Introdução: O Edema Agudo dos Pulmões Cardiogênico (EAP) é uma condição clínica caracterizada por alta morbidade e mortalidade apesar dos avanços na terapia médica. Relatos de casos sugerem que a Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) pode contribuir para desencadear episódios de EAP. No entanto, não existem estudos que avaliaram o impacto da AOS em pacientes com EAP. O objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar o impacto da AOS em eventos cardiovasculares após a recuperação de um evento confirmado de EAP. Métodos: No período de Janeiro de 2013 a Janeiro de 2015, recrutamos casos consecutivos de EAP nas Unidades de Emergências de três centros terciários de Cardiologia. Foram excluídos pacientes que não atenderam os critérios clínicos para EAP, pacientes que morreram antes de estudo do sono ou se recusaram a participar do protocolo. Após o tratamento de rotina para EAP e estabilização clínica (~30 dias), todos os pacientes com EAP confirmado foram convidados a realizar a monitorização portátil do sono. A AOS foi definida por um índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) >= 15 eventos/hora, excluindo-se casos com apneia predominantemente do tipo central. Realizamos o seguimento dos pacientes em busca de eventos cardiovasculares adotando critérios padronizados. O objetivo primário foi identificar a recorrência do EAP em pacientes com e sem AOS. Objetivos secundários incluíram incidência do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), o óbito total e cardiovascular bem como identificar o período de ocorrência do EAP em pacientes com e sem AOS. Análise de regressão de Cox foi obtida para identificar preditores independentes de eventos. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Avaliamos inicialmente 255 pacientes adultos com suspeita clínica de EAP. Após as exclusões, foram estudados 104 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de EAP. A monitorização do sono ocorreu 31±7 dias após o episódio de EAP. A frequência da AOS nestes pacientes foi de 61% (64 pacientes). Destes, apenas 3 pacientes (3%) tinham conhecimento prévio da AOS e nenhum estava sobre tratamento específico para a AOS. Pacientes com e sem AOS não apresentaram diferenças de idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. O seguimento médio foi de 12 ± 7meses. Trinta e um pacientes (30%) tiveram recorrência do EAP no seguimento. Em comparação com indivíduos sem AOS, os pacientes com AOS apresentaram maior recorrência do EAP (6 vs. 25 episódios, p=0,01) e maior incidência de IAM (0 vs. 15 episódios, p=0,0004). Todos os óbitos ocorreram no grupo com AOS (p=0,0001), sendo 17 óbitos totais, dos quais 13 por causas cardiovasculares. A AOS foi independentemente associada com maior recorrência de EAP (HR 3,3; IC 95% 1,2-8,8; p=0,01); incidência de IAM: (HR 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-9,5; p=0,002), óbito total (HR 6,5; 95% CI% 1,2-64,0; p=0,005) e óbito cardiovascular (HR 5,4; IC 95% 1,4-48,4; p=0,004). Entre os pacientes com AOS, aqueles que tiveram recorrência de EAP ou foram à óbito tiveram maior IAH e mais episódios de EAP cujo início dos sintomas ocorreram durante o sono. A análise de sobrevida livre de eventos após o estudo do sono mostrou que o grupo com AOS teve pior prognóstico para recorrência de EAP, incidência de IAM e óbitos totais e por causas cardiovasculares do que pacientes sem AOS. Conclusões: A AOS é muito comum, subdiagnosticada e independentemente associada com maior recorrência do EAP e morbimortalidades em pacientes que sobreviveram a um episódio prévio de EAP / Introduction: Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) is a clinical condition characterized by high morbidity and mortality despite advancements in medical therapy. Case reports suggest that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may contribute to trigger ACPE episodes. However, no previous systematic study evaluated the impact of OSA on patients with ACPE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of OSA on cardiovascular events after ACPE recovery. Methods: From January 2013 to January 2015, we recruited consecutive cases of ACPE from three Emergency Units Cardiology tertiary hospitals. We excluded patients who did not meet criteria for ACPE, died before sleep study or refused to participate in the protocol. After routine treatment for ACPE and clinical stabilization (~ 30 days), all patients with confirmed ACPE were invited to perform a portable sleep monitoring. OSA was defined by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >= 15 events/hour. We excluded patients with predominantly central apnea. We carried out the follow-up searching for cardiovascular events by adopting standardized criteria. The main aim was ACPE recurrence. Secondary aims included incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), total and cardiovascular deaths as well as differences in the period of occurrence of the ACPE in patients with and without OSA. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of events. