Il est rarement possible de connaitre avec précision la mortalité à long terme associée à une condition médicale. Cependant, l’estimation de cette mortalité est primordiale dans certains domaines tels l’assurance-vie et l’expertise médicale. La méthode du Relative Risk (RR) constant, qui est la plus utilisée, comporte plusieurs failles, permettant seulement de faire des estimations grossières et conservatrices de cette mortalité. Nous avons donc comparé deux autres méthodes d’estimation de la mortalité, soit Excess Death Rate (EDR) constant et Proportional Life Expectancy (PLE). Nous avons analysé la mortalité à long terme de plusieurs maladies chroniques, entre autres le cancer et les maladies cardiovasculaires, et avons comparé ces résultats avec ceux que nous donnaient les différentes méthodes d’estimation. Nous avons ainsi pu déterminer la meilleure méthode. Nos résultats indiquent que les méthodes EDR constant et PLE sont supérieures au RR constant dans l’estimation de la mortalité. Aussi, plus l’estimation de la survie se fait à long terme, plus l’EDR constant et la PLE donnent de meilleurs résultats. Finalement, l’âge ou le type de conditions médicales analysées ne semblent pas avoir un impact déterminant lorsque l’on choisit d’utiliser l’une des trois méthodes. Les méthodes de l’EDR constant et la PLE devraient être préconisées dans l’analyse de la mortalité lors de la sélection des risques en médecine d’assurance ou lors d’évaluation de l’espérance de vie pour une expertise médicale. / Long term mortality associated to medical conditions is rarely known with accuracy. Despite this, mortality assessment is essential in certain field of activity, such as life insurance and medical expertise. Constant Relative Risk (RR) methodology is the most used method although often leading to superficial and conservative estimations. We then decided to compare two mortality estimation methods, the constant Excess Death Rate (EDR) and the Proportional Life Expectancy (PLE). We analyzed long term mortality of several chronic medical conditions, such as cancers and coronary artery diseases, and we compared those results with those from the three distinct estimation methods. Thus, we were able to determine which methodology is the most accurate. Our results show that constant EDR and PLE are superior to constant RR to better estimate the mortality. The longer the follow-up is, the better those methods are. Finally, factors like age and the kind of the medical condition seem not to have an important impact when it comes to identify the most suitable method. Constant EDR and PLE should be recommended for mortality assessment in medical insurance underwriting and for life expectancy evaluation in medical expertise.

Diplomová práce pojednává o stabilizaci diskrétního logistického modelu pomocí několika řídících metod. Je zde provedena především stabilizace rovnováh, 2-periodických cyklů a 3-periodických cyklů. Ke stabilizaci systému je využito proporčního zpětně-vazebního řízení, zpětně-vazebního řízení s časovým zpožděním a řízení založeného na predikci. U každé metody je diskutovaná stabilizační množina pro řídící zesilovač spolu s oblastmi stability pro odpovídající kontrolovaná řešení. Všechny teoretické výsledky jsou ilustrovány grafickými interpretacemi v softwaru MATLAB. Podpůrné výpočty jsou provedeny pomocí softwaru Maple.

This master's thesis deals with the full method of consolidation according to czech accounting legislation and IFRS. The theoretical part is devoted to the importance and legislation of the consolidated financial statements, basic concepts like the degree of influence, a consolidation group or parent´s company and it is devoted to the methods of consolidation especially to the full method. The practical part is focused on the aplication of full method of consolidation in company TESLA Holding a.s. and its subsidiaries at 2007 - 2012.

The thesis is about New Zealand House of Representatives electoral system. In introductory part is briefly presented the political system of New Zealand. Then is currently used electoral system, its genesis and impacts of transition from the first past the post to mixed member proportional system researched. Thesis is in its effort focusing on segments of electoral system and trying to identify its problematic points and to introduce alternative electoral system proposed to the electors in referenda. The thesis is using the electoral studies methods, especially quantitative measuring of attributes of electoral system and party structure within the House of Representatives.

