This study examined the policy letters and verbal testimony transcripts submitted by interest groups to the United States Department of Education (USDE) in response to the proposed regulations pertaining to the implementation of the 1997 reauthorization of P. L. 105-17, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Specifically, this study analyzed the emerging themes in the area of discipline. Responses were received from the following interest groups: (a) school administrators, (b) parents, (c) teachers, (d) state educational agencies (SEAs), (e) national educational organizations, and (f) members of the United States Congress. In addition to analyzing the emerging themes, the study compared these themes to ones found in the current literature and court cases.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-07T11:48:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Katharine Nolasco da Silva - 2017.pdf: 6450869 bytes, checksum: aa9e8f95171a28308974b255e52366ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-07T11:49:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Katharine Nolasco da Silva - 2017.pdf: 6450869 bytes, checksum: aa9e8f95171a28308974b255e52366ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T11:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Katharine Nolasco da Silva - 2017.pdf: 6450869 bytes, checksum: aa9e8f95171a28308974b255e52366ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 / The articulation between post-graduation and basic education is a recent public policy in the country. The assumption is that with a strong and qualified basic education is possible the expansion of the National Graduate System, and consequently, the overcoming of the great challenges that are posed for the country. In this sense, the National Postgraduate Plan 2011-2020 (regulatory framework) recommends the participation of postgraduate courses in all areas of knowledge in matters related to the improvement of the quality of basic education. The present research has as main objective to verify if the postgraduate programs that carry out research in the environment of the UFG have interlocution with the basic education, and how this interlocution takes place. For the execution of this dissertation, the documentary research and semi-structured interviews were used to coordinate the graduate programs that carry out research in the environment, as well as with the CAPES Evaluation Board. As a theoretical-methodological reference, the Policy Cycle Approach proposed by Ball and colleagues (BOWE, BALL and GOLD, 1992; BALL, 1994) was sought to understand the articulation of the different contexts of post-graduate interlocution policy with education with a particular focus on the policy implementation process in the context of practice. As a result, individualized critical interpretations and positions were identified that reflected a lack of unity of the teaching work at the core of the graduate programs, evidenced through reflections and attitudes of the coordinators of the researched postgraduate programs, confirming the reference used on the power of intervention of professionals in the context of practice in the re-signification of educational policies. In addition, CAPES Evaluation Board showed an inefficiency in the evaluation process, since there was no development of specific instruments for the valorization of the actions of post-graduate interlocution with basic education. Thus, the policy has an irregular impact on postgraduate programs, reaching more specifically those who teachers are more apt for educational issues. / A articulação entre a pós-graduação e a educação básica é uma política pública recente no país. O pressuposto é que com uma educação básica forte e qualificada é possível a expansão do Sistema Nacional de Pós-Graduação, e consequentemente, a superação dos grandes desafios que se colocam para o país. Nesse sentido, o Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação 2011-2020 (marco regulatório) recomenda a participação de cursos de pós-graduação de todas as áreas do conhecimento nas questões relativas à melhoria da qualidade da educação básica. A presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo verificar se os programas de pós-graduação que realizam pesquisa em meio ambiente da UFG possuem interlocução com a educação básica, e como se dá essa interlocução. Para a execução dessa dissertação foi utilizado a pesquisa documental e as entrevistas semiestruturadas aos coordenadores dos programas de pós-graduação que realizam pesquisa em meio ambiente, bem como com a Diretoria de Avaliação da CAPES. Como referencial teórico-metodológico buscou-se a Abordagem do Ciclo de Políticas proposta por Ball e colaboradores (BOWE, BALL e GOLD, 1992; BALL, 1994) para compreender a articulação dos diferentes contextos da política de interlocução da pós-graduação com a educação básica, com especial atenção ao processo de implementação da política no contexto da prática. Como resultado identificou-se interpretações e posicionamentos críticos individualizados que refletiram uma falta de unidade do trabalho docente no cerne dos programas de pós-graduação, evidenciados por meio de reflexões e atitudes dos coordenadores dos programas de pós-graduação pesquisados, confirmando o referencial utilizado sobre o poder de intervenção dos profissionais no contexto da prática na ressignificação das políticas educacionais. Além disso, a Diretoria de Avaliação da CAPES demonstrou uma ineficiência no processo avaliativo, visto que não houve o desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para a valorização das ações de interlocução da pós-graduação com a educação básica. Dessa forma, a política impacta de forma irregular os programas de pós-graduação, atingindo mais especificamente somente aqueles cujos docentes possuem maior aptidão para as questões educacionais.