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We initially evaluated 255 adult patients with clinical suspicion of ACPE. After exclusions, 104 patients were studied with a confirmed diagnosis of ACPE. The potable sleep monitoring occurred 31 ± 7 days following the ACPE episode. The frequency of OSA in these patients was 61% (64 patients). Of these, only 3 patients (3%) had prior knowledge of OSA diagnosis. None of them was on specific treatment. Patients with and without OSA showed no differences in age, sex, body mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction. The mean follow-up was 12 ± 7 months. Thirty one patients (30%) presented ACPE recurrence during the follow-up. Compared to individuals without OSA, patients with OSA had higher ACPE recurrence (6 vs. 25 episodes, p = 0.01), higher incidence of AMI (0 vs. 15 episodes, p=0.0004). All 17 deaths (13 from cardiovascular causes) occurred in the OSA group (p=0.0001). OSA was independently associated with higher ACPE recurrence (HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 8.8; p = 0.01); incidence of AMI (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 9.5; p=0.02); total mortality (HR 6.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 164; p=0.005) and cardiovascular death (HR 5.4, 95% CI 1.4 to 48.4; p=0.004). Limiting our analysis to OSA patients, those who had ACPE recurrence or death had higher AHI and more ACPE episodes whose onset of symptoms occurred during sleep. Event-free survival analysis after the sleep study showed that OSA patients had a worse prognosis for ACPE recurrence, AMI incidence, total and cardiovascular mortality than patients without OSA. Conclusions: OSA is very common, underdiagnosed and independently associated with ACPE recurrence and morbimortality in patients with a previous ACPE episode

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com síndrome metabólica (SMet) apresentam aumento na atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) e diminuição no ganho do controle barorreflexo arterial (CBR). E, a apnéia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), uma comorbidade frequentemente encontrada em pacientes com SMet, exacerba essas disfunções autonômicas. Sabe-se que a incidência dos disparos e o padrão oscilatório da ANSM dependem do ganho (sensibilidade) e do tempo de retardo (latência) do CBR da ANSM (CBRANSM). Contudo, o padrão oscilatório da ANSM e o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet associada ou não à AOS são desconhecidos. Além disso, estudos prévios demonstram que o treinamento físico associado à dieta hipocalórica (TF+D) diminui a incidência dos disparos da ANSM e aumenta o ganho do CBR em pacientes com SMet. No entanto, os efeitos de TF+D no padrão oscilatório da ANSM e no ganho e tempo de retardo do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet associado ou não a AOS permanecem desconhecidos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados quarenta e quatro pacientes com SMet (critérios do ATP III), sem uso de medicamentos, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença da AOS (SMet-AOS, n=23 e SMet+AOS, n=21). Um grupo controle saudável (n=12) foi, também, incluído no estudo. Para avaliar o efeito da intervenção, os pacientes foram divididos consecutivamente em quatro grupos: 1- Sedentário sem AOS (SMet-AOS Sed, n=10); 2- Sedentário com AOS (SMet+AOS Sed, n=10); 3- TF+D sem AOS (SMet-AOS TF+D, n=13) e; 4- TF+D com AOS (SMet+AOS TF+D, n=11). Os grupos TF+D foram submetidos ao treinamento físico aeróbio (40 min, 3 vezes por semana) associado à dieta hipocalórica (-500 kcal/dia) durante quatro meses e os grupos sedentários não realizaram a intervenção (TF+D) e somente receberam orientações clínicas. A AOS foi determinada através do índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) >15 eventos/hora (polissonografia). A ANSM (microneurografia), pressão arterial (batimento a batimento, método oscilométrico), padrão oscilatório da ANSM (relação dos componentes de baixa frequência-BF, e alta frequência-AF da ANSM, BFANSM/AFANSM, análise espectral autorregressivo monovariada) e o CBRANSM espontâneo (ganho e tempo de retardo, análise espectral autorregressivo bivariada) foram avaliados durante o repouso na posição deitada por 10 minutos. RESULTADOS: No período pré-intervenção, os pacientes com SMet-AOS e SMet+AOS apresentaram redução no BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente) e no ganho do CBRANSM (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente), em comparação com o grupo Controle. E, os pacientes com SMet+AOS apresentaram menor BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,02) e ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,001) em comparação com SMet-AOS. Ainda, o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM estava aumentado no grupo SMet+AOS em comparação com os grupos SMet-AOS e Controle (P=0,01 e P<0,001, respectivamente). Após a intervenção TF+D, ambos os grupos SMet-AOS e SMet+AOS apresentaram redução do peso corporal, circunferência abdominal e pressão arterial sistólica e aumento consumo de oxigênio no pico do exercício. Nos pacientes com SMet-AOS, o TF+D aumentou o BFANSM/AFANSM (P<0,05) e o ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,01). Nos pacientes com SMet+AOS, o TF+D aumentou o nível de saturação mínima de O2 (P=0,02) durante a polissonografia, o BFANSM/AFANSM (P=0,001) e o ganho do CBRANSM (P<0,01) e, diminuiu o IAH (P<0,01) durante a polissonografia e o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM (P=0,01). Nenhuma alteração foi observada em ambos os grupos sedentários. CONCLUSÕES: O TF+D aumenta o padrão oscilatório da ANSM e o ganho do CBRANSM em pacientes com SMet, independentemente da presença da AOS. No entanto, este efeito é mais pronunciado em pacientes com SMet+AOS, já que após a intervenção o tempo de retardo do CBRANSM foi também diminuído nestes pacientes / INTRODUCTION: Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and decreased arterial baroreflex control (BRC). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a comorbidity often found in patients with MetS, exacerbates these autonomic dysfunctions. It is known that burst incidence and the oscillatory pattern of MSNA depend on the gain (sensitivity) and the time delay (latency) of BRC of MSNA (BRCMSNA). However, the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and the time delay of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS either with or without OSA are unknown. Moreover, previous studies have shown that exercise training associated with hypocaloric diet (ET+D) decreases the burst incidence of MSNA and increases the gain of BRC in patients with MetS. However, the effects of ET+D on the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and on the gain and time delay of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS with or without OSA remain unknown. METHODS: Forty-four never-treated MetS patients (ATP III criteria) were allocated in two groups according to the presence of OSA (MetS-OSA, n=23 and MetS+OSA, n=21). A healthy control group (n=12) was also included in the study. To evaluate the effect of the intervention, patients were consecutively divided into four groups: 1- Sedentary without OSA (MetS-OSA Sed, n=10); 2- Sedentary with OSA (MetS+OSA Sed, n=10); 3- ET+D without OSA (MetS-OSA TF+D, n=13) and 4- ET+D with OSA (MetS+OSA ET+D, n=11). ET+D groups were submitted to aerobic exercise (40 min, 3 times per week) associated to hypocaloric diet (-500 kcal / day) for four months and sedentary groups did not perform the intervention (ET+D) and only received clinical orientations. OSA was determined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >15 events/hour (polysomnography). The MSNA (microneurography), blood pressure (beat-to-beat basis, oscillometry method), oscillatory pattern of MSNA (relationship of the components of low frequency - LF, and high frequency - HF of MSNA, LFMSNA/HFMSNA, monovariate autoregressive spectral analysis) and spontaneous BRCMSNA (gain and time delay, bivariate autoregressive spectral analysis) were evaluated during rest at lying position for 10 min. RESULTS: In the pre-intervention period, patients with MetS-OSA and MetS+OSA showed reduced LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and gain of BRCMSNA (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) compared to Control group. And, the patients with MetS+OSA had lower LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.02) and gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.001) compared to MetS- OSA. The time delay of BRCMSNA was higher in MetS+OSA group compared to MetS-OSA and Control groups (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). After ET+D, both groups MetS-OSA and MetS+OSA decreased body weight, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure and increased peak oxygen uptake during exercise. In patients with MetS-OSA, the ET+D increased LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P<0.05) and the gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.01). In patients with MetS+OSA, ET+D increased minimum oxygen saturation level (P=0.02) during polysomnography, the LFMSNA/HFMSNA (P=0.001) and the gain of BRCMSNA (P<0.01) and decresed AHI (P<0.01) during polysomnography and the time delay of BRCMSNA (P=0.01). No alterations were observed in both sedentary groups. CONCLUSION: ET+D increase the oscillatory pattern of MSNA and the gain of BRCMSNA in patients with MetS, regardless of the presence of OSA. However, this effect is more pronounced in patients with MetS+OSA, since after intervention the time delay of BRCMSNA was also diminished in these patients

Introdução: A prevalência da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) entre pessoas com mais de 70 anos atinge até 95%. As opções de tratamento incluem o uso de pressão positiva nas via aérea, dispositivos intraorais e mudança de estilo de vida. Programa de exercícios aeróbicos ou combinados mostrou reduzir o índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) em adultos de meia-idade. No entanto, o efeito do treinamento resistido sobre a gravidade da AOS de pessoas idosas é controverso. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o impacto do treinamento resistido no IAH e identificar possíveis mediadores do efeito do exercício. Métodos: Estudo randomizado, mascarado, controlado, em grupo paralelo. Indivíduos entre 65 e 80 anos, com IAH entre 20 e 50 eventos/hora na poligrafia respiratória foram atribuídos aleatoriamente para 12 semanas de treinamento de força ou grupo controle. IAH foi o principal desfecho. Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e teor de água corporal foram testados como mediadores. Espessura do músculo, força máxima e função física também foram avaliadas. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 23 indivíduos, 57% homens, com média de idade de 71±5 anos, alocados para treinamento (n=12) e grupo controle (n=11). O IAH basal nos grupos de treinamento e controle foi, respectivamente, 30±7/h e 29±9/h. No seguimento, o IAH mostrou significativa interação tempo × grupo. Não foi observada correlação entre Delta IAH e Delta IMC ou Delta teor de água corporal. A interação tempo × grupo permanece significativa após ajustar o modelo GEE para esses possíveis mediadores. Conclusão: Treinamento resistido a curto prazo em pessoas idosas é viável e muda de forma favorável a severidade da AOS e desfechos funcionais. As alterações no IMC e no teor de água corporal não parecem mediar a redução da IAH. Estudos futuros em amostras maiores de pessoas idosas são necessários. / Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence among persons older than 70 years reaches up to 95%. The treatment options include use of positive airway pressure, intraoral devices, and lifestyle changes. Aerobic or combined exercise program has been shown to reduce the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in middle-aged adults. However, the effect of resisted training on OSA severity of older persons is controversial. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of resisted training on the AHI and to identify possible mediators of the effect of exercise. Methods: This was a randomized, masked, controlled, parallel group trial. Subjects between 65 and 80 years, with AHI between 20 and 50 events/hour in the respiratory polygraphy were assigned randomly to 12 weeks of strength training or control groups. AHI was the main outcome. Body mass index (BMI) and bodily water content were tested as mediators. Muscle thickness, maximum strength, and physical function were assessed also. Results: The sample included 23 subjects, 57% men, aged 71±5 years, randomized to training (n=12) and control groups (n=11). The baseline AHI in the training and control groups were, respectively, 30±7/h and 29±9/h. At follow-up, the AHI showed significant time × group interaction. No correlation was observed between Delta AHI and delta BMI or delta bodily water content. The time × group interaction remains significant after adjusting the GEE model for these possible mediators. Conclusion: Short-term resisted training in older persons is feasible and changes favorably OSA severity and functional outcomes. Changes in BMI and in bodily water content do not seem to mediate the reduction in AHI. Future studies in larger samples of older persons are necessary.

Objectif: Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil (TRS) sont courants pendant la grossesse et sont associés à des conséquences néfastes pour la santé de la mère et du fœtus. Ceux-ci peuvent être causés par des changements dans l'équilibre sympathovagal (ESV), qui peuvent être estimés par des analyses de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC). Le but de l'étude est d'évaluer la VFC chez les femmes enceintes souffrant d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS) à l’aide d’enregistrements polysomnographiques (PSG) à trois moments. Matériel et méthode: Dix-sept femmes enceintes diagnostiquées avec une AOS légère à modérée ont effectué des PSGs: au 2e trimestre (PSG1), au 3e trimestre, traitées avec une orthèse d’avancement mandibulaire (OAM) titrée (PSG2) et 3-6 mois post-partum (PSG3). Les données ont été analysées par conditions en intervalles cumulés de 5 minutes d’état de base (Baseline) et en intervalles cumulés de 3 minutes avant le début des événements d'AOS (Event) pour chaque stade du sommeil (NREM2, NREM3, REM) au cours de la nuit. Résultats: Le ESV (rapport de puissance spectrale basses fréquences / hautes fréquences) était statistiquement significatif pour toutes les PSGs cumulatifs par conditions (stades de sommeil Baseline p <0,01 et stades de sommeil Event p <0,01; REM> NREM2> NREM3). Une diminution significative de l'indice d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH) a été observée à PSG2 (PSG1 vs PSG2; p < 0,01). À l'analyse post hoc, à PSG2 uniquement, l'activité parasympathique (puissance spectrale des hautes fréquences normalisées (% HF normalisé)) en condition Event diminue significativement dans les stades de sommeil NREM2 (p = 0,01) et NREM3 (p <0,01) par rapport au % HF normalisé en condition Baseline pour les mêmes stades de sommeil. Conclusions: Bien que l’IAH soit réduit avec le traitement de l’OAM pendant la grossesse, l’influence du système nerveux autonome sur les évènements respiratoires semble modérée. / Purpose: Sleep breathing disorders are common during pregnancy and are associated with adverse consequences for the health of the mother and the fetus. These can be caused by changes in sympatho-vagal balance (SVB), which can be estimated through heart rate variability (HRV) analyses. The aim of the study is to assess the HRV in pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at three time points. Methods: Seventeen pregnant women diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA performed 3 polysomnographic recordings (PSG): in the second trimester (PSG1), in the third trimester treated with a titrated oral appliance (OA) (PSG2) and 3-6 months post-partum. Data were analyzed in cumulative 5 minutes baseline interval samples (Baseline) and in cumulative 3 minutes interval samples before the onset of the OSA events (Event) for each sleep stages (NREM2, NREM3, REM) over the course of the night. Results: SVB (Low-/High-Frequency power ratio) was statistically significant for all cumulative PSGs per samples (Baseline sleep stages p < 0.01 and Event sleep stages p < 0.01 ; REM > NREM2 > NREM3). Significant diminution of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was observed at PSG2 (PSG1 vs PSG2; p < 0,01). In post hoc analysis, at PSG2 only, Event parasympathetic activity (Normalized High-Frequency % (Normalized HF %)) decreases significantly in NREM2 (p = 0.01) and NREM3 (p < 0.01) when compared to respective Baseline Normalized HF %. Conclusions: Results suggest normal shifts in SVB across sleep stages. Although AHI is reduced with the treatment of OA during pregnancy, the influence of the autonomic nervous system on respiratory events seems to remain mild.