The goal of this thesis is to show the life and functioning of the Senate of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. The upper house of the Czechoslovak Parliament functioned between 1920 and 1939 after which it was officially dissolved during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the concerned period, the chamber was gradually saw 444 lawmakers of seven different nationalities. The biggest number consisted of Czechs and Germans. The functioning of the Senate is analyzed from multiple angles. First the debate accompanying the establishment of a second chamber before the adoption of the new Constitution in 1920 is analyzed. Attention is also paid to the period debates and unrealized proposals for a Senate reform at the end the 1920's, linked to the proposed creation of the Economic Parliament. Also shown is the proportional representation electoral system used for elections to the Senate. The results were reflected in a large number of political parties with low electoral gains, which in turn hindered the creation of a stable political environment. The thesis considers the party, ethnic, social, intellectual and oratory activities of individual senators. The lives of some of the lawmakers who held seats in the upper chamber in the First Republic and were negatively affected by the German...

Vi lever i ett samhälle med pågående urbanisering. Nyexploateringar och förtätningar istadsmiljöer bidrar till minskad infiltration och evapotranspiration samt ökad ytavrinning avregn- och smältvatten; så kallat dagvatten. Det är viktigt att kvantifiera denna diffusaföroreningskälla i urbana miljöer då bland annat näringsämnen och tungmetaller transporterasmed dagvattnet, vilket bidrar till försämrad status i recipienter. Enföroreningsbelastningsmodell för näringsämnen i dagvatten på nationell nivå används avSvenska miljöemissionsdata (SMED). Beräkningsmetoden använder empiriskt framtagnaavrinningskoefficienter och belastningsschabloner som varierar beroende påmarkanvändningsslag. Flödesproportionell provtagning av totalhalter kväve, fosfor, bly, koppar, zink, kadmium ochsuspenderad substans genomfördes under nio veckor i ett av Uppsalas störstadagvattenavrinningsområden. Syftet var att kvantifiera områdets föroreningsbelastning för attutvärdera och föreslå förbättringar till SMED:s beräkningsmetod som enligt tidigare studierhar stora osäkerheter, men även för att ge underlag till placering av eventuella reningsåtgärderi området. Provtagningen kompletterades med en modellutvärdering där beräkningsmetodenskänslighet med avseende på markanvändning och inkludering av basflöde testades. Även enmer fysikaliskt förankrad modell för näringsämnestransport i naturliga avrinningsområdenanvändes i modellutvärderingen. Resultaten visade att bly, koppar och zink transporteras till Fyrisån i koncentrationer somöverskrider föreslagna regionala riktvärden för dagvatten. För koppar och zink är även dentotala belastningen på recipient högre än tidigare modellerade värden. Då tungmetaller, menäven fosfor, till stor del transporteras i partikulär form bör en eventuell reningsåtgärd iavrinningsområdet fokusera på att avskilja partikulärt material. Åtgärden bör även placerasuppströms industrin GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB där föroreningskoncentrationerna spädsut genom att stora volymer kyl- och regenereringsvatten tillförs dagvattennätet. Vidare visade modellutvärderingen att när SMED:s beräkningsmetod applicerades på detstuderade avrinningsområdet överskattades volymavrinningen från dagvattnet jämfört medprovtagningsresultaten medan medelkoncentrationen för kväve underskattades. För fosfor gavprovtagningsresultaten och beräkningsmetoden samstämmiga svar. Sammantagetöverskattade modellen fosforbelastningen något men underskattade kvävebelastningen. Förkväve har basflödet visat sig stå för en betydande del av belastningen och bör därför iframtiden inkluderas i SMED:s beräkningsmetod. Även den markanvändningskarta somanvänds i metoden bör bytas ut på grund av dess inaktualitet samt att modellutvärderingenvisade relativt stora känsligheter i resultaten för ändring i markanvändning. / We live in a society with an ongoing urbanization. New development projects anddensifications in urban areas contribute to reduced infiltration and evapotranspiration and anincreased surface runoff from rain and melt water, i.e. stormwater. It is essential to quantifythis diffuse source of pollution in urban environments since nutrients, heavy metals and otherpollutants, are transported by the stormwater and contribute to recipient degradation. Anutrient pollution load model in stormwater is used by Swedish environmental emission data(SMED) on a national level. The SMED computational method utilizes empirical runoffcoefficients and standard concentrations, which vary depending on the catchment land-use. Flow proportional sampling of total concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, copper,zinc, cadmium and suspended solids was conducted during nine weeks in one of the largeststormwater catchments in Uppsala city, Sweden. The study aimed at quantifying the pollutionload of the catchment in order to evaluate and suggest improvements to the SMEDcomputational method, which contains large uncertainties according to previous studies.Furthermore, the study aimed at providing a basis for potential treatment measures in thecatchment. The sampling was complemented with a model evaluation where the sensitivity ofthe computational method was tested with respect to land-use input and the inclusion ofbaseflow. The model evaluation also included a comparison with a more physically basedmodel for nutrient transport in natural catchments. The results revealed that lead, copper and zinc are discharged into the Fyris River inconcentrations exceeding proposed regional guideline values. For copper and zinc the totalpollution loads on the recipient are higher than previously modeled values. As heavy metalsand phosphorus are transported largely in particulate form the potential treatment measureshould have the ability to effectively separate particulate matter from the stormwater matrix.Due to emissions of large volumes of cooling and regeneration water from the industry GEHealthcare Bio-Sciences AB, the stormwater pollutants are diluted. The treatment measureshould therefore be placed upstream from the industry. When applying the SMED computational method on the studied catchment, the modeloverestimated the runoff volume from stormwater compared to the sampling results, while theaverage nitrogen concentration was underestimated. Regarding phosphorus concentrations,the model and the sampling results concurred relatively well. This resulted in a higherphosphorus, but lower nitrogen, pollution load predicted by the model. It can partly beattributed the fact that baseflow transport of nitrogen is a significant part of the total pollutionload, and should thus be included in the SMED computational method in future calculations.Another model improvement would be to replace the outdated land-use map currently beingused in the method as the model evaluation indicated a relatively large sensitivity in theresults with regards to alterations in the land-use type input.

