This thesis presents an in-depth investigation on the subject of how natural language processing and machine learning techniques can be utilized in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of programming issues found in different open source project repositories hosted on GitHub. The research is focused on examining issues gathered from a number of JavaScript repositories based on their user generated textual description. The primary goal of the study is to explore how natural language processing and machine learning methods can facilitate the process of identifying and categorizing distinct issue types. Furthermore, the research goes one step further and investigates how these same techniques can support users in searching for potential solutions to these issues. For this purpose, an initial proof-of-concept implementation is developed, which collects over 30 000 JavaScript issues from over 100 GitHub repositories. Then, the system extracts the titles of the issues, cleans and processes the data, before supplying it to an unsupervised clustering model which tries to uncover any discernible similarities and patterns within the examined dataset. What is more, the main system is supplemented by a dedicated web application prototype, which enables users to utilize the underlying machine learning model in order to find solutions to their programming related issues. Furthermore, the developed implementation is meticulously evaluated through a number of measures. First of all, the trained clustering model is assessed by two independent groups of external reviewers - one group of fellow researchers and another group of practitioners in the software industry, so as to determine whether the resulting categories contain distinct types of issues. Moreover, in order to find out if the system can facilitate the search for issue solutions, the web application prototype is tested in a series of user sessions with participants who are not only representative of the main target group which can benefit most from such a system, but who also have a mixture of both practical and theoretical backgrounds. The results of this research demonstrate that the proposed solution can effectively categorize issues according to their type, solely based on the user generated free-text title. This provides strong evidence that natural language processing and machine learning techniques can be utilized for analyzing issues and automating the overall learning process. However, the study was unable to conclusively determine whether these same methods can aid the search for issue solutions. Nevertheless, the thesis provides a detailed account of how this problem was addressed and can therefore serve as the basis for future research.

This thesis will look into what kind of solutions a company or a private person can use if they want to create a dynamic website using only free software. To do this we divided our work in two parts. In the first part, we developed a dynamic website for a Swedish company. On the server side we used exclusively free software with open source code. There are different meanings in how the term “free” should be used when referring to software, which we will explain in the thesis. We have also chosen to work with the XMLtechnology to see if it lives up to its expectations and to see if we could benefit from the technology. Alongside with the development of our site, another company developed a site for the same company as us, by using non-free software. We have described both implementations and compared them to see if it is possible to do the same thing with both free and non-free software. The investigating part of our work consisted of getting information about what other people think about the free software phenomenon. To do so we created an online questionnaire where we randomly picked 100 Swedish web agencies and asked them to answer 8 questions about what kind of software they used in their company, and what they thought about free software. To get some more opinions we also interviewed two persons involved in these kinds of topics. Jan Sandred, who is a well known expert advisor in topics concerning the Information Technology area and Richard Stallman, the founder of GNU and the Free Software Movement. The reason for dividing the thesis in two parts was to get an overall picture on the subject. We did not only want to base our results on other people’s thoughts. We wanted to make our own conclusions based on the implementation we did. This approach showed out to be very good. We got to try working with free software ourselves to see its pros and cons and build our own opinions about it. We could then proceed to compare our impressions to other people’s impressions about free software.

As software increases in complexity and relies more on Internet and Web technology, the challenge of enabling interaction and communication between loosely coupled applications becomes increasingly vital. Distributed computing presents challenges to loosely coupled applications that require means with which to interact and communicate. There exist technologies that are aimed at solving these problems; Web service is one such technology. Web service is a relatively new and rapidly maturing technology in the area of distributed computing; it offers a standards-based way to exchange information in an interoperable manner. This thesis is done in partnership with StruSoft and attempts to provide a solution to their problem of distributed computing, by using Web service technology. The paper looks at distributed systems and various solutions to the problems associated with distributed computing. A comprehensive insight into Web service technology is provided, along with rationale as to why it is chosen for the project. In addition, there are guidelines as to how the necessary components of Web service are installed. Development of License Management Software is also a part of this thesis. The software offers a means with which to store and maintain data about customers and their licenses. Security is a major focus of this paper and thus extensively mentioned throughout. A detailedexplanation of computer security is presented, along with the necessary configurations that are needed to make the Web service and the License Management Software more secure.