Cognitive and psychosocial sequelae following hypoxic brain injury Abstract in English Hypoxic brain injury leads to neuronal necrosis and to other cerebral changes which may affect psychosocial functioning. Although the pathophysiology of cerebral hypoxia is multifactorial, and it is not possible to reliably describe the unified clinical picture of hypoxia patients, the most commonly described psychosocial consequences of cerebral hypoxia are cognitive impairment, increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study is to characterize cognitive functioning and psychosocial changes of the patients exposing mild intermittent cerebral hypoxia (=chronic form of hypoxia, model of obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by neurologist) and patients after severe one-time cerebral hypoxia (=acute form of hypoxia, model of cardiac arrest diagnosed by cardiologist). Regardless of the different etiology of particular hypoxia forms described in the theoretical part of the thesis, both forms may lead to neuronal death. In the experimental part we test a hypothesis comparing healthy individuals to patients with acute or chronic form of hypoxia in cognitive performance or anxiety and depressive symptoms. We document a decreased cognitive performance and higher level of state anxiety in a group of patients...

Une mauvaise qualité de sommeil est souvent observée chez les personnes âgées. Diverses méthodes sont alors utilisées afin d’en évaluer les caractéristiques, notamment les questionnaires auto-recensés et la polysomnographie (PSG). Cependant, l’utilisation de la PSG étant dispendieuse et chronophage, le recours aux analyses par questionnaires auto-recensés en milieu clinique pourrait être privilégié et faciliterait grandement l’évaluation de la qualité du sommeil. Cette étude vise à valider la méthode par questionnaires auto-recensés lors de l’évaluation de la qualité de sommeil chez les personnes âgées et à comparer ces différents questionnaires aux mesures obtenues par une PSG. Le devis de l'étude est une une sous-analyse d’une étude d’essais cliniques randomisés. L’étude a été menée auprès de patients édentés de 65 ans et plus, recrutés entre décembre 2013 et août 2018. Les données ont été collectées à domicile avec une PSG et jumelées à divers questionnaires sur le sommeil : le questionnaire de Berlin (QB, plage de scores comprise entre 0 et 3), l’échelle de somnolence Karolinska (ESK, plage de scores 1-9), l’indice de qualité du sommeil de Pittsburgh (IQSP, plage de scores de 0 à 21), l’échelle de somnolence d’Epworth (ESE, plage de scores de 0 à 24). Les données obtenues par la PSG incluent : l'indice d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH), l'indice de désaturation en oxygène (IDO) et le pourcentage d'efficacité du sommeil. L’analyse des données a été effectuée par statistiques descriptives et tests statistiques bivariés. Chez les 130 patients ayant participé à l’acquisition de données de base (51 hommes et 79 femmes, âge moyen 75 ± 6 ans), il n'y a pas de forte corrélation entre les scores totaux de qualité du sommeil mesurés par les questionnaires et le pourcentage d'IAH, d'ODI et d'efficacité du sommeil obtenus par la PSG. Seuls deux des questionnaires utilisés ont eu une sensibilité distinctive, comportant toutefois des valeurs de seuil différentes de la norme utilisée chez les adultes : le QB et l’ESK. Nos résultats démontrent que les questionnaires auto-recensés disponibles s’avèrent limités pour le dépistage clinique chez les personnes âgées. Afin de développer un nouvel instrument de mesure fiable permettant le diagnostic d’AOS et l’évaluation de la qualité de sommeil chez cette population, il est nécessaire d’effectuer des études sur un plus grand échantillon et de créer un questionnaire spécifique destiné à la population âgée. / Poor sleep quality is often seen in the elderly. Various methods are then used to evaluate their characteristics, including self-reported questionnaires and polysomnography (PSG). However, since the use of PSG is expensive and time-consuming, the use of self-reported questionnaires in a clinical setting could be preferred and would greatly facilitate the assessment of sleep quality. This study aims to validate the self-reported questionnaire method used in the evaluation of sleep quality in the elderly and compare these different questionnaires to the measures obtained by a PSG. The study design is a sub-analysis of a randomized clinical trial study. The study was conducted in edentulous patients aged 65 years and older, recruited between December 2013 and August 2018. The data were collected at home with a PSG and combined with various sleep questionnaires: the Berlin questionnaire (BQ, range of scores from 0 to 3), the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS, range of scores from 1-9), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI, range of scores from 0 to 21), the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS, range of scores from 0 to 24). Data obtained by PSG include: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and sleep efficiency percentage. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics and bivariate statistical tests. Of the 130 patients who participated in baseline data acquisition (51 males and 79 females, mean age 75 ± 6 years), there was no strong correlation between the total sleep quality scores measured by the questionnaires and the IAH, ODI and sleep efficiency percentage achieved by PSG. Only two of the questionnaires used had a distinctive sensitivity, but with threshold values different from the norm used in adults: QB and ESK. Our results demonstrate that self-reported questionnaires available are limited for clinical screening for the elderly. In order to develop a new reliable measuring instrument for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the evaluation of sleep quality in this population, it is necessary to carry out studies on a larger sample and to create a specific questionnaire intended for the elderly population.