Research in the area of public procurement has gained increasing attention with increasing interest in researching different evaluation methods for incoming tenders in procurement. The study analyzed the structure for procurement with a multi-criteria model for observation of changes in ranking and studied the importance of correct scoring. A sensitivity and robustness analysis were used as a tool to study the stability and the strength of a contracting entity's priorities. The purpose of this thesis was a study to determine if the ranking of tenders became more sensitive to the structure of the model or for each tender's evaluation, where it was found that the ability to correctly score points was more crucial than being critical of weights assigned to the criteria in the procurement, respectively. Relationship between price and quality turned out to be unknown to some extent, the connection could be determined after all tenders were submitted and accumulated points were available. / Forskning inom området offentlig upphandling har fått allt mer uppmärksamhet när intresset hamnat på undersökning av olika utvärderingsmetoder för inkommande anbud vid en upphandling. I studien analyserades uppbyggnaden för upphandlingar med en multikriteriemodell för observation över förändringar hos rangordning samt studerandet av vikten för en korrekt poängsättning. En känslighets- och robusthetsanalys tillämpades som verktyg för att studera stabiliteten och styrkan hos en upphandlande entitets prioriteringar. Syftet med uppsatsen var en undersökning för en bedömning om rangordningen av upphandlingars anbud blev känsligast mot strukturen på modellen eller för varje anbuds värdering, där det visade sig att förmågan för korrekt poängtilldelning var mer avgörande än att vara kritisk till vikterna som tilldelades respektive kriterier inom upphandlingen. Relationen mellan pris och kvalitet visade sig vara okänd till viss del, sambandet kunde avgöras efter att alla anbud var inskickade och samlade poäng fanns att tillhandahålla.