This report deals with the attitudes within municipalities of open source software and open standards and if open source software may be an option to gain open standards. The aim has been to find out if open source software and open standards would be able to solve the lock-in problems that municipalities have against proprietary software. The study is conducted as an exploratory, inductive and qualitative study with depth interviews of subjectively selected informants as data collection method. A literature review has also been implemented by the relevant books and articles. Some economic determinants of municipalities to make use of open source software have not been considered in this study. The informants used in this study are all IT managers in a Swedish municipality and our key informants have been selected in a subjective manner based on the expertise they have in the subject. The conclusions drawn were that municipalities have been difficult to define standards and open standards, and that they do not automatically see the connection between open standards and open software. They also see different areas of interest for standardization. / Denna rapport tar upp kommuners inställning till öppna program och öppna standarder och om öppen programvara kan vara ett alternativ för att få öppna standarder. Syftet har varit att ta reda på om öppna program och öppna standarder skulle kunna lösa de problem som kommuner har med inlåsningar mot proprietär programvara. Studien är genomförd som en explorativ, induktiv och kvalitativ studie med djupintervju av subjektivt utvalda informanter som datainsamlingsmetod. En litteraturgranskning har också genomförts av relevanta böcker och artiklar. Några ekonomiska faktorer för kommuner att använda sig av öppen programvara har inte beaktats i denna studie. De informanter som använts i denna studie är alla ITchefer inom någon svensk kommun och nyckelinformanterna har valts ut på ett subjektivt sätt utifrån den expertkunskap de besitter inom ämnet. Slutsatserna som drogs var att kommuner har svårt att definiera standarder och öppna standarder, och att de inte med automatik ser kopplingen mellan öppna standarder och öppen programvara. De ser också olika områden som intressanta för en standardisering.

L'exécution d'un simple mouvement est associée à des modulations complexes de l'activité oscillatoire du cerveau. Toutefois, notre compréhension du rôle spécifique des composantes de phase, d'amplitude ou de couplage phase-amplitude (PAC) durant la préparation et l'exécution motrice est encore partielle. La première partie de cette thèse traite de cette question en analysant des données d'EEG intracrânien obtenues chez des sujets épileptiques effectuant une tâche center out différée. Les outils d'apprentissage machine ont permis d'identifier des marqueurs neuronaux propres aux états moteur ou aux directions de mouvement. En plus du rôle déjà bien connu de la puissance spectrale, cette approche dictée par les données (data-driven) a identifié une implication importante de la composante de phase basse fréquence ainsi que du PAC dans les processus neuronaux de la préparation et de l'exécution motrice. En plus de cet apport empirique, une importante partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à implémenter des outils d'analyse et de visualisation de données électrophysiologiques. Plusieurs utilitaires ont été conçus spécifiquement : une toolbox dédiée à l'extraction et à la classification de marqueurs neuronaux (Brainpipe), des outils de calcul de PAC modulaire basé sur des tenseurs (Tensorpac) ainsi qu'un ensemble d'interfaces graphiques dédiées à la visualisation de données cérébrales (Visbrain). Ces recherches auront permis de mieux comprendre le rôle des oscillations neuronales lors de comportements dirigés et met également à disposition un ensemble d'outils efficaces et libres permettant à la communauté scientifique de répliquer et d'étendre ces recherches / The execution of a motor task is associated with complex patterns of oscillatory modulations in the brain. However, the specific role of oscillatory phase, amplitude and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) across the planning and execution stages of goal-directed motor behavior is still not yet fully understood. The aim of the first part of this PhD thesis was to address this question by analyzing intracranial EEG data recorded in epilepsy patients during the performance of a delayed center-out task. Using machine learning, we identified functionally relevant oscillatory features via their accuracy in predicting motor states and movement directions. In addition to the established role of oscillatory power, our data-driven approach revealed the prominent role of low-frequency phase as well as significant involvement of PAC in the neuronal underpinnings of motor planning and execution. In parallel to this empirical research, an important portion of this PhD work was dedicated to the development of efficient tools to analyze and visualize electrophysiological brain data. These packages include a feature extraction and classification toolbox (Brainpipe), modular and tensor-based PAC computation tools (Tensorpac) and a versatile brain data visualization GUI (Visbrain). Taken together, this body of research advances our understanding of the role of brain oscillations in goal-directed behavior, and provides efficient open-source packages for the scientific community to replicate and extend this research