The focus of this study is the problem of declining trend in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patient compliance. Studies reported improved compliance in patients with chronic diseases due to technology-based interventions. However, researchers have not investigated the advantages of technology to improve the compliance of OSA patients in detail. The specific problem was the lack of engagement between patients and healthcare managers, resulting in low compliance within OSA patients. The purpose of this qualitative study was to evaluate how technology-based interventions can improve OSA patient engagement with the healthcare managers resulting in improved compliance with treatment procedures. In this study, the technology acceptance model was used as the instrument in evaluating the information collected through interviews with 20 healthcare managers about their attitudes toward usage, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. The transcribed interviews were open-coded using the RQDA library in R Studio. In general, results from this study indicated that the healthcare managers showed a positive attitude towards the use of technology for patient engagement and expressed that the technology is useful for patient engagement and is easier to use. However, they identified technology-related and patient-related challenges in implementing technology for patient engagement. Further, the respondents identified process-related and patient-related opportunities in using technology for patient engagement. Results from this study have practice and policy implications by enabling healthcare managers to devise better compliance plans for OSA patient management. The findings could have a social benefit by helping healthcare managers to implement technology-based interventions to better achieve a higher compliance resulting in better patient health at lower costs.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est une pathologie caractérisée par des épisodes d’hypoxie intermittente (HI) nocturnes et est un problème de santé publique par sa prévalence dans la population générale (5-20%) et ses nombreuses complications métaboliques et cardiovasculaires. La répétition des épisodes d’HI est considérée comme le facteur principal responsable de cette morbidité cardiovasculaire dont l’athérosclérose fait partie. Le traitement de référence du SAOS par la pression positive continue présente dans certains cas une efficacité limitée, en particulier sur les conséquences cardiovasculaires qui nécessitent d’autres thérapeutiques plus spécifiques. Les mécanismes reliant SAOS et athérosclérose ne sont pas encore totalement connus. Cependant, des perturbations du métabolisme des acides gras (AG) en lien avec le processus athéromateux ont déjà été rapportées au cours du SAOS. Elles concernent en particulier le métabolisme de l’acide arachidonique (AG n-6) avec une augmentation d’eicosanoïdes pro-inflammatoires. Par ailleurs, les AG n-3 peuvent avoir une influence sur le développement et la progression des maladies cardiovasculaires, notamment grâce à une modification de la balance AG n-6 / AG n-3. Ainsi l’objectif de ce travail a donc été dans un premier temps de caractériser expérimentalement l’effet d’une supplémentation en AG n-3 sur le développement de l’athérosclérose dans le contexte d’HIC, et d’évaluer cliniquement la distribution AG n-6 / AG n-3 au niveau érythrocytaire chez des patients atteints d’un SAOS. Nous avons démontré que la supplémentation en AG n-3 permet de prévenir l’accélération de l’athérosclérose dans le contexte de l’HIC et est associée à une modulation de l’expression de certains médiateurs inflammatoires. Ces résultats prometteurs incitent à envisager une étude interventionnelle chez les patients SAOS. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au métabolisme des AG, via la β-oxydation mitochondriale, et aux métabolites intermédiaires produits, les acylcarnitines (ACs). Ces métabolites sont de plus en plus étudiés dans le contexte des pathologies cardiovasculaires. Nous avons étudié l’impact du SAOS sur la β-oxydation et ses conséquences sur la fonction vasculaire. L’étude de ces métabolites semble prometteuse et permettra peut-être l’émergence de marqueurs biologiques en relation avec l’état cardiovasculaire des patients. / Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia (IH). OSA is a major public health problem due to its frequency in general population (5 to 20%) and its numerous metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Repetitive apneas lead to IH which is responsible of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. Gold standard treatment of OSA, that is to say continuous positive airway pressure, has poor effects on OSA cardiovascular consequences in some patients, underlining the need of alternative therapeutic strategies. Underlying mechanisms linking OSA to atherosclerosis are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, a link between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolism changes and atheromatous process has already been report during OSA syndrome. Arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA) metabolism leads to increased biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids during OSA. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs influence cardiovascular complications progression especially by modifying n-6 FA / n-3 FA balance. The aim of this work was first to evaluate the influence of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on a CIH induced atherosclerosis progression model, and to clinically evaluate erythrocyte n-6 PUFA / n-3 PUFA distribution in OSA patients. We have shown that n-3 PUFAs supplementation prevents atherosclerosis acceleration in CIH exposed mice and is associated with a modulation of inflammatory mediators. These promising results encourage us to consider an interventional clinical study in OSA patients. In a second time, we have studied FA mitochondrial β-oxidation metabolism via acylcarnitines (ACs) metabolites. These ACs are increasingly studied especially in cardiovascular diseases context. OSA impact on β-oxidation metabolism and its vascular function consequences have been evaluated. ACs study is promising and will perhaps allow biological markers emergence in relation to cardiovascular pattern.