Topic of this dissertation thesis follows previous dissertations dealing with reconstructions of historical buildings that were successfully defended at Institute of Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The thesis deals with Romanesque and Pre-Romanesque round churches, called rotundas, that were built between 9th and 13th century in the historical territory of Great Moravia. Churches of similar shape can be also found in surrounding countries, but only scarcely. By the time of origin these rotundas were among the oldest masonry buildings built within borders of contemporary Czech Republic. Later some rotundas were destroyed and are known only thanks to the archaeological findings or written records. Some are still waiting to be discovered. Surviving rotundas are the oldest masonry buildings in Czech Republic, therefore it can be said that they belong to the most valuable historical buildings in the country. Preserved rotundas were often modified or rebuild in some way. Thanks to their age, origins of many of these buildings are shrouded in a mystery, which is one of the reasons why they attract attention of many researchers – archaeologists, historians and art historians. Many questions arise from their research. These questions have interdisciplinary character and finding the answers requires cooperation of specialists in different fields. One of these fields is building engineering. This dissertation thesis deals with proportional and structural analysis of Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque rotundas. For the proportional analysis author focused on verifying of some of the hypotheses of other researchers connected to the Romanesque rotundas. These include hypothesis dealing with use of historical units for the design of rotundas, hypothetical use of proportional canon, or some universal sets of proportional ratios of vertical and horizontal dimensions. The proportional analysis also helped with verification of some hypothe

The ever-growing demand of wireless traffic poses a challenge for current cellular networks. Each new generation must find new ways to boost the network capacity and spectral efficiency (SE) per device. A pillar of 5G is massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology. Through utilizing a large number of antennas at each transmitting node, massive MIMO has the ability to multiplex several user equipments (UEs) on the same time-frequency resources via spatial multiplexing. Looking beyond 5G, cell-free massive MIMO has attracted a lot of attention for its ability to utilize spatial macro diversity and higher resilience to interference. The cell-free architecture is based on a large number of distributed access points (APs) jointly serving the UEs within a coverage area without creating artificial cell boundaries. It provides a promising solution that is focused on delivering uniform service quality throughout the mobile network. The main challenges of the cell-free network architecture lie in the computational complexity for signal processing and the huge fronthaul requirements for information exchange among the APs. In this thesis, we tackle some of the inherent problems of the cell-free network architecture by providing distributed solutions to the power allocation and mobility management problems. We then introduce a new method for characterizing unknown interference in wireless networks. For the problem of power allocation, a distributed learning-based solution that provides a good trade-off between SE performance and applicability for implementation in large-scale networks is developed with reduced fronthaul requirements and computational complexity. The problem is divided in a way that enables each AP (or group of APs) to separately decide on the power coefficients to the UEs based on the locally available information at the AP without exchanging information with the other APs, however, still attempting to achieve a network wide optimization objective.  Regarding mobility management, a handover procedure is devised for updating the serving sets of APs and assigned pilot to each UE in a dynamic scenario considering UE mobility. The algorithm is tailored to reduce the required number of handovers per UE and changes in pilot assignment. Numerical results show that our proposed solution identifies the essential refinements since it can deliver comparable SE to the case when the AP-UE association is completely redone. Finally, we developed a new technique based on a Bayesian approach to model the distribution of the unknown interference arising from scheduling variations in neighbouring cells. The method is shown to provide accurate modelling for the unknown interference power and an effective tool for robust rate allocation in the uplink with a guaranteed target outage performance. / Den ständigt växande efterfrågan på trådlös datatrafik är en stor utmaning för dagens mobilnät. Varje ny nätgeneration måste hitta nya sätt att öka den totala kapaciteten och spektraleffektiviteten (SE) per uppkopplad enhet. En pelare i 5G är massiv-MIMO-teknik (multiple-input-multiple-output). Genom att använda ett stort antal antenner på varje mobilmast har massiv MIMO förmågan att kommunicera med flera användarutrustningar (eng. user equipment, UE) på samma tid/frekvensresurser via så kallad rumslig multiplexing. Om man ser bortom 5G-tekniken så har cellfri massiv-MIMO väckt stort intresse tack vare sin förmåga att utnyttja rumslig makrodiversitet för att förbättra täckningen och uppnå högre motståndskraft mot störningar. Den cellfria arkitekturen bygger på att ha ett stort antal distribuerade accesspunkter (AP) som gemensamt serverar UE:erna inom ett täckningsområde utan att dela upp området konstgjorda celler. Detta är en lovande lösning som är fokuserad på att leverera enhetliga datahastigheter i hela mobilnätet. De största forskningsutmaningarna med den cellfria nätverksarkitekturen ligger i beräkningskomplexiteten för signalbehandling och de enorma kraven på fronthaul-kablarna som möjliggör informationsutbyte mellan AP:erna. I den här avhandlingen löser vi några av de grundläggande utmaningarna med den cellfria nätverksarkitekturen genom att tillhandahålla distribuerade algoritmlösningar på problem relaterade till signaleffektreglering och mobilitetshantering. Vi introducerar sedan en ny metod för att karakterisera okända störningar i trådlösa nätverk. När det gäller signaleffektreglering så utvecklas en distribuerad inlärnings-baserad metod som ger en bra avvägning mellan SE-prestanda och tillämpbarhet för implementering i storskaliga cellfria nätverk med reducerade fronthaulkrav och lägre beräkningskomplexitet. Lösningen är uppdelat på ett sätt som gör det möjligt för varje AP (eller grupp av AP) att separat besluta om effektkoefficienterna relaterade till varje UE baserat på den lokalt tillgängliga informationen vid AP:n utan att utbyta information med de andra AP:erna, men ändå försöka uppnå ett nätverksomfattande optimeringsmål. När det gäller mobilitetshantering utformas en överlämningsprocedur som dynamiskt uppdaterar vilken uppsättning av AP:er som servar en viss UE och vilken pilotsekvens som används när den rör sig över täckningsområdet. Algoritmen är skräddarsydd för att minska antalet överlämningar per UE och förändringar i pilottilldelningen. Numeriska resultat visar att vår föreslagna lösning identifierar de väsentliga förfiningarna eftersom den kan leverera jämförbar SE som när AP-UE-associationen görs om helt och hållet. Slutligen utvecklade vi en ny Bayesiansk metod för att modellera den statistiska fördelningen av de okända störningarna som uppstår på grund av schemaläggningsvariationer i närliggande celler. Metoden har visat sig ge en korrekt modell av den okända störningseffekten och är ett effektivt verktyg för robust SE-allokering i upplänken med en garanterad maximal avbrottsnivå. / <p>QC 20230503</p>