Context: Now a day’s end users are using different types of computer applications like web browsers, data processing tools like MS office, notepad etc., to do their day-to-day works. In the real world scenario, the usage of Open Source Software (OSS) products by both industrial people and end users are gradually increasing. The success of any OSS products depends on its quality standards. ‘Efficiency’ is one of the key quality factor, which portray the standards of product and it is observed that this factor is given little importance during its development. Therefore our research context lies within evaluating the efficiency quality attribute in OSS web browsers. Objectives: As discussed earlier the context of this research lies in evaluating the efficiency of OSS web browsers, the initial objective was to identify the available efficiency measures from the current literature and observe which type of measures are suitable for web browsers. Then our next objective is to compute values for the identified efficiency measures by considering a set of predefined web browsers from all the categories. Later we proposed Efficiency Baseline Criteria (EBC) and based on this criterion and experiment results obtained, the efficiency of OSS web browsers had been evaluated. Therefore the main objective of conducting this research is to formulate EBC guidelines, which can be later used by OSS developers to test their web browsers and ensure that all the quality standards are strictly adhered during the development of OSS products. Methods: Initially Literature Review (LR) was conducted in order to identify all the related efficiency quality attributes and also observe the sub-attribute functionalities, that are useful while measuring efficiency values of web browsers. Methods and procedures which are discussed in this LR are used as input for identifying efficiency measures that are related to web browsers. Later an experiment was performed in order to calculate efficiency values for CSS & proprietary set of web browsers (i.e. Case A) and OSS web browsers (i.e. Case B) by using different tools and procedures. Authors themselves had calculated efficiency values for both Case A and Case B web browsers. Based on the results of Case A web browsers, EBC was proposed and finally an statistical analysis (i.e. Mann Whitney U-test) is performed in order to evaluate the hypothesis which was formulated in experiment section. Results: From the LR study, it is observed that efficiency quality attribute is classified into two main categories (i.e. Time Behavior and Resource Utilization). Further under the category of Time behavior a total of 3 attributes were identified (i.e. Response time, Throughput and Turnaround time). From the results of LR, we had also observed the measuring process of each attribute for different web browsers. Later an experiment was performed on two different sets of web browsers (i.e. Case A and Case B web browsers). Based on the LR results, only 3 efficiency attributes (i.e. response time, memory utilization and throughput) were identified which are more suitable to the case of web browsers. These 3 efficiency attributes are further classified into 10 sub-categories. Efficiency values are calculated to both Case A and B for these 10 identified scenarios. Later from Case A results EBC values are generated. Finally hypothesis testing was done by initially performing K-S test and results suggest choosing non-parametric test (i.e. Mann Whitney U-test). Later Mann Whitney U-test was performed for all the scenarios and the normalized Z scores are more than 1.96, further suggested rejecting null hypothesis for all the 10 scenarios. Also EBC values are compared with Case B results and these also suggest us that efficiency standard of OSS web browsers are not equivalent to Case A web browsers. Conclusions: Based on quantitative results, we conclude that efficiency standards of OSS web browsers are not equivalent, when compared to Case A web browsers and the efficiency standards are not adhered during development process. Hence OSS developers should focus on implementing efficiency standards during the development stages itself in order to increase the quality of the end products. The major contribution from the two researchers to this area of research is “Efficiency Baseline Criteria”. The proposed EBC values are useful for OSS developers to test the efficiency standards of their web browser and also help them to analyze their shortcomings. As a result appropriate preventive measures can be planned in advance. / +91 - 9491754620

Arguably, the Schumpeterian ideology of “creative destruction” saying that eventually even the most secure monopoly will be destroyed by a new technology, a new idea, or a shift in tastes could be applied to open source software. Currently, the proprietary software holds a strong position in the software market. Nevertheless, one could see a surge in articles and acceptance among organisations concerning open source software. Proprietary software companies like Microsoft are still gaining ground within the Swedish municipalities. Although one get the impression that municipalities generally are positive toward open source software, the decision-making process often results in choosing a proprietary software alternative. However, one could question which are the underlying factors and to what extent are these factors affecting the decision-making process of municipalities integrating or migrating into open source software? In order to study this phenomenon, we chose a quantitative approach using a questionnaire as the tool for data gathering. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected municipalities. A pre study was made through an interview in order to strengthen the accuracy of the questionnaire which later on was sent out to the IT manager at each municipality in the sample. The organisational-, environmental-, user- and system level are four main factors affecting the decision-making process concerning open source software. Among these, the organisational factor was the only one which had a significant negative impact on the decision-making process concerning open source software. The importance of being able to integrate different software increases the need for compatibility which, according to the IT managers, is facilitated using a standardized software environment offered by for example Microsoft.