Introduction: Les évidences scientifiques actuelles sur l’apnée du sommeil pédiatrique considérant le développement crâniofacial sont limitées, et l’identification des enfants vulnérables est difficile, car un manque d’évidence existe quant aux facteurs de risque et aux symptômes de cette population. Objectifs: Évaluer l’histoire naturelle de l’apnée du sommeil, de l’enfance à la fin de l’adolescence, afin de récolter de l’information supplémentaire quant à la persistance, la rémission et l’incidence de la maladie, tout en considérant l’impact de la croissance et du développement crâniofacial. Les objectifs secondaires de cette étude sont également d’évaluer la trajectoire des comorbidités associées à l’apnée du sommeil (comportementales et neurocognitives). Matériel et Méthode : La cohorte d’enfants initialement recrutés au CHUSJ, pour qui des troubles de sommeil étaient suspectés, ont été recontactés pour un suivi 5 ans suivant leur date initiale d’évaluation. Dix-neuf enfants ont été réévalués en complétant des examens dentaires et orthodontiques, des questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, CPRS-R) ainsi qu’une polysomnographie à domicile. Résultats: L’âge moyen des participants adolescents à V2 étaient 12.79 ± 2.74 à. À V2, les garçons (IAH=3.28 ± 2.43) étaient atteints plus sévèrement que les filles (IAH=2.81 ± 2.02), mais de façon non significative (p=0.589). Au suivi 5 ans plus tard (V2), aucun enfant était atteint sévèrement alors que 42% étaient légèrement atteints et 22% souffraient d’une AOS modérée comparativement à V1, où 36% des enfants étaient atteints légèrement, 18% atteints de façon modérée et 18% souffraient d’apnée sévère. La prévalence à V2 est de 63.2% alors que l’incidence est de 54.5%. Un taux de de rémission de 25% a été noté. Aucune caractéristique dentaire ni squelettique a été associée à la présence et à la persistance de l’apnée du sommeil. Conclusion: Les troubles respiratoires ne sont pas nécessairement résolus à l’adolescence, et de nouveaux facteurs de risque, similaires à ceux retrouvés chez l’adulte, font émergence. La connaissance des caractéristiques crâniofaciales associées à l’AOS est essentielle pour optimiser les traitements et maximiser les récurrences. / Introduction: Current scientific studies of the history of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea that consider craniofacial development impacts remain somewhat limited, while there is incomplete global evidence for establishing risk factor and symptom algorithm that adequately identify vulnerable children. Objective: To evaluate the natural history of sleep apnea, from childhood to the end of adolescence, and gather additional information regarding the persistence, remission, and incidence of the disease while considering the impact of growth and craniofacial development. As secondary goals, the study will assess the trajectory of associated sleep apnea comorbidities (behavioral and neurocognitive). Methods: The cohort of children who were initially recruited at the CHUSJ, for whom obstructive sleep apnea was suspected, were recalled for a 5-year follow-up, according to the date of their first evaluation. A total of 19 children were seen to complete dental and orthodontic evaluations, three questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, CPRS-R) and a home-based polysomnography. Results: The mean age of the adolescent participants at follow-up was 12.79 ± 2.74. At V2, boys (AHI=3.28 ± 2.43) were more severely affected than girls (2.81 ± 2.02) but the difference was not significant (p=0.589). At the 5-year follow-up (V2), none of the children were severely ill but 42% had mild sleep apnea while 22% had moderate apnea comparatively to V1 where 36% had mild apnea, while 18% suffered from moderate apnea and 18% were severely ill. Prevalence at V2 was 63.2% and incidence was 54.5%. Remission rate was 25%. No skeletal or dental features were associated with the presence and persistence of obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep disordered breathing are not necessarily resolved at adolescence. On the other hand, with the onset of adolescence, new risk factors similar to those we find in adults emerge. In order to maximize treatments outcome and minimize recurrences, knowledge of craniofacial features is essential.