This research is an enquiry to find an electoral formula that conforms to Canadian constitutional values. Three core values that are pertinent to the issue of electoral systems are identified: democracy, diversity, and efficiency. Each of these core values is divided into different aspects. These aspects will form the backbone of the evaluation of different electoral systems in this work. I will begin with an evaluation of the plurality model of elections, which is currently used in Canada. I will demonstrate that many of the attributes of the current system are not in tune with Canadian constitutional values, in particular with the progressive interpretation that the Supreme Court of Canada has given to the right to vote as enshrined in Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the interpretation of the right to vote will be the main thrust of the constitutional scrutiny in this work, attention will also be given to other pertinent rights such as equality rights, minority rights, and the freedom of expression. Next, I will examine provincial electoral reform initiatives that were initiated in five Canadian provinces. All of these initiatives - three of which were put to referenda and eventually defeated - proposed adopting a variant of proportional representation. Accordingly, I will evaluate proportional systems according to the intended values. I will conclude that these systems have problems of their own and they also cannot strike a fine balance between competing values. In the final stage, I will make a new proposal for elections to the Canadian Parliament. First, I will demonstrate that majority systems are better candidates to attain the envisioned values. Then I will introduce a new variant of the majority model, which I call a majority-preferential two-round variant. I will demonstrate that this new variant will outperform the other variants in the attainment of values if adopted for elections to the House of Commons. Finally, I will argue that the combination of a House of Commons elected through the majority-preferential formula and a proportionally elected Senate will result in a more balanced approach to the relevant constitutional values.