Objetivos. Reflexos das transformações sociais promovidas pela Sociedade do Conhecimento são percebidos no contexto da gestão em saúde no Brasil. Apresentam-se referencial teórico sobre essas mudanças, gestão do SUS, sistemas de informação em saúde, produção científica e uso da informação na gestão. Foi analisada a produção científica brasileira em saúde pública como fonte de apoio à tomada de decisão em saúde. Metodologia. Foram feitos estudo exploratório qualitativo e análise documental em três áreas: bases de dados bibliográficas disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, agendas estaduais de saúde e sites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde. Resultados. Os principais resultados foram: as bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE foram as fontes de apoio mais abrangentes para localizar produção brasileira publicada no país e no exterior, respectivamente; a produção científica brasileira destaca-se nessa área, correspondendo a 39 por cento dos registros da LILACS-SP; as principais instituições produtoras são universidades e organismos governamentais; a produção de saúde pública encontra-se distribuída em revistas de outras áreas da saúde; a internet, já utilizada pelo ministério e pelas secretarias de saúde, seria favorável para disseminação de conhecimento científico para a gestão em saúde. Conclusões e recomendações. A informação científica e técnica disponível poderia apoiar os processos de tomada de decisão, mas o caminho entre sua produção e uso não é linear e precisa ser estimulado. São apresentadas sugestões para promover integração e articulação entre pesquisa científica e decisão política. / Objectives. Social changes introduced by Knowledge Society are perceptible in the health management context in Brazil. Literature on these social changes, on National Health System - SUS legislation, on health information systems, on the health scientific production and on its use for decision making was reviewed. Brazilian public health scientific literature as support to health decision making was analyzed. Methods. Qualitative exploratory methods and document analysis were used to study bibliographic databases available at the Virtual Health Library, health agendas and sites of the State Secretaries of Health. Results. The main results were: LILACS and MEDLINE databases were the most comprehensive sources for searching Brazilian public health literature; 39 per cent of LILACS-SP records corresponds to Brazilian public health literature; universities and government institutions are the main producers of public health scientific literature; public health journal articles are published also in journals from other health fields; Internet, which is already being used by Ministry and State Secretaries of Health for communication, could be a favorable environment for dissemination of scientific information for health decision making. Conclusions and recommendations. Available health scientific and technical information could support health decision making processes but the channels between its production and use are not linear and need to be strengthened. Recommendations to improve relationship and interaction between health research and policy were presented.

Since the late 1980s, the energy sector in Great Britain has undergone some core changes in its functionality; beginning with the early 1990s privatisation, followed by an increased green ambition, and commencing a transition towards a low-carbon economy. As the British energy sector prepares itself for another major overhaul, it also puts itself at risk for not being sufficiently prepared for the consequences this transition will have on the existing generating capacity, security of supply, and the national electricity market. Upon meeting existing targets, the government of the United Kingdom risks becoming complacent, putting energy regulation to the backseat and focusing on other regulatory tasks, while introducing cuts for thriving renewable and other low-carbon energy generating technologies. The government has implemented a variety of directives, initiatives, and policies that have sometimes been criticised due to their lack of clarity and potential overlap between energy and climate change directives. The government has introduced policies that aim to provide stable short-term solutions. However, a concrete way of resolving the energy trilemma and some of the long-term objectives and more importantly ways of achieving them are yet to be developed. This work builds on analysing each low-carbon technology individually by assessing its past and current state in the British energy mix. By accounting for the changes and progress the technology underwent in its journey towards becoming a part of the energy capacity in Great Britain, its impact on the future wholesale electricity prices is studied. Research covered in this thesis presents an assessment of the existing and incoming low-carbon technologies in Great Britain and their individual and combined impact on the future of British energy economics by studying their implications for the electricity market. The methodological framework presented here uses a cost-minimisation merit order model to provide useful insights for novel methods of electricity production and conventional thermal energy generation to aid with the aftermath of potential inadequate operational and fiscal flexibility. The thesis covers a variety of scenarios differing in renewable and thermal penetration and examines the impact of interconnection, energy storage, and demand side management on the British wholesale electricity prices. The implications of increasing low-carbon capacity in the British energy mix are examined and compared to similar developments across Europe. The analysis highlights that if the optimistic scenarios in terms of green energy installation are followed, there is sufficient energy supply, which results in renewable resources helping to keep the wholesale price of electricity down. However, if the desired capacity targets are not met, the lack of available supply could result in wholesale prices going up, especially in the case of a natural gas price increase. Although initially costly, the modernisation of the British grid leads to a long-term decrease in wholesale electricity prices and provides a greater degree of security of supply and flexibility for all market participants.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of the North, 2001 / Refer to document