The web has evolved much through the years. From being a place where author and reader were clearly distinguished, it now invites everyone to take part in the development of both content and technology. Social services are central in what is called Web 2.0. Wikis, blogs and folksonomies are all examples of how the users and their communities are key to the development of services. Collaborative writing, tags and API:s are central. Social services are given an extra dimension through integration. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether it was possible to integrate an encyclopedia with a photosharing service. The issue was whether it was possible to find relevant images to the article they were connected to. The method for examining the issue was to create a service which functions was investigated through user tests. Wickrpedia was created, which is an integration of Wikipedia and Flickr. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia in the shape of a wiki, while Flickr is used to store, organize and share photos. The result shows that the images added someting to the encyclopedia; it became more entertaining and pleasant and the users’ knowledge was increased. The relevance of the images was good. The service can and should be improved. The conclusion is still that the service worked well and was seen as an improvement by the users. / Webben har förändrats mycket de senaste åren. Från att tidigare haft en tydlig uppdelning mellan läsare och författare inbjuds nu alla att delta i utvecklingen av både innehåll och teknik. Sociala tjänster är det centrala i det som benämns Web 2.0. Wikis, bloggar och folksonomies är alla exempel på hur användarna och deras gemenskap är nyckeln till utveckling av tjänster. Kollaborativt skrivande, taggar och API:er är centrala. Sociala tjänster får en ytterligare dimension genom integrering. Denna studies syfte var att utreda hur det gick att integrera ett uppslagsverk med en fotodelningstjänst. Frågan är om det gick att göra på ett sådant sätt att bilderna hade relevans för de artiklar de kopplades till. Metoden för att utreda frågan var att skapa en tjänst vars funktion undersöktes med hjälp av användartester. Wickrpedia skapades, vilket är en intregrering av Wikipedia och Flickr. Wikipedia är en encyklopedi i form av en wiki, medan Flickr används för att förvara, organisera och dela med sig av bilder. Resultatet visar att bilderna tillförde något till uppslagsverket; det blev roligare och trevligare och användarna fick en ökad kunskap. Relevansen hos bilderna var god. Tjänsten har brister, och den går att vidareutveckla. Slutsatsen var ändå att tjänsten fungerade och var en förbättring för användarna.

Shelter poses global sustainability challenges, as the population increase accelerates and resources dwindle. It is crucial for initiatives addressing the growing housing demand to incorporate a sustainability perspective. Open source, a form of Internet information-sharing, is being utilised by various housing initiatives worldwide. However, a sustainability perspective is not always included in a robust and holistic way, despite the negative impacts for human needs and ecosystems resulting from many aspects of current housing practices. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development includes basic conditions for a sustainable society and a planning and decision-making methodology to move systematically towards sustainability. It provides a robust method for organizing, evaluating and using tools to aid in handling sustainability challenges effectively. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of affordable, sustainable design solutions, by modelling the incorporation of the FSSD into open source housing initiatives. A case study of a housing project under development in Ghana is used. Despite the complexity of the system under study, the research concludes that bringing a strategic sustainable development perspective to open source approaches can act as leverage for housing to move towards sustainability. Within this context, guidance is provided for approaching open source housing to contribute to SSD. / <p>charcolatebar@live.ca</p>

Abstract This report accompanies my Master project in the fields of ceramic and glass, the CRAFT! MA program, Konstfack. In this project I fuse my industrial design toolbox and my current engagement in open-source 3D printing technology with my ceramic and glass craft practice. The first pair brings in notions of innovation and an active approach towards technological change, while the second carry ancient craft methods and knowledge. I develop and make 3D printers for clay and use them as an experimental ceramic work method. In this research based practice I use ceramics as the material for 3D printed glassblowing moulds. This act represents a link between ceramic and glass crafts, one that was known to the ancient Roman craftsmen.  A view on craft and digital innovation Although the computer is in use for several decades now, in most crafts it is still used mainly as an assistive device and we seem not to look at it as a professional tool; as a craft tool. New methods of making are out there. We need to have two toolboxes now: Our traditional one and our new digital one. We can already CAD our concepts, control CNC machines and build 3D-printers customised to our growing new practice. We share our new knowledge on open-source platforms, teach each other through the web (and around the globe) how to apply digital techniques to our craft. We now have the opportunity to join hands with the movements of democratisation of contemporary manufacturing techniques and reinvent our practice, our tools and what new-craft could be.