Thèse de doctorat présentée en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie (Ph.D). / Trente à 50% du risque de développer une démence est attribuable à des facteurs modifiables telles l’inactivité physique, l’hypertension et la dépression. Depuis quelques années, certains auteurs considèrent que les troubles du sommeil devraient également être inclus. Notamment, l’apnée obstructive du sommeil (AOS) serait associée à un plus grand risque de déclin cognitif et de démence selon des études épidémiologiques. Toutefois, d’autres études n’ont pas observé ce lien entre l’AOS et le déclin cognitif. Notre équipe a ainsi émis l’hypothèse que certains facteurs modulent l’association entre l’AOS et le déclin cognitif, expliquant une partie de l’hétérogénéité des résultats des études précédentes. Cette thèse vise à caractériser le rôle de l’âge, du sexe et de l’inflammation systémique dans l’association entre le risque d’AOS et la performance cognitive chez les adultes d’âge moyen et les personnes âgées. Afin d’y parvenir, nous avons utilisé le score obtenu à des variantes du questionnaire STOP afin d’établir le risque de présenter de l’AOS, une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques et le dosage de la protéine C-Réactive (CRP) dans le sang dans une grande cohorte canadienne. Ce protocole a mené à une revue narrative et à trois articles de recherche. Le premier article a permis de brosser un portrait actuel des adultes d’âge moyen et des personnes âgées à haut risque d’AOS. Plus spécifiquement, 17,5% des participants de la cohorte (21,9% chez les hommes et 13,1% chez les femmes) ont été identifiés comme étant à haut risque d’AOS. Dans cette étude, les facteurs de risque de présenter un haut risque d’AOS étaient l’âge (55 ans et plus), le sexe masculin, la ménopause, l’obésité, les maladies cardiovasculaires, le diabète, les maladies cérébrovasculaires, les symptômes anxiodépressifs et les niveaux élevés d’inflammation systémique. Dans le deuxième article, nous avons caractérisé les associations entre le risque d’AOS et la performance cognitive selon l’âge et le sexe. Nous avons montré que les femmes à haut risque d’AOS âgées entre 45 et 69 ans ont des performances cognitives plus faibles que celles à bas risque d’AOS, précisément dans les domaines de la mémoire épisodique et des fonctions exécutives. Nous n’avons identifié aucune association entre l’AOS et la performance cognitive chez les hommes. De plus, nous avons observé que l’inflammation systémique médie certaines associations entre le risque d’AOS et les fonctions exécutives chez les hommes et les femmes âgées de moins de 70 ans. Dans le troisième article, nous avons observé que l’association entre le risque d’AOS et le changement dans la performance cognitive après trois ans dépend de l’âge et du sexe. Le risque élevé d’AOS est associé à un déclin de l’attention et de la vitesse de traitement de l’information, mais à un déclin de la mémoire épisodique uniquement chez les femmes âgées de 70 ans et plus. Cette thèse offre un éclairage nouveau quant aux facteurs pouvant moduler le lien observé entre l’AOS et la cognition dans les études épidémiologiques, ce qui pourra permettre de mieux dépister et prendre en charge les personnes apnéiques présentant un risque accru de déclin cognitif. / Thirty to 50% of the risk of developing dementia is attributable to modifiable factors such as physical inactivity, hypertension, and depression. In recent years, some authors have considered that sleep disorders should also be included. In particular, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a greater risk of cognitive decline and dementia according to epidemiological studies. However, other studies have not observed this link between OSA and cognitive decline. Our team thus hypothesized that certain factors modulate the association between OSA and cognitive decline, explaining part of the heterogeneity of the results seen in previous studies. This thesis aims to characterize the role of age, sex, and systemic inflammation in the association between OSA risk and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults. To achieve this, we used the score obtained from variants of the STOP questionnaire to establish the risk of presenting with OSA, a neuropsychological battery, and measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood in a large Canadian cohort. This protocol has led to a narrative review and three research articles. The first article allowed to present an updated portrait of middle-aged and older adults at high- risk for OSA. Specifically, 17.5% of the cohort (21.9% in men and 13.1% in women) were identified as being at high-risk for OSA. In this study, risk factors for presenting with high-risk for OSA were age (≥ 55 years old), male sex, menopause, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, anxio-depressive symptoms, and high levels of systemic inflammation. In the second article, we characterized the associations between OSA risk and cognitive performance according to age and sex. We showed that women at high-risk for OSA aged between 45 and 69 years have lower cognitive performance than those at low-risk for OSA, specifically in the areas of episodic memory and executive functions. We did not identify any association between OSA and cognitive performance in men. Additionally, we observed that systemic inflammation mediates some associations between OSA risk and executive functions in men and women younger than 70 years. In the third article, we observed that the association between OSA risk and change in cognitive performance after three years depends on age and sex. High-risk for OSA is associated with a decline in attention and information processing speed, but with a decline in episodic memory only in women aged 70 and older. This thesis sheds new light on the factors that can modulate the link observed between OSA and cognition in epidemiological studies, which may allow better screening and management of apneic individuals who present an increased risk of developing cognitive decline.