The most common and enduring explanation for the way research is used (or abused or not used) in policy is the ‘two communities’ theory. According to this theory, the problematic relationship between research and policy is caused by the different ‘cultures’ inhabited by policy makers and researchers. The most common and enduring types of strategies that are put forward to increase research use in policy involve bridging or linking these ‘two communities’. This study challenges this way of thinking about the relationship between research and policy. Four case studies of national public health policy in Australia—breast cancer screening, prostate cancer screening, needle and syringe programs in the community, and needle and syringe programs in prisons—are used to present the context, events, processes, research, and actors involved in policy making. Three theories are deployed to explore the relationship between research and policy in each of the cases individually and across the cases as a whole. These theories bring different determinants and dynamics of the relationship to light and each is at least partially successful in increasing our understanding of the relationship between research and policy. The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) understands the relationship in terms of a power struggle between competing coalitions that use research as a political resource in the policy process. The Policy Making Organisation Framework (PMOF) understands the relationship in terms of institutional and political factors that determine the way data is selected or rejected from the policy process. The Governmentality Framework (GF) understands the relationship in terms of the Foucauldian construct of power/knowledge that is created through discourse, ‘regimes of truth’ and ‘regimes of practices’ found in public health policy and research. This study has found that in three of the four case studies, public health policy was strongly influenced by research, the exception being NSP in prisons. In all cases, however, it is not possible to construct a robust and coherent account of the policy process or the policy outcome without considering the multifaceted role of research. When these theories are explored at a more fundamental level they support the argument that when research influences policy it is transformed into knowledge-for-policy by being invested with meaning and power. This process of transformation occurs through social and political action that mobilises ideal structures (such as harm minimisation and the World Health Organisation’s principles for evaluating screening programs) and material structures (such as medical journals and government advisory bodies) to resolve meta-policy problems (such as how to define complex public health problems in a way that makes them amenable to empirical research and practical action). This study provides good evidence that the notion of ‘research transfer’ between ‘two communities’ is a flawed way of understanding the research–policy relationship. Rethinking the relationship between research and policy involves building an enhanced theoretical repertoire for understanding this complex social interaction. This step is essential to the success of future efforts to make public health policy that is effective, just and emancipatory. This study makes a contribution to this task.

利益團體以接近政府，影響政府政策制定為現代民主國家多元社會的表徵。政治學上團體理論認為，無論任何團體若欲影響政府政策制定，莫不介入政策制定過程中，政策制定為團體競爭的結果。因此，政策制定的過程充滿複雜多元的性質。 　　本文主要針對公共利益團體如何影響政策制定過程作一探討，並且以「消費者保護法」的制定過程為個案分析。因此，本文涵蓋下列章節： 　　第一章緒論。說明本文之研究動機與目的、研究方法與限制、名詞界定、研究範圍與本文的章節安排。 　　第二章為相關文獻探討。首先說明政策制定之概念，本文基於研究需要，將政策制定過程視為一從政策問題形成經政策規劃以迄於政策合法化之過程；其次就公共利益團體對政策制定可運用之資源與接近決策之管道以及公共利益團體的策略行動做一檢視；最後經由上述文獻的探討建立本文之分析架構。 　　第三章為個案研究的背景。本章將說明有關我國「消費者保護法」制定之形成背景、制定經過以及主要爭議。 　　第四章為個案分析。本章將分析中華民國消費者文教基金會在「消費者保護法」之政策問題形成階段、政策規劃階段以及政策合法化階段，如何運用組織資源及接近決策管道進而採取行動策略。 　　第五章結論。就以上各章節之研究結果提出筆者之研究發現，並提出相關建議，以供相關機關、人員以為政策制定之參考，同時提出未來相關研究之建議，期冀未來之相關研究者能對我國公共利益團體參與政策制定活動做更進一步的研究。

