysis of the payment cards, current accounts and related services at selected bank in the Czech republic mBank S.A., Fio banka a.s., Equabank a.s., Zuno bank a.s. and Air bank a.s. When the objective of the thesis is to find out whether these banks target the same segments of clients. There is a comparation of payment card payment from the perspective of the monthly cost of using payment card from four basic segments of one bank, while there is a comparison of services related to payment card and in the end for every client is chosen the best alternative of payment card and the current account from the perspective of the average monthly cost.

[pt] Entre 2006 e 2010, os preços de imóveis nos EUA caíram cerca de 30 por cento, fazendo com que o principal de um grande número de contratos de hipoteca ficasse abaixo do valor do imóvel. A teoria de default estratégico prediz que devedores nessa situação - chamada de negative equity value - deveriam entregar o imóvel e abandonar o contrato. Entretanto, a taxa de default em hipotecas com negative equity value, além de ser surpreendentemente baixa. Esta dissertação explica a baixa taxa de default no mercado americano de hipotecas a partir de preocupações dos credores em conseguir crédito imobiliário no futuro. O modelo mostra que tal preocupação é mais grave para devedores de baixa renda que se beneficiaram do crédito facilitado advindo da explosão de preços dos imóveis, mas que estão cientes de que tais facilidades provavelmente não estarão presentes no futuro. Os credores de baixa renda, portanto, têm mais incentivos a evitar default em hipotecas de negative equity value do que credores de mais alta renda, que antecipam facilidades em obter novo crédito imobiliário. Utilizando um painel de estados dos EUA para testar a existência deste efeito, mostramos que a inadimplência é mais sensível à queda no preço dos imóveis em áreas com maior renda per capita. / [en] Between 2006 and 2010, the price of houses in the United States fell by 30 percent, implying that a large number of mortgage contracts had negative equity value, that is, a debt outstanding higher than the house value. In these mortgage contracts, it pays for the borrowers to exchange their homes for the write-off of the debt. And yet, the delinquency rate among negative equity mortgages is surprisingly low. This paper argues that the fear of losing access to the credit markets explains why the delinquency rate remained relatively low in the U.S. after the Subprime crises. Our model shows that, with the end of the bubble in the housing market, low-income families are unlikely to qualify for the mortgage contracts they hold. Hence, fear of losing access to credit market lowers their incentive to walk away from their current mortgage contracts, even if they have negative equity value. Using a panel of US states to test the existence of this effect, we show that delinquency is more sensible to a decrease of house prices in areas with higher per capita income.