在社會漸趨多元化的情勢下，我國政府與企業之間的關係發生了許多變化 ，其中最主要的變化尤以利益團體的影響活動為最。而自政府播遷來台後 ，政治統治由強硬的威權政體轉型為軟性的威權政體，企業所處的政策制 定環境也產生了變化。在現代國家體系中，企業不免會影響政治機器的運 作，再者社會日趨多元化，政策考量越來越專業化，尤其關於財經方面的 政策問題，更是有賴企業業者提供政府相當的資訊，以利作出較具可行性 的政策。是故，企業確有必要參與政策制定之過程。檢視我國企業參與政 府政策制定過程之關係，本研究之主要目的在於瞭解企業如何影響政策之 制定，為此，本文討論之內容如下:第一章緒論，主要在探討筆者為此文 之動機及目的，同時就研究範圍界定文中之重要名詞，並據此提出本文之 流程架構。第二章企業參與公共政策制定之基礎理論，主要探討包括有政 策問題之形成、政策規劃、政策合法化等三階段的政策制定過程，並說明 企業在政策制定上的影響動力來源及原因，以及企業參與政策制定的途徑 。第三章我國企業政策制定環境概說，主要探討我國政治環境之轉變，以 及在當前環境下我國政府體制和政黨政治影響政策制定之情形，期冀藉由 對企業經營所面對環境變遷之分析，瞭解企業對政策制定所應採用的各種 策略以及所應施用的對象所在。第四章我國企業對政策制定的影響策略， 主要探討我國企業在特殊的政府體制及政黨政治下，企業參與政策制定之 主要接近管道及影響策略，接近管道包括有：行政機關、立法機關、政黨 及監察機關；而主要的影響策略則包括有政治性的策略、遊說活動策略、 組織策略聯盟及關係網絡的建立。第五章個案分析: 以中華民國全國工業 總會為例，主要探討全國工總之組織及權力架構，並透過深入的訪問以明 瞭該會對於政府政策制定過程之影響策略，以進一步檢視筆者就所得之資 料及個人觀察所得的結果，同時對於企業參與政策制定之影響策略及活動 作一番之推論。第六章結論，就以上各章節之研究結果提出筆者之發現， 並提出建議供相關機關、人員作為政策制定之參考，並提出未來相關研究 之建議，期冀未來之相關研究者能對我國企業與政府間關係作更進一步的 研究。

<p>In this dissertation the construction of two coastal railways, the East Coast Line and the Bothnia Line, in the <i>Norrland</i> region of northern Sweden is used as a case study of how regionally based interest groups are formed, and how they gain access to decision-making processes on a national level. In periods when a number of preconditions were in place, a window of opportunity opened for the coastal railway that the regional elites could exploit. Among these was the ability to form a coherent regional interest group, through institutions that created platforms and power-bases that enable regional elites to co-operate and act on regional and national levels.The existence of an institutional framework that was adapitve towards regional railway promotion was also important. The study shows that the coastal railway had a very flexible role on the agenda, as it provided a fixed solution against which actors could pin a multitude of different problems. An important factor for explaining the development of the coastal railway question in <i>Norrland</i> was the ideological notion of the region itself. Being a vast, resource-rich and sparsely populated region, <i>Norrland</i> had almost always received special consideration in both public opinion and national policy making. It also created a remarkable stubbornness among the regional actors in working for the coastal railway. Regional interest groups had also learnt that linking their claims to <i>Norrland's </i>peripheral position had high legitimacy on the national arena, by claiming the need for regional fairness and/or the national importance of the regional export-intensive industries. This was instrumental in justifying the repeated exemptions from the national railway policy regimes that ultimately were decissive in making the regional elites successful.</p>

<p>The aim of this thesis is to identify how forest management in Tanzania can contribute to global climate change mitigation while improving livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.</p><p>A mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) is meant to slow increases of atmospheric CO₂ while channelling funds to developing countries. In Tanzania, pioneering work in participatory forest management (PFM) has promoted local-level control over forest resource use. The purpose of this study is to contribute to a linkage between REDD and PFM that maximises benefits for communities, forests and global climate.</p><p>Three PFM projects with relation to REDD have been studied, primarily using semi-structured interviews with villagers, district officials, project facilitators, researchers, consultants and policy-makers. Analysis consists of comparing experiences at different levels and putting them in the theoretical context of climate change and forest conservation.</p><p>The study identifies several issues: local and central government institutions cannot ensure equitable benefit sharing; cross-sectoral co-ordination to address fundamental causes of the problems is lacking; participation of local communities is not satisfactory.</p><p>However, the process is at an early stage. Current activities will hopefully contribute to a future framework that properly addresses these and other obstacles. If this is accomplished, PFM and REDD can complement each other in a positive way